2025年电子废物管理的政策实践：平衡和公平的循环经济工具-第二版（英文版）

Policypracticesfore-wastemanagementToolsforabalancedandfaircirculareconomySecondedition-2025sruow…sruow…lgc1g··y··CommUnications,space&TechnologyCOmmission(3)lauu··lauu··sr22.AboutthereportInternationalTelecommunicationUnionitu-d/sites/environment.SaudiArabia’sCommunication,SpaceandTechnologyCommissionHowtousethistoolkit33lauu··CopyrightandpublicationinformationAcknowledgements44lauu··Tableofcontents1.Foreword22.Aboutthereport33.Definitions7Abbreviations94.Policyissuetimeline105.Globale-wastechallenge13ToolkitdefinitionsGettingstartedBuildingthesystemToolkitdefinitionsGettingstartedBuildingthesystemImplementingthesystem::Usetheiconstonavigatetheexpandedtoolkit’ssectionsanditsaccompanyingdefinitions.6.Expandedtoolkit146.2Buildingthesystem276.3Implementingthesystem457.Countryprofiles498.Summary699.Annexes71Annex1.Samplesofproductscope71Annex2.Samplesofstakeholderdefinitions72Annex3.SampleobligationsforEEEproducers75Annex4.SamplecontentofanEEE-EPRregulationone-waste76Annex5.EEE-EPRfeedeterminationAnnex6.SampleworkplanforestablishingaPRO8255lauu··Listoftables&figuresTable1:EEE-EPRsystemcomponents15Table2:Typicale-wastepolicydocumentsandleversofgovernmentaction16Table3:Therolesofnational,localgovernment,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector23Table4:Considerationsforthepost-consumermanagementofEEE25Table5:Examplesofstakeholderdefinitions29Table6:Whatisincludedinregulationandguidelines?34Table7:Policiesthatrelatetoe-wasteandtheTable8:ExampleofinventoryformforidentifyingEEEproducers37Table9:ComplianceactivitiesfortheTable10:Howproductcategoriesandcharacteristicsinfluencetechnicalcosts40Table11:DetailsofProducerResponsibilityOrganization(PRO)models42Table12:DefiningdifferenttypesofPROs43Table13:Paraguaycountryandvaluechaincontext55Table14:Zambia-Estimatede-wastemanagementcosts64Table15:Zambia-EstimatedEEEproducerfees65Figure1:Howtocreateaplanfore-wastepolicyinstruments10Figure2:Howtoeffectivelyimplemente-wastepolicyinstruments12Figure3:Hierarchyofsysteminstruments17Figure4:Exampleofmoneyflow19Figure5:Examplesofinformationflows19Figure6:Examplesofmaterialflows20Figure7:Stakeholderidentification21Figure8:Stakeholderanalysis21Figure9:Interest-influencematrix22Figure10:EEEcategories27Figure11:SimpleinteractionsandflowsfortheFigure12:ComplexinteractionsandflowsfortheFigure13:WheretofindEEEproducers36Figure14:Technicalcosts41Figure15:Frameworkcosts41Figure16:ExampleofsimplePRObudgetingtool47Figure17:Paraguay-Scopingthepost-consumerEEEmanagementsystem52Figure18:Costingtemplatefore-wasterecyclers54Figure19:Rwanda-Scopingthepost-consumerEEEmanagementsystem58Figure20:Rwanda-ProfileofIrembodigitalplatformforRICAFigure21:Zambia-MapofEEEande-wasteactorsandprocesses6366lauu··3.DefinitionsWEEE/E-wasteCollectoranConsumerDistributorExporterFreeriderGeneratorImporterInformalsectorManufacturerProducerresponsibilityorganization(PRO)EEEproducerRegisteredrecyclerRetailerrRefurbisherRegulatorWastedismantlerr77lauu··PROCESSDEFINITIONSCollectionDistribution●ExportImportManufacturingProductionRecyclingRefurbishmentWastedismantlingAll-actorsapproachCirculareconomyCircularityrExtendedproducerresponsibility(EEE-EPR)rlauu··lauu··sr8Acronyms/initialismsMeaningAcronyms/initialismsMeaningAcronyms/initialismsMeaning99lauu··4.PolicyissuetimelineFigure1.Howtocreateaplanfore-wastepolicyinstruments(willcontinueonnextpage)5.ldentifyapositiononthepolicyissuewithcarryout5.ldentifyapositiononthepolicyissuewithcarryoutapolicy/regulatoryfeasibilityrespecttothecurrentlegalframeworkandidentifyministerialordepartmentalcustodianshipoverthepolicyissue.studyconcerningthepolicyissueincludingalignmentofthenewinstrumentwithexistingpolicy/legalinstruments.3ldentifyapplicabledepartmentsandministries,thenestablishagovernmenttaskteamwithabalancedcompositionoftechnicalandlegalstaff.EnsureEnsureownershipfromarelevantministry·confirmthatithaspowertoenactthepolicyissueinthecontextoftheexistinglegalframework.2conductthoroughresearch,evaluatethesituation,collectdataandbenchmarknationallyconcerningthepolicyissueinordertoestablishabaseline.lauu··PolicyissuetimelinecontinuedEstablishaclearandconcise,Establishaclearandconcise,unified,positionthatthewholegovernmentwilladopt.Thisisawholesystemapproachtobetakenonthepolicyissue.Formulateafirstbriefofthepolicyissueandinitiateaconsultationprocess.Thistypicallybeginswithgovernmentandprominentcivilsocietybodies.approachandvalidatethepolicy/regulationbeforesubmissionofthefinalinstrumenttothelawcommission,cabinet,president'soffceorparliament.Achieveaconsensusonthesystemcommunicatecommunicateandconsultwiththewiderpublicandprivatesector,aswellascivilsociety,aboutthesystemapproach.Thisincludespolicyandregulation.undertakeamarketlandscapeassessmentacrosstheEEESectortodeterminecurrentrolesandpositions,aswellaspotentialresponsibilitiesofindustrystakeholders.7.lauu··Figure2.Howtoeffectivelyimplemente-wastepolicyinstruments3.setkeyperformanceindicatorsandestablishreviewmechanismsto3.setkeyperformanceindicatorsandestablishreviewmechanismstomonitorperformanceagainsttheseindicatorsoragainsttargetsinthepolicyinstrument.createawarenessinthepublicandprivatesector,thenestablishinstitutionalmechanismsandproceduresthatwillensureobligationslaidoutinthepolicyinstrumentareputintoaction.5.Ensurepenaltiesandfinesareappliedtowardsanynon-complianceandcontinuecreatingawarenessaboutsuchsanctions.BuildBuildcapacityamonggovernmentstaffinvolvedintheimplementationofthepolicy.capacitybuildingmustbemirroredacrosstheprivatesectorinordertoboostcompliance.ldentifygapsbasedonanassessmentofperformanceandinvitestakeholdersforareviewconsultationonthepolicyinstrument.lauu··5.Globale-wastechallenge62milliontonnesofe-wastewasgeneratedglobally67countrieshaveEPRlegalprovisionsone-wasteTheGlobalE-WasteMonitor,USD91billionTheeconomicvalueofthemetalscontainedine-wastegloballyin2022lauu··lauu··sr6.Expandedtoolkit6.1Gettingstarted6.2Buildingthesystem6.3ImplementingthesystemMakingsenseofpolicy,strategytheimplementationofEEE-EPRmaterialflowsEEEEEEproductsThekeylegaldefinitionsinEPRpolicyEEE-EPRsystemObligationsforstakeholdersintheEEE-EPRsystemHowpoliciesinotherareascansupportEEE-EPRCreatealevel-playingfieldforFinancialconsiderationsfortheEEE-EPRsystemTechnicalandframeworkcostsfortheEEE-EPRsystemOrganizationalmodelsfortheEEE-EPRsystemCreateanationalworkinglauu··6.Expandedtoolkit6.1GettingstartedHowtoapproache-wastemanagementTable1.EEE-EPRsystemcomponentsLegalLegalAdministrativeFinanciallauu··Makingsenseofpolicy,strategyandregulationTable2.Typicale-wastepolicydocumentsandleversofgovernmentactionDescriptionfocusDescriptionlauulauu··Figure3.HierarchyofsysteminstrumentsHowotherpolicyissuessupporttheimplementationofWehavetakensignificantstepsWehavetakensignificantstepstowardsestablishingregulatorymechanismstocurbtheincreaseingenerationofe-wasteinourcountry,Rwanda.ThroughtheCommunications,SpaceandTechnologyCommissionCST–ITU,adedicatedgroupofstakeholdersfromacrosskeysectorsincludingICT,environment,customsandinspectionandconsumerprotectionhaveanalysedourcountry’sexistingframeworksforthejourneyofintroducingEPRinRwanda,thankstothisproject,ithasbeenaholisticone.Theimportanceofacross-sectoralapproachtoregulatinge-wastethroughEPRcouldnotbeemphasizedGuidingquestionsGuidingquestionsonotherpolicyissuesWhatlicensing/permittingtoolsdootherregulatorshaveattheirdisposal?WhatproceduresarealreadyinplacefortheimportationofEEEintothecountry?Howdocompaniesregisterthemselvesandwhataretheproceduresforthis?ArethereanyexistingbusinesspermitrequirementsforcompaniesintheEEEsector?ArethereanypolicyinstrumentsexistingthatsetrequirementsforEEEproducts?more.Authority.lauulauu··Considermoney,informationandmaterialflowsTOWHOM?Figure4.ExampleofmoneyflowEXAMPLEOFMONEYFLOWFigure5.ExamplesofinformationflowsEXAMPLESOFINFORMATIONFLOWSiilauulauu··Figure6.ExamplesofmaterialflowsHowdoyouengagestakeholders?Figure7.StakeholderidentificationFigure8.StakeholderanalysisFigure9.Interest-influencematrixSTAKEHOLDERMAPPINGsubjectskeysubjectskeyplayerscrowdcrowdlevelofinfluencelauu··lauu··srStakeholderrolesTable3.Therolesofnational,localgovernment,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector(willcontinueonnextpage)GroupInvolvementNationalgovernmentincludingministries,departmentsandagenciesEnvironmentalprotectionFinance,revenue,customsHealth,awareness,educationICTgrowthandgovernanceLabourrightsandconditionsTradeandcommerceDataandstatisticsStandards,guidelinesandconformityPublicworks,facilitandtransportationLocalgovernmentMunicipalitylauulauu··CivilsocietyAcademiaNon-governmentalorganizationsConsumers(bulkandindividual)PrivatesectorBrandsandoriginalequipmentmanufacturersDealersandimportersDomesticdistributorsOnlinedistance-sellersCollectors,dismantlers,repairersandrecyclerslauulauu··Howtoapproachthepost-consumermanagementofEEETable4.Considerationsforthepost-consumermanagementofEEE(willcontinueonnextpage)ThingstoconsiderPossibleapproachesWhoshouldbearfinancialresponsibilityfore-waste?•••••lauulauu··ThingstoconsiderPossibleapproachesWhoshouldcollectfees/levies/taxes/paymentsfore-waste?•••••••WhatroleshouldEEEproducersplay?•••••lauulauu··6.Expandedtoolkit6.2BuildingthesystemCreateawell-definedscopeofEEEproductsfFigure10.EEEcategoriesTemperatureexchangeequipmentMorecommonlyreferredtoascoolingandfreezingequipment,thiscategorycomprisesitemssuchasrefrigerators,freezers,airconditionersandheatpumps.2.2.ScreensandmonitorsThecategoryofscreenandmonitorsreferstotelevisions,monitors,laptops,notebooksandtablets.3.3.LampsIncludedinthiscategoryarefluorescent,high-intensitydischargeandLEDlamps.Largeequipment4.4.Largeequipmentreferstowashingmachines,clothesdryers,dishwashers,electricstoves,largeprinters,copyingequipmentandphotovoltaicpanels.5.5.SmallequipmentSmallequipmentincludesvacuumcleaners,microwaveovens,toasters,electrickettles,electricshavers,electronicscales,calculators,radios,videocameras,electricalandelectronictoys,smallelectricalandelectronictools,smallmedicaldevices,smallmonitoringandcontrolinstruments,ande-cigarettes.6.6.SmallITandtelecommunicationequipmentThiscategoryreferstomobileandotherphones,personalcomputers,GPSdevices,routersandprinters.lauulauu··KeylegaldefinitionsinEEE-EPRpolicyIdentifyingtherightstakeholdersgoesbeyondaproceduralstep.Regulationsthatdefinewhichentitiesareresponsible,accountableandimpactedbecomeactionableframeworksandaremorelikelytobeareffectiveimpact.DefiningstakeholdersasclearlyaspossibleinlegislationIdentifyingtherightstakeholdersgoesbeyondaproceduralstep.Regulationsthatdefinewhichentitiesareresponsible,accountableandimpactedbecomeactionableframeworksandaremorelikelytobeareffectiveimpact.Definingstakeholdersasclearlyaspossibleinlegislationisafoundationalactfortheextendedproducerresponsibilitysystem.lauulauu··Table5.ExamplesofstakeholderdefinitionsCountryStakeholderDefinitionlauulauu··CorecomponentsoftheEEE-EPRsystemlauulauu··Figure11.SimpleinteractionsandflowsfortheEEE-EPRsystemFigure12.ComplexinteractionsandflowsfortheEEE-EPRsystemIttakestimeIttakestimetogetthedesignoftheEPRsystemright.Itisworthdedicatingtimetoequipitwitharobustgovernancestructurewithdistinctrolesandresponsibilitiesforstakeholders,interlinkedbyclearlymappedflowsoffinancingandinformation.AsthePRO-to-beforEEEinRwanda,gettingtheEPRsystemdesignrightwasakeysteptobuildingstrongpublic-privatepartnershipsandempoweringallactorstowardscircularity.lauulauu··ObligationsforstakeholdersintheEEE-EPRsystemlauulauu··Table6.WhatisincludedinEEE-EPRregulationandguidelines?RegulationGuidelinesWhat?Why?When?How?Who?examplesexampleslauulauu··ICTauthoritiesarenotjustregula-torsICTauthoritiesarenotjustregula-tors—theyarestewardsofasustai-nabledigitalfuture.ByembeddingenvironmentalresponsibilityintothelicensingofICToperatorsandregis-trationofdealers,theycantransformmarketsandoverseethateverydeviceplacedonthemarketisasteptowardscircularityandresponsiblee-wasteHowpoliciesinotherareascansupportEEE-EPRmanagement.Authority.Table7.Policiesthatrelatetoe-wasteandtheEEE-EPRsystemPolicyissuesE-waste/EEE-EPRrelationshiplauulauu··Createalevel-playingfieldforengagingEEEproducersFigure13.WheretofindEEEproducersTable8.ExampleofsimpleinventoryformforidentifyingEEEproducersNoHSCodeEquipmentcategoryCompanynameCompanycontactAddress12345lauulauu··FinancialconsiderationsfortheEEE-EPRsystemTable9.ComplianceactivitiesfortheEEE-EPRsystemCategoryDescriptionExamplesofEEE-EPRinstruments••••••••••••lauu··lauu··srUnderstandingUnderstandingthecostofe-wastemanagementinyourcountryisareallyimportantstepinbuildingthesystem.EPRisapolicyapproachthatisbasedonfeesbeingpaid,sogettingtoknowhowmuchthingscostcanreallyhelpthepolicy-makingprocess.Transparencyisalsogoodwhenitcomestoworkingwithproducers,anditisimportanttogettheirbuy-in.QuestionstoaskwhenconsideringfinancingWhowillpayfore-wastemanagement?Howmuchdoesitcosttomanagee-waste?WhatisthefeethatEEEproducerswillhavetopaytofinancetheEEE-EPRsystem?Howwillthefeebecalculated?Whatwillthefrequencyofpaymentsbe?Willtherebecross-financing,wherethecostsofmanagingsomeEEEproducttypesmaybesubsidizedbythefinancingofotherproducttypes?WhichorganizationwillruntheEEE-EPRschemeandwhowillcollecttheEPRfee?Howwillthefeesbecollected?Whatwillthefeesthatarecollectedbeusedfor?lauulauu··WeareaimingfortheEPRregulation,whichisbeingdevelopedinWeareaimingfortheEPRregulation,whichisbeingdevelopedinapar-ticipatorymannerwithallsectors,tobeimplemented.ThiswillhaveasignificantimpactontheRepublicofParaguay,sincee-wastemanagementwillhaveasustainablepath.Wehopetheimpactwillbefeltatallstagesoftheconsumptionandmanagementchain.TheCST-ITUprojecthashelpedfacilitatetheinteractionofarangeofinstitutionsacrossgovernment,allofwhichhaveanimportantcontributionTable10.HowproductcategoriesandcharacteristicsinfluencetechnicalcostsCategoryWeight/sizeEnvironmental/healthMaterial/value1.Temperatureexchangeequipment2.Screensandmonitors3.Lamps4.Largeequipment5.Smallequipment6.SmallITandtelecommunicationequipmenttomaketooure-wasteregulation.lauulauu··Figure14.TechnicalcostsAccessAccesstowastecoststogete-wastefromoriginalholder(consumer).collectioncostsforhiringandpurchasingofcollectioninfrastructure.Transportcostsfortransportationfromcollectionpoint/consumertofacility.Treatmentcostsforpropertreatment,includingdisposalofhazardousparts.Figure15.FrameworkcostsEnforcementEnforcementcostsforenforcingalllegalprovisionsandcontrollingEEEProducerregistration.Auditandstandardscostsforauditingfacilities,operationsandprocedures.Awarenessraisingcostsofrainingpublicawareness,properdisposal.,publiccampaignsFinancialguaranteescostscoveringfinancingsituationsproducerceasestoexist.ResearchanddevelopmentcostscoveringcontinualimprovementoftheEEE-EPRSystem.lauulauu··OrganizationalmodelsfortheEEE-EPRsystemTable11.DetailsofProducerResponsibilityOrganization(PRO)modelsTypeofPROStrengthsWeaknesses•••••••not-for-profitentitythat••••••••••••••lauulauu··Table12.DefiningdifferenttypesofPROs(willcontinueonnextpage)TypesDefinitionlauulauu··TypesDefinitionlauulauu··6.Expandedtoolkit6.3ImplementingthesystemCreateanationalworkinggroupfSetappropriatetargets25percentAverageformalcollectionandrecyclingrateforcountrieswithe-wastelegislationorpolicyClosetozeropercentFormalcollectionandrecyclingrateforcountriesthathavenosuchpolicyinstrumentsinplacelauu··lauu··srFirststepsafterintroducingtheregulationAsRwandaadvancestowardamorecircularandsustainableeconomy,theimplementationofExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)hasbecomeacross-cuttingpolicypriority.Instituti-onsbeyondtraditionalenvironmentalagenciesarenowactivelyinvolvedinsupportingEPRenforcement.TheRw