高考英语二轮教师用书第1部分专题3模式3推理判断题

模式3|推理判断题(对应学生用书第48页)隐含信息、言外之意作者的观点、看法文章出处、读者对象预测后文通过归纳、演绎、类比等方式从已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。通过对事件、景物、话语的深入分析推出作者含蓄、隐晦地表达出的观点或看法。通过对格式、结构、内容的分析，推出文章的出处、题材范围和阅读此文章的主要读者群。通过理解上文情节、事理的叙述，结合行文逻辑分析，推出文章后文要讲述的内容。解题技巧1.推理判断要符合逻辑，在文中要有事实依据。2．学会readbetweenthelines和readbeyondthelines，透过字里行间，去推断隐含意义。3．利用归纳法、演绎法、类比法对文中的论据进行分析，从而推出论点和结论。4．整合信息，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具体推抽象，由抽象推具体。(2016·江苏高考卷，C)ElNiño，aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”，wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpatternChristmas.Elnseverytwotosevenyears，reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNiñoseeswarmwater，collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific，flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken，orsometimestheotherwayround.places.Richeffects，bothgoodandbad，arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNiñlose.Abalance，thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNiñoin1997­98helpedAmerica'seconomygrowby$15billion，partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvestsrain.TheintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalinesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforflames.Ainflames.Amultworse.Thoughht(干旱)insouth­eastBrazilisbeingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNiñomayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia，theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNiño，in1997­98，killedaround21globe.Butleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNiñprepare.Accordinghsofwarning，andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI)，however，just12%ofdisaster­relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvanceafterwards.Thiscoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk­reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementdisease.Betterstomach.Strongereducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(下水道)makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfloods.Accordingeafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco­authors，civilconflictisrelatedtoElNiño'sharmfuleffects—link.Thoughrerthecountry，thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal，helpingdividedmunitiestoprepareforpeople.Sinceuldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNiño，reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.61．WhatcanwelearnaboutElNiñoinParagraph1?A．ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.B．Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.C．ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.D．Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.63．ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat________．A．moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB．governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidC．victimsofElNiñodeservemorepensationD．recoveryandreconstructionshouldefirst64．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A．TointroduceElNiñoanditsorigin.B．ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNiño.C．ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNiño.D．TourgepeopletoprepareforElNiño.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了厄尔尼诺现象的名称来历、特点、影响，以及如何为之提前做好准备，以减少损失。61．D[考查推理判断。根据题干定位到第一段。根据第一段最后一句“ElNiñoseeswarmwater，collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific，flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken，orsometimestheotherwayround.”可知厄尔尼诺见证了海洋中的水流方向的变化。]63．A[考查推理判断。根据题干定位到第四段。根据第四段倒数第二句“AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster­relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance，ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.”可知在过去的20年中只有12%的抗灾害基金被用在提前防范风险上，所以更多的投资要放在提前预防上面。]64．D[考查推理判断。一般来说文章的写作目的，应该是在整篇文章的最后面。根据文章最后一段最后一句“...reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.”可知，作者呼吁各国政府要把减少损失放在优先位置，即要事先做好准备。]带★为推理判断题A(2017·南京高三三模)Oneofthestrangestfeaturesofmotherhoodisthatthevastmajorityofmothersprefertocradle(轻抱)arm.Whyabiesintheleftarm.Whyshouldthisbe?Theobviousexplanationisthatthemajorityofmothersarerighthandedandtheywishtokeeptheifree.Unfortunatelyfree.Unfortunately，thisexplanationcannotapply，becauseleft­handedmothersalsofavortheirleftarmforholdingtheirbabies.Theprecisefiguresare83percentforright­handedmothersand73percentforleft­handedmothers.Themostlikelyexplanationisthatthemother'sheartisontheleftsideand，byholdingthebabyinherleftarm，sheisunconsciouslybringingherbabyclosertothesoundoftheheartbeat.Thisisthesoundthebabyheardwhenitwasinsidethemother'swombandwhichisthereforeanassociationwithpeace，fortandsecurity.Testswerecarriedoutinnurserieswheresomebabieswereplayedtherecordedsoundofahumanheartbeat，and，sureenough，wenttosleeptwiceasquicklyastheothers.Wealsoknowthatthesoundofmothers'heartbeatisquiteaudibleinsidethewombandthattheunbornbabyhaswell­developedhearing.Itisinterestingthatfathersshowlessofthisleft­sidebias(偏爱)thanmothers，suggestingthatthehumanfemaleisbetterprogrammedthanherpartnerforcarryingababy.Alternatively，shemayunconsciouslyadjustherholdingbehaviortomakeherbabyfeelmoresecure.Somenewobservationsonourclosestanimalrelatives，thechimpanzeesandgorillas，haverevealedthattheytooshowastrongbiasforholdingtheirbabiesontheleftside.Theprecisefigureswere84percentforchimpanzeesand82percentforgorillas，remarkablyclosetothehumanpercentages.Recentlypossibleadditionalvalueofcradlingbabiesontheleftsidehasbeensuggested.Ithasbeenpointedoutthat，becausethetwosidesofthebrainareconcernedwithdifferentaspectsofbehavior，itispossiblethatthemother，incradlingthebabytoherleft，isshowingthebabyher“bestside”．Itisclaimedthattheemotionsareexpressedmorestronglyontheleftsideofthehumanfaceandthatshethereforegivesthebabyabetterchancetoreadheremotionalmoodchangesasitgazesupather.Furthermore，themother'slefteyeandeararemoretunedintoemotionalchangesinherbabythanherrighteyeandearwouldbe.Soinadditiontothebaby'sseeingthemoreexpressivepartsofitsmother，thereisfurtheradvantagethatthemotherherselfismoresensitivetotheleft­heldbaby.Thismaysoundfar­fetched，butjustpossibly，itcouldprovideaslightextrabenefitforthosemothersdisplayingthestrangeone­sidedbiaswhencradlingtheirinfants.Howdoesabiasoccur?Dothemothershaveaninstinctivepreferenceforit，ordotheylearnitbytrialanderror，unconsciouslyadjustingthepositionofthebabiesuntilthebabiesarecalmer?Thesurprisingansweristhatitseemstobethebabynotthemotherwhocontrolsthebias.Observationofnewborninfantswhentheywereonlyafewhoursoldrevealedthattheyeintotheworldwithapreprogrammedtendencytoturntheirheadtotheright.Ifthenewbornbabyisgentlyheldinadeadcentralpositionandthenreleased，itnaturallyswingstotherightfarmoreoftenthantotheleft.Thishappensinnearly70percentofbabies.Thismaybeonlyapartofexplanation，becausetheholdingbiasis80percentnot70percent，butitaddsafurtherintriguingchaptertothestory.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了大多数母亲喜欢用左臂轻抱婴儿的原因、好处等内容。★1.HowdoestheauthordevelopParagraph1?A．Bygivinganexampleasahook.B．Bygivingageneralstatementandnarrowingitdown.C．Byaskingaquestionandshowingananswer.D．Byexplainingtheimportanceofunderstandingaphenomenon.C[考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Whyshouldthisbe？”及接下来的“Theobviousexplanationisthat...”可知，作者是通过提出问题然后给出答案的方式来展开第一段的。]2．Theunderlinedword“audible”inParagraph3means________．A．soft B．clearC．weak D．distantB[考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“Thisisthesoundthebabyheardwhenitwasinsidethemother'swomb...”及下文中的“theunbornbabyhaswell­developedhearing”可知，母亲的心跳声在子宫内是能听得见的。audible“听得见的”。]3．What'sthemainideaofParagraph5?A．Theleftsideofthehumanfaceexpressesemotionsmorestronglythantheright.B．Amother'slefteyeandeararemoresensitivetotheemotionalchangesinherbaby.C．Ababymaybemoreableto“read”itsmother'semotionsthanpreviouslybelieved.D．Holdingherbabyintheleftarmmayimproveamother'semotionalmunicationwithit.D[考查主旨大意。综合本段的信息，尤其是“theemotionsareexpressed...moresensitivetotheleft­heldbaby”可知，本段主要讲的是用左臂抱婴儿可能会增进母子间的情感交流。]★4.Whatistheauthor'stonewhenhediscusseswhymostmotherscradletheirbabiesintheleftarm?A．Cautious. B．Disapproving.C．Subjective. D．Favorable.A[考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Themostlikelyexplanationisthat...”，第五段中的“Recentlypossibleadditionalvalue”以及最后一段中的“Thismaybeonlyapartofexplanation”可知，作者在讨论大多数母亲为什么用左臂抱婴儿时是很谨慎的。]B【导学号：】(2017·南通、泰州高三一模)Newstudysuggestsangler(钓鱼者)educationcanbenefitsharksAnewstudyfindsfishereducationcanhelpprotectvulnerable(易受攻击的)sharkpopulations.Theresearch，ledbytheUniversityofMiami(UM)RosenstielSchoolofMarineandAtmosphericSciencescientists，showedthatrecreationalanglersweremoresupportiveofsharkmanagementandconservationiftheyhadpriorknowledgeofsharkconservation.“Therecreationalfishingmunityhasalonghistoryofsupportingmarineconservationefforts，sothereisgreatvalueintryingtounderstandwhichfactorsaffecttheirbehavioranddecision­making，especiallyforthreatenedspeciessuchassharks，”saidAustinGallagher，UMadjunctassistantprofessorandleadauthorofthestudy.Theresearchersinterviewed158recreationalanglersinSouthFloridaabouttheirattitudestowardssharkconservation.Theyfoundthatmanycatch­and­releaseanglersrecognizedthatsharkscansufferfrompost­releasemortality(死亡)butitisstillanunderappreciatedconsequence，particularlyforspeciesthatarebornsensitive，suchashammerheads(双髻鲨)．Thedataalsorevealedthatmanyrecreationalanglersaresupportiveofmarineprotectedareasforthreatenedsharkspecies，althoughclimatechangeisalargerperceivedthreattosharksthanrecreationalfishing.“Anglersgenerallycareaboutsharkconservation，butareunawareofsomepotentialthreatsfromrecreationalfishingandhowtheycanbestmodifytheiranglingtechniquestoimprovesurvivorshipofreleasedsharks，”saidcoauthorNeilHammerschlag，researchassistantprofessorattheUMRosenstielSchoolandUMAbessCenterforEcosystemScienceandPolicy.Accordingtotheauthors，thefindingssuggestaneedforincreasededucationandoutreachontheimpactsofcatch­and­releaseanglingonsharkstoimprovesurvivalratesandconservationofthreatenedsharks.“Ourstudyidentifiesimportantdisconnectsbetweenexistingscientificevidenceontheimpactsofrecreationalfishingoncertainsharkspeciesandexistingconservationbeliefsamonganglers，”saidGallagher.“Thisisagoodstartingpointfornewconversationsonsustainabilitywithinthefishingmunity.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。新的研究发现，垂钓者的教育水平可能会起到保护鲨鱼物种的积极作用。5．Accordingtothepassage，wecanmakeanglersplayaroleinprotectingsharksby________．A．managingthem