人与社会之科普知识-中考英语阅读理解专项突破（练习版）

专题三：人与社会

备战2022年中考英语阅读理解专项突破

考向9人与社会之科普知识

Passage1（2021•湖南株洲•中考真题）

Ifyou'veeverwalkedthroughrbg（雾）,youmighthavenoticedthatyourskinandhairgetwet.Thisis

becausefogismadeoftinywaterdrops.Scientistsarchelpingpeoplecollectthesedropstomakedrinkingwater.

Insometowns,thereisnofreshwater.Peopletherehavetouse:ruckstocarryfreshwater.Itisexpensive.

Sincerainfallsiotheground,itcaneasilybecollectedintotanks（水箱）.Butthewalerdrops（hatmakeupfog

don'thittheground.Instead,theyfloat（漂浮）intheair.Toturnfogintowater,youhavetocatchthewaterdrops.

Afogcatcherismadeofnetswithtwoposts.Thenetsareusuallysetuponahilltop.Asfogpassesby,thenets

catchthewalerdrops.Thedropsrundownthenetsandintochannels.Thechannelsleadthewaterintolargetanks

whereitcanbestored.Afogcatchercancollect10,000litersofwateraday.Scientistshavehelpedseiupfog

catchersfortownsinChile,NepalandMexico.

Fogcatchersarcagreatwayforpeopleinsmallandlonelytownstohavetheirownfreshwater.Centuries

beforescientistscreatedfogcatchingnets,naturewasmakingfogintowateronitsown.Asfbgpassedthroughthe

mountains,largeleavesgotthedropsjustlikethenetsdo.Peoplelearnedtodrinkthewatercollectedontheleaves.

Thankstomodernfogcatchers,enoughwatercanbemadeforawholetown!

1.Whatdoestheword“It”inParagraph2mean?

A.Trucks'carrying.B.Raincollecting.C.Fogcatching

2.Whatisafogcatchermadeof?

A.Tanks.B.Leaves.C.Nets.

3.Afogcatchercancollectofwateraday.

A.1,000litersB.10.000liters11.000liters

4.Centuriesagopeoplelearned（odrinkthewatercollected

A.inchannelsB.onthenetsC.ontheleaves

5.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.CatchingFogB.CatchingRainC.CatchingSnow

Passage2（2021•江苏南京•中考真题）

Afterreadingsomuch,youmaywonderhowtomakeabook.Itstimeforyoutohaveatty!

Haveyoueverwonderedhowabookismade?Ittakesalotofpeopletomakeabook.Itcantakemonths,or

evenyears,forabooktogofromanideatoafinishedproduct.

Abookbeginswhenanauthoresupwithanideaforabook.Authorsgetideasindifferentways.Theymay

getideasfromtheirownlives,fromwatchingtheworldaroundthem,orfromreading.

Next,anauthormayplanthebookbymakinganoutline（提纲）.Sometimesauthorsdoresearchtogather

information.Theymayreadbooksorarticles.Theymayinteniewpeopleorvisitplaces.

Then,theauthorbeginstowrite.Authorsmaywriteformonthsoryearstofinishamanuscript.Amanuscriptis

thetextanauthorproducesforpublication.

Finally,theauthorsendsthepletedmanuscripttoapublisher.Ifthepublisherdecidestopublishthebook,the

authorworkswithaneditor.Aneditorreadsthemanuscript.Thenheorsheremendschangestoimprovethebook.

Acopyeditorreadsthemanuscripttocorrectanygrammaticalmistake.

Afteranauthormakes（hesuggestedchanges,adesignermaydecidehowthebookwilllook.Thedesigner

maychoosethesize,shape,andtypestylesforthebook.Somepicturebookauthorscreatetheirownillustrations

（插图）.Ifnot,anillustratorischosentocreatepicturesforthebook.

Theillustratormakessketchesofpicturesthatwillgooneachpage.Thesketchesaresenttothepublishing

pany.Theeditormakessurethepicturesclearlytellthestory.Thedesignercheckshowthewordsandpictureswill

fittogetheronthepages.

Afterihedesignchangesaremade,theillustratorbeginscreatingthefinalpictures.Heorshemaychangethe

colours,theperspective,orthepositionofpictures.Ilmaylakemonthstocreateallihepictures.

Thefinishedartisthensenttothepublisher.Thedesigneradjusts（调整）howthepicturesandwordsfit

togetheronthepages.Thepletedpagesaresenttotheprinter.Manybooksarestillmadeintobookswithpaper

pages.

Theprinteruseshugeprintingpressestomakethepages.Thepagesarcfixedtogether.Thebookcoveris

added.Thefinishedbooksarethensenttothepublisher'swarehouse.Theyarestoredthereuntiltheyareboughtby

librariesandbookstores.

Ereadershavechangedhowsomebooksaremade.Someauthorsdonotuseapublisheratall.Insteadof

sendingamanuscripttoapublisher,someauthorsturntheirmanuscriptsintoeBooksthemselves.Finally,an

author'seBookisuploaded(上传)tovirtualbookstoresontheInternet.CustomerscanbuyanddownloadeBooks

fromthesewebsites.

6.Accordingtothepassage,thedesigner'sjobisto.

A.createpicturesforthebookB.makeanoutlineofthebook

C.decidehowthebookwilllookD.correctgrammaticalmistakesinthebook

7.Yourfirstbookwillbepublishedsoon.Whatwillfirsthappentoitaftertheillustratorhascreatedthefinal

pictures?

第

A._____________________

Adesigner-often-The-editorand-the-

chooses-astyle。for-desgnerd)edcthe

thebook.wordsmidpictures・

Iheprinter-prints

The-designer-

thepages+

finishesthepages>

8.ThewriterusestheLASTparagraphto,

A.introducethehistoryofeBooksB.describethedisadvantagesofeBooks

C.showthedevelopmentofmakingabookD.askcustomerstosupportauthorsinmakingabook

9.Thewriterexplainshowtomakeabookby

A.givingcausesB.showingstepsC.providingexamplesD.expressingopinions

10.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.FromIdeatoBookB.DifferentKindsofBooks

C.Workersin(hePublishingHouseD.BetweenPublishersandCustomers

A.Sleepcandogoodtolearning.B.Languagelearningcanhappeninsleep.

C.Peoplelearninsleepinadifferentlanguage.D.Sleeplearningisbetterthandaytimelearning.

Passage4（2021•辽宁鞍山•中考真题）

Anexhibition（展览）abouttheGrandCanal（大运河）endedattheNationalMuseumofChinainBeijingon

March1st.

TheGrandCanalismorethan2,50（）yearsold.Ilismadeupof（heBeijing-HangzhouGrandCanal,theSui

andTangGrandCanal,andtheZhecongCanal.Atnearly3,200kilometerslong,itistheworld'slongestmanmade

waterway.IthasinfluencedthedevelopmentofChineseeconomics（经济）andcultureforhundredsofyears.

Beforeitwasbuilt,peopleinancientChinausedhorsesandoxen（公牛）,orsimplytraveledonfoot,totrade

goods（货物）.Ilwasimpossibletotransport（运输）largesizedgoods.AftertheGrandCanalconnectedthenorth

andthesouth,businessandculturalexchangeswcrcabletodevelopfurther.

Infact,theGrandCanalplayedanimportantroleinthebuildingoftheForbiddenCity（紫禁城）.Materials

fromdifferentpartsofthecountrywcrcsenttoBeijingthroughthecanal,includingbricks（砖）firccinShandong

andJiangsuandwoodcutinHunan.PeopleevenowethebeginningofBeijingducktothecanal.Whitelakeducks

inthesouthwereshippedtoBeijing.TheywerethenkepttomakeBeijingduck.Peoplefromallwalksoflife

preferredtogettogetheralongthecanal.Theysharedtheirexperiences,traditionsandculturewithothers.

14.Paragraph2iswrittento.

A.describetheexhibitionB.introducetheGrandCanaltoreaders

C.describetheForbiddenCityD.describethepositionoftheGrandCanal

15.Before（heGrandCanalwasputintouse,itwasimpossibletobetweenthenorthand（hesouth.

A.tradegoodsB.travel

C.carrysmallgoodsD.shiplargcsizcdgoods

16.Theunderlinedword"owe"inParagraph4means.

A.归功于B.运送C.欠债D.阻碍

17.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat.

A.theGrandCanalisnearly2,300kilometerslong

B.wecanwatchanexhibitionabouttheGrandCanalonMarch2nd

C.（hebricksfiredinHunanweresenttoBeijingthrough（hecanal

D.peoplefromallwalksoflifepreferredtogettogetheralongthecanal

18.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?

A.TheGrandCanalhelpstocreatenewjobs.

B.TheGrandCanalmakeswesternculturedevelop.

C.TheGrandCanalinfluencesChina'sdevelopment.

D.TheGrandCanalhelpsthesouthofChinadevelopfaster.

Passage5（2021•四川绵阳•中考真题）

Anewkindofseasponge（海绵）foundinNorfolk.England,hasbeennamedbyanineyearoldgirlaftera

petitionforlocalschools.

Theuniauepurplesponge,whichhadneverbeenseeninotherpartsoftheworld,wasfirstdiscoveredby

divers（?苜水者）offthenorthNorfolkcoast.Althoughfoundin2011,ithadbeenwithoutanameforalmostten

years.InJanuarythisyear,theMarineConservationSociety（MCS）-agroupofpeoplewhowork（oprotectthe

UK'sseasandcoast-askedlocalschoolchildrentoeupwithsuggestions.

Nowthespongehasanametobeproudof:parpaldumplin,assuggestedbynineyearoldSylviefrom

Lar.ghamVillageSchool.Sylviesaidshecameupwiththenamebecause“thespongeispurpleanditlookslikea

dumpling”.Parpaldumplingis“purpledumpling^^spokeninaNorfolkaccent（口音）.Thejudgesallagreedthat

Sylvie'ssuggestionshouldbethesponge'snamebecause“thespellinggivesthespongeastrongconnectionto

Norfolk”.

Spongeswereoncethoughttobeplantsbuttheyareactuallysimpleseaanimals.Theyfeedontinythingsin

seawaterandhelptokeepthewatercleanintheprocess.Spongeshaveavery^lazy'1lifestyle,withnomeansof

movingthemselvesaround.Theyarefoundontheseabed,rocksorevenshells.Theyeinallkindsofdifferent

colours,shapesandsizes.

ParpaldumplinwasfirstdiscoveredinaplacecalledtheCromerShoalChalkBedsaspartofaprojectcalled

Seasearch.WhendiverDawnWatsonshowedspongeexpertClaireGoodwinwhatshefound,Goodwinwassure

thatitwasakindofspongeunknowntoscience.Watson'sdiscoveryisaspecialsponge,whichtakesIhcshapeof

whateveritcovers.Parpaldumplinwillnowbccitsmonname,andwillbeuseduntilresearchershavelearned

enoughaboutittosuggestanofficialscientificone.

19.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“unique”probablymean?

A.strangeanduglyB.specialandunusual

C.softandbeautifulD.meaningfulandimportant

20.Whywasthenamepaipaldumplinchosen?

A.Becauseitsoundsinteresting.

B.BecauseSylviewonthepetition.

C.Becausethespongereallylookslikeapurpledumpling.

D.Becauseitsspellingisrelatedtotheplacewhereitwasfound.

21.WhatcanwelearnaboutspongesfromParagraph4?

A.Theyhelpcleanupseawater.B.Theyareofthesamesize.

C.Theydon'tlikemovingaround.D.Theyareactuallyseaplants.

22.Whichis（rueaboutparpaldumplin?

A.Ithasmanycolors.B.Itwasfound20yearsago.

C.Ithasonlyoneshape.D.Itwasscientificallyunknownbefore.

23.Whatdowcknowfromthelastsentence?

A.Parpaldumplinisamonsponge.

B.Parpaldumplinisthesponge'sofficialname.

C.There'sstillalottobelearnedaboutparpaldumplin.

D.Researcherssuggestedanofficialnameforthesponge.

Passage6（2021•四川广元•中考真题）

Asmallcloudmovesslowlythroughtheairinahospitaloperatingroom（手术室）.Intheroomapatientwith

cancer（癌症）,liesonatable.Thecloudisallaroundthepatient,coveringherbodyandfillingherlungs（肺）.The

cloudisnotsmoke.Itismadeofmillionsofnanorobots（纳米机器人）.Thesetinyrobotsmovefromc川（细胞）to

cellinthepatient'sbody,killingthecancer.

Fightingcancerwithnanorobotsisonlyanideatoday,butscientistssaythatitcouldbepossibleinthefuture.

Usingnanorobotsforgoodpurposessuchasfightingtheillnessorrepairingtheenvironmentmaybethewayto

manyoftoday'sproblems.

However,nanorobotscouldbeadangerousriskaswell.Becausenanorobotsaresotiny,theywillhaveto

workinlargeteamsofmanythousandstomanymillions.Forthisreason,nanorobotswillhavetobe

programmed（被编程）tobuildthemselves.Scientistswillnothavetheabilitytobuildmillionsofnanorobotsone

byone.

Thisabilitytoreproduceismakingsomescientistsworried.Whatwillhappenifsomethinggoeswronginthe

programming?Quitealotofcrazynanorobotswouldbefarworsethananyillness.Somepeoplethinkthatifthey

getoutofcontrol,nanorobotscouldmaketheEarthgone.

Whatshouldbedone?Shouldwecontinueresearchingnanorobotsorshouldwesearchforothermethods?

Thisisoneofthemanydifficulldecisionsthatwehavetomakeinthefuture.

24.Whatisthecloudinthepassage?

A.Smokeintheair.B.Millionsofnanorobots.

C.Somethingfullofdropsofwater.D.Clothestocoverapatient.

25.WhatdoestheunderlinedworditinParagraph2referto（指代）？

A.Fightingcancerwithnanorobots.

B.Movingfromcelltocell.

C.Killingthecancer.

D.Repairingtheenvironment.

26.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhysomescientistsarcworriedaaboutusingnanorobots?

A.Nanorobotshavetheabilitytobuildthemselves.

B.Somethingmaygowrongintheprogramming.

C.Scientistshavetobuildmillionsofnanorobotsonebyone.

D.Nanorobotsinlargeteamsmaybeoutofcontrol.

27.Whatdoesthewriterthinkofusingnanorobotsinthefuture?

A.Heagreestotheidea.B.Hedisagreestotheidea.

C.Hedoesn'ttalkabouthisownopinion.D.Heiscrazyaboutit.

28.Whatisthebesttitle?

A.FutureRobotsB.TheWaystoFightCancer

C.NanorobotsinUseD.ACloudofHopeandDanger

Passage7（2021•四川乐山•中考真题）

We'veallhadbadexperienceswithrestaurants,storesorhotels.Maybeyou'vebeentoarestaurantthatserved

terriblefood.Perhapsyou'vebeentoastorethathadhighpricesandbadservice.Ormaybeyou'vebookedahotel

andfoundoutlaterthattheroomwasnothingliketheadvertisement（广告）.

Thesedays,wchaveabetterchanceofstoppingtheseunpleasantsurprises.Wecandothisbyusingapps.

Anappisaputerprogramonasmartphone.Youcanuseappstodoalmostanything.Appcanhelpyouplaygames,

getdirections,talktofriends,andsoon.

Ifyouwanttofindinformationaboutastoreorahotel,youcanuseareviewapp.Reviewappshelpus

evaluate（评价）serviceandproductsbeforewchandoverourmoney.Theideaisverysimple.Afteryougotoa

restaurantorstayinahotel,youcanpostareviewwithoneofyourapps.Youcansayanythingyouwant.Ifyou

likeahotelthatyoustayedin,youcantellpeoplethatitwaswonderful.Ifyouthinkthatthefoodinacertain

restaurantwasbad,thenyoucantellpeoplenottocatthere.Otherpeoplecanusetheirapptoreadyourreviews.

Plentyofpeopleprefernottousethesereviewapps.Manyofthesepeoplethinkthatit'sawasteoftimeto

lookthroughwebsitesandreadreviews.Thesepeopleprefertogooutanddecideforthemselveswhetherornota

serviceisgood.However,reviewappsaregettingmoreandmorepopulareveryday.Someappsareforexact

services.Forexample,tripadvisergivesattentiontotravel,andgoodreaderpaysatlentiontobooks.Therearealso

otherlargerappsthatprovideinformationforjustabouteveryservicethatyoucanthinkof.

29.Whatdocsthearticlesayaboutapps?

A.Youcanuseappsformanythings.B.Thereareveryfewgoodapps.

C.Appsareonlyusefulfortravel.D.Appsareveryexpensivetouse.

30.Ifyouwanttobookahotel,howcanareviewapphelpyou?

A.Itcanhelpyouwritebetterreviews.

B.1（cantellyouhowtouseasmartphone.

C.Itcantellyouaboutthehotelbeforeyoubookit.

D.Itcantellyouaboutotherpeoplewhopostreviews.

31.Inthethirdparagraph,whatdocstheunderlinedword“it"referto?

A.Arestaurant.B.Ahotel.C.Areview.D.Astore.

32.Accordingtothearticle,whydosomepeoplepreferNOTtousereviewapps?

A.Theydon'ttrustreviewapps.

B.Theythinkreviewappsaretoohard.

C.Theyprefertomaketheirowndecisions.

D.Theydon'tknowhowtousereviewapps.

33.Wherecanyouprobablyfindthepassage?

A.Inamusicmagazine.B.Inatravelguidebook.

C.Inastorybook.D.Inanewspaper.

Passage8(2021•广东深圳•中考真题)

Canplantstalk?Modernresearchhasfoundsomethingamazing:(heydomunicatewitheachother.

Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatplantsusechemicalstoconunicatewitheachother.Thishappenswhena

plantgetsatackcdbyinsects.Theplantgivesoutchemicalsfromtheleavesthatarcbeingeaten.Thisislikea

warning,oracallfbrhelp:tvI'mbeingattackedWhenanotherplantgetsthechemicals,itstartstogiveoutits

own,differentchemicals.Someofthesechemicalsdriveinsectsaway.Othersattractthewasps(黄蜂；蜜蜂)！The

waspskilltheinsectsthatarceatingtheplants.Scientistshopetolearnmoreaboutthisplantwarningsystem,so

thatwecanuseit(ogrowmorecrops.

Moresurprisingly,plantsalsousesoundtomunicate.Peoplecan'thearthesesounds;butplantsaremaking

(hem.Someplantsmakenoiseswiththeirroots,andchiliplantsdothis.Sometreesmakeclickingnoiseswhen

(hereisnotenoughwater.

Mostsurprisinglyofall,plantshaveanamazingsystemofrnunicationthatcanlinknearlyeveryplantina

forest.Scientistscallthissystemthe“woodwideweb”.Thewoodwidewebislinkedundergroundbyfungi(霉

菌).Illinkstherootsofdifferentplantstoeachother.1(isinsomewayssimilartotheInternetweuse.Using(he

woodwideweb.plantscanshareinformationandevenfoodwitheachother.However,itmayleadtobadeffects.

Plantsmayuseittostealfoodfromeachother,orspreadchemicalstoattackotherplants.Perhapsoneday

scientistswillleamhowtocreatea"firewair'tohelppreventtheseattackswithinthewoodwideweb.

Scientistsarelearningmoreeverydayaboutthesecretwaysinwhichplantstalktoeachother.Maybeoneday

wewillknowenoughaboutplantmunicationtobeableto“talk”withthemourselves.

34.Whatwillplantsdowhentheyareattackedbyinsects?

A.Theywillkilltheinsectsbythemselves.

B.Theywillcontrolthewaspstokilltheinsects.

C.Theywillsendoutsignalstoaskforhelp.

D.Theywillproducechemicalsasawarningoracallfbrhelp.

35.Howarethewoodwideweblinkedbyfungi?

A.Bymakingnoiseswiththeirroots.

B.Byconnectingtherootsofdifferentplantstoeachother.

C.Bysharingfoodandinformationwitheachother.

D.Byspreadingchemicalstoeachother.

36.Whatisthewriter'sintentionofthelastparagraph?

A.Togivepeoplehopeforfurtherstudies.

B.lbpraisescientistsfortheirgreatachievements.

C.TocallonpeopletoprotecttheplantsonEarth.

D.lbinspirepeopletomunicatewithplants.

37.Whatisthestructureofthepassage?

38.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.TheSecretLanguageofPlants

B.TheStudyaboutthePlantWarningSystem

C.ThePlantsthatGiveWarnings

D.WhyScientistsDoResearchaboutPlants

Passage9（2021•湖北襄阳•中考真题）

Sleepwalking（梦游）iswhenyourchildgetsoutofbedandwalksaroundasifhe'sawake,buthe'sactually

asleep.Sleepwalkingdoesn'thurtyourchild,anditusuallydisappearswhenthekidgrowsup.

Sleepwalkinghappensduringdeepsleep.Yourchildmightgetcutofbedandwalkaroundasifhe'sawake,

buthewon'trespondnormallytoyouoranythingaroundhim.Thismaymakeyouupset.Buttrynotto

worry—yourchildisOK.

Infact,sleepwalkingisquitemon.7%to15%ofchildrensleepwalk,anditdoesn'tusuallymeanthatthere's

anythingwrongwiththem.Childrenaged4to12aremorelikelytosleepwalk.Bothboysandgirlssleepwalk.

Sleepwalkingoftenhappensinthefirstfewhoursofthenight.Whenithappens,yourchild'smindisasleep.

However,hisbodyisawakeatthesametime.

Sleepwalkingusuallyhassomething(odowithageanddevelopment.However,somethingscanincreaseyour

child'ssleepwalking.Forexample:

•Badhabitsthatcausepoorsleep

•Feverorsomeotherillnesses

♦Afamilyhistoiyofsleepwalking

•Medicalconditionsthatcausepoorsleep

Ifyourchildissleepwalkingatleastonceeverynight,it'sbesttoseeadoctor.Alsoseeadoctorifyourchild's

sleepwalkingisinfluencingthesleepofotherfamilymembers,orifyou'reworriedyourchildmighthurthimself

whilesleepwalking.

39.Theunderlinedword^respond''meansinParagraph2.

A.反对B.反应C.喜欢D.体贴

40.Mostkidswhosleepwalkusuallyappearduring.

A.primaryschoolB.juniorschoolC.seniorschoolD.middleschool

41.Whensleepwalkinghappens,atthesametime.

A.akid\mindandhisbodyareawakeB.akid\mindisasleepandhisbodyfallsasleep,loo

C.akid*smindisawakebuthisbodyfallsasleepD.akid'smindisasleepbuthisbodyisawake

42.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothisarticle?

A.Thekidswhoseparentssleepwalkedmaysleepwalk.

B.Thekidswhosehabitscausepoorsleepmaysleepwalk.

C.Thekidswhooftenreadbeforegoingtobedmaysleepwalk.

D.Thekidswhosleepbadlyafter(heytakemedicinemaysleepwalk.

43.Fromth