2025年零能耗降温新路径：无电被动式辐射制冷行业发展观察研究报告（英文版）

ANewPathway

toZero-EnergyCooling

IndustryInsightReporton

Electricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

KPMG.MaketheDifference./cnJuly2025

©2025KPMGAdvisory(China)Limited,alimitedliabilitycompanyinChineseMainlandandamemberfirmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmemberfirmsaffiliatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedbyguarantee.Allrightsreserved.

1

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

TableofContents

03

05

07

OpeningChapter:EmbarkingonaNewEraofZero-CarbonCooling

1.1GlobalTrendsinSustainableDevelopmentandNewCoolingDemands

1.2Electricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCooling:ReshapingFutureEnergyUse

01

08

09

10

12

19

21

TechnicalPrinciplesandMarketOutlook

2.1CurrentGlobalEnergyConsumptionandCoolingDemand

2.2IntroductiontotheTechnicalPrinciplesofElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCooling

2.3GlobalandChinaMarketPotentialOutlook

2.4EnergyConservationandEmissionReductionPoliciesDrivingIndustryGrowth

2.5MarketTrendsandSustainableInvestmentAcceleratingIndustryDeployment

02

22

23

25

27

ProductInnovationHighlightsandApplicationAdvantages

3.1IntroductionandAdvantageAnalysisofMainstreamProducts

3.2PanoramaDemonstrationofApplicationScenarios

3.3IndustryCaseStudies

03

35

36

38

39

41

MarketOpportunitiesandBusinessValueAnalysis

4.1DevelopmentTrendsofPromotionPathwaysandCooperationModels

4.2EvolutionTrendsofPassiveCoolingTechnologiesandProducts

4.3ChallengesandRecommendedResponses

4.4CollaborativeInitiativesandEcosystemCo-DevelopmentPathways

04

2

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

Foreword

AgainstthebackdropofglobalclimatechangeandChina’s‘dualcarbon’goals,thedevelopmentofefficientandlow-carboncoolingtechnologieshasbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Electricity-free

passiveradiativecooling,whichleveragesthephysicalmechanismofatmosphericwindow

radiation,enablesstablecoolingwithoutexternalenergyinput.Thisprovidesalow-carbon

alternativeforhigh-loadsectorssuchasbuildings,industry,andtransportation,withpromisingapplicationpotential.

Today,leadingenterprisesintheindustryaremakingcontinuousbreakthroughsinmaterials

development,systemintegration,andscenario-baseddeployment,thuslayingthefoundationfor

transitioningfromlaboratoryvalidationtoreal-worldengineeringapplications.Thisresearchreport,preparedbyKPMG,systematicallyreviewsthetechnicalprinciples,currentapplications,andfuturetrendsofelectricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingtechnologies,offeringvaluableinsightsforthe

industry’sdevelopment.

Lookingahead,theindustryshouldstrengtheneffortsinstandardisationandpilotdemonstration,

andpromotetheintegrationofthesetechnologieswithgreenbuildings,low-carbonindustrialparks,andsmartfactories,toacceleratecommercialisation.Withimprovedcollaborationacrossacademia,industry,andresearch,electricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingsolutionsarepoisedtoplayan

increasinglyimportantroleinboth‘source-sidecarbonreduction’and‘system-levelefficiency

enhancement,’injectingnewmomentumintourbanregenerationandsustainabledevelopment.

Wang,Weiliang

ViceDean,InstituteofInternationalEnergy,JinanUniversity

SecretaryGeneral,GuangdongSocietyofEngineeringThermophysics

SecretaryGeneral,GreaterBayAreaSocietyofEngineeringThermophysics

InthecontextofChina’sdeepening“dualcarbon”strategy,advancinggreentransformationinthecoolingsectorhasbecomeacriticalchallengeinbothenergytransitionandurbangovernance.Asanemergingthermalmanagementsolution,electricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingoffersa“zero-energy,low-maintenance”approachthatservesasaviablealternativeinbuildings,transportation,andindustrialapplications,showingstrongpotentialforsustainabledevelopment.

Inrecentyears,withcontinuedbreakthroughsinmaterialsandvalidationacrosspracticalscenarios,thistechnologyismovingfromscientificexplorationtoengineeringdeployment.Drivenby

favourablepolicy,risinginvestment,andgrowingend-userdemand,thesectornowhasasolidfoundationforscalingup.

ThisreportintegratesKPMG’sinsightsinthefieldsofenergyandsustainability,drawingonpolicytrends,marketcases,andtechnologyevolutionpathstoprovideasystematicreferencefor

stakeholders.Throughthisstudy,wehopetoacceleratetheadoptionofcutting-edgegreentechnologiesandcontributetothedevelopmentofalow-carbon,secure,andefficientenergyfuture.

Cai,Zhongquan

Partner,KPMGChina

HeadofEnergy&NaturalResources,KPMGAsiaPacificandChina

©2025KPMGAdvisory(China)Limited,alimitedliabilitycompanyinChineseMainlandandamemberfirmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmemberfirmsaffiliatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedbyguarantee.Allrightsreserved.

3

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

OpeningChapter:

EmbarkingonaNewEraofZero-CarbonCooling

KPMG

(China)

with

ChineseMainlandprivate

globallimitedbyguaranteeAll

©2025KPMGAdvisory(China)Limited,alimitedliabilitycompanyinChineseMainlandandamemberfirmoftheKPMGglobalorganisationofindependentmemberfirmsaffiliatedwithKPMGInternationalLimited,aprivateEnglishcompanylimitedbyguarantee.Allrightsreserved.

©2025KPMGAd

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4

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

Amidthedeepeningpursuitofthe‘dualcarbon’goalsandglobalenergytransition,thewayhumanitycoolsits

livingandworkingenvironmentsisundergoingaprofoundtransformation.Statisticsshowthatapproximately

20%ofglobalenergyconsumptionisusedforspacecooling,andthisfigurecontinuestoriseinhotregions

andrapidlyurbanisingcities.Traditionalactivecoolingsystems,whichrelyheavilyonelectricityandrefrigerants,areincreasinglycriticisedfortheirstructuralinefficiencies—highenergyconsumptionandsignificantcarbon

emissions.Thesearchforgreener,moreefficient,andsustainablecoolingsolutionshasbecomeapressingtopicontheglobalenergyandclimateagenda.

Electricity-freepassiveradiativecooling(EPRC)offersadisruptiveandnearly‘zero-energy,zero-emission’

alternative.Thistechnologyleveragesthephysicalmechanismofatmosphericwindowradiation—byemittingheatwithinspecificinfraredwavelengthsdirectlyintoouterspace,itachievescoolingwithoutanyexternal

energyinput.Itscorevalueliesinbreakingawayfromtraditionalenergyexchangemodels,offeringintrinsicenergy-savingbenefits,silentoperation,andbroadmaterialcompatibility.Inrecentyears,advancementsinnanomaterialsandopticalengineeringhavepropelledthistechnologyfromthelabtowardspractical

deployment,withitsindustrialfoundationsteadilymaturing.

EmergingmarketssuchasChinaarebecomingglobalhubsofinnovationinthisfield.Demonstrationprojectsacrossvariousapplicationscenarios—buildingrooftops,transportationinfrastructure,outdoorenergystorage,logisticswarehousing,andevenfunctionaltextiles—havebeguntogainmomentum.Somedomestic

companieshaveachievednotablebreakthroughsinmaterialsengineering,productintegration,andsystem

adaptation,providingscalablesolutionsforbroaderimplementation.Thesepioneersarealsoplayingapivotalroleinshapingindustrynorms,productstandards,andcross-sectorcollaborationmechanisms.

Inthebroaderwaveofgreentransition,transformativetechnologiesoftenarisefromarenewedunderstandingandefficientharnessingofnaturalprinciples.Electricity-freepassiveradiativecooling,groundedinthelogicofnatureandaimedatsustainability,issuchafrontierinnovation.Itnotonlyreimagineshowwemeetglobal

coolingdemand,butalsoopensnewpossibilitiesforzero-carboncities,industries,andlifestyles.Nowisa

crucialwindowofopportunity—toacceleratebreakthroughs,buildconsensus,andguidethemarket.Together,westandatthethresholdofaneweraofzero-carboncooling.

©2025KPMGAd

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ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

1.1

GlobalTrendsinSustainableDevelopmentandNewCoolingDemands

Inrecentyears,theglobalsustainabilityagendahasdeepenedsignificantly,withenergytransition,climate

resilience,andenvironmentalpollutioncontrolbecomingsharedprioritiesinmultilateralcooperationand

nationalstrategies.TheUnitedNations’2030SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)explicitlycallfor‘accesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforall’(Goal7)andurge‘urgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpacts’(Goal13).Withinthisglobalframework,sustainablecoolinghasincreasinglyemergedasacoreissue,gainingstrategicimportanceinareassuchasenergysecurity,publichealth,andurban

governance.

RisingGlobalTemperatures

1.4

1.2

GlobalSurfaceTemperatureAnomalies

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

-0.2

个

-0.4

-0.6

18801908193919692000

Overthepast50years,thenumberofweather-relatednaturaldisastershas

increased5

From2000to2019,anaverageof

489,000

diedfromheatwavesannually

By2030,extremeheatisexpectedto

causethelossof80,000,000

full-timejobsglobally

people

fold

By2050,totalglobaleconomicoutputisprojectedtodeclineby

4%~18%

5

Source:NASASource:i2COOL

©2025KPMGAd

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6

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

Coolinghasbecomeavitalcomponentinmodernsocietyforcopingwithheat,maintainingqualityoflife,and

ensuringthesafestorageandtransportationofgoods.AccordingtoestimatesbytheInternationalEnergy

Agency(IEA),globaldemandforspacecoolinginbuildingshasmorethantripledsince2000andisexpectedtomaintainhighgrowthoverthenext30years.Acceleratedurbanisation,morefrequentextremeweatherevents,andrisinglivingstandardshavemadecoolingoneofthefastest-growingenergyconsumptionsectorsin

emergingeconomies.Especiallyundertheimpactofglobalwarming,coolingisnolongermerelya‘comfort’service—itnowservescriticalsocialfunctionsrelatedtohealth,foodsecurity,andclimateresilience.

However,thesustainedgrowthindemandhascomewithsignificantenergyandenvironmentalcosts.

Traditionalcoolingsystemsareheavilyreliantonelectricityandoftenuserefrigerantswithhighglobalwarmingpotential,suchasCFCs,Halons,andCCl4.Thesesystemscreatemultiplelayersofpressure—inenergy

consumption,carbonemissions,andozonedepletion.Itisestimatedthatcoolingsystems,throughbothdirectandindirectemissions,accountfornearly10%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.Withouteffective

alternatives,coolingcouldbecomeoneofthemajorchallengestoachievingglobaltemperaturecontrolgoalsinthefuture.

PainPointsofTraditionalCoolingSolutions

HighCO:Emissions

AccordingtoIEA,between1990and2022,CO2emissionsfrom

aini

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an

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i

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ion

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enearly

HighEnergyConsumption

Tomeetrisingdemand,energyuseforglobalairconditioningis

expectedtogrowfrom850GWin

2i

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2050,

HeavyEconomicBurden

Inmanyregions,spendingontraditional

coolingalreadyaccountsfor5%–15%of

medianhouseholdincome.Toaccommodategrowingcoolingneeds,therequired

investmentinglobalpower

generationcapacitycouldreach

AViciousCycle

1.7trillion

IncreasingGlobal

Temperatures

GrowingCoolingDemand

RisingCO:Emissions

USD

Thisgrowingchallengeispushinggovernments,industrybodies,andtechnologyfirmstoexploreanew

generationofgreencoolingsolutions,focusingonfourinnovationpathways:energyefficiency,refrigerant

replacement,systeminnovation,andpassivecooling.Inbuildings,transport,industry,andagriculture,thereisagrowinginterestincoolingmethodsthatare‘low-carbon,safe,andenergy-free.’Internationalorganisations

suchastheWorldBankandUNEPhavebeguntosupportpassivecoolingtechnologiesbasedonnaturalmechanisms,recognisingthemasprioritieswithingreeninfrastructureandclimateadaptationagendas.

Againstthisbackdrop,electricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingisemergingasapromisingfrontiertechnology,

offeringstrongenergysavings,environmentalcompatibility,andwideapplicationpotential.Itsfeatures—no

electricityuse,zeroemissions—makeitidealforaddressingtheurbanheatislandeffectinGlobalSouthcities,ruralelectricityshortages,andheatrisksinclimate-vulnerableareas.Whetherthistechnologycanscalefrom

smallpilotstolarge-scaledeploymentwilldirectlyinfluencetheresilienceofglobalenergysystemsandthepathwaytoachievingsustainabledevelopmentgoals.

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7

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

1.2

EQ\*jc3\*hps48\o\al(\s\up10(Ele),Fut)

EQ\*jc3\*hps48\o\al(\s\up10(c),u)

EQ\*jc3\*hps48\o\al(\s\up10(t),r)

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EQ\*jc3\*hps48\o\al(\s\up10(it),n)

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EQ\*jc3\*hps48\o\al(\s\up10(Fr),g)

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ssiveRadiativeCooling:Reshaping

Thefutureofenergysystemshingesnotonlyonhowenergyisobtained,butmorecriticallyonhowitisused.Whilebreakthroughsincleanpowergeneration,smartdistribution,and

flexiblestoragehavereshapedtheenergysupplyside,afundamentaltransformationinend-useconsumptionisnowemergingasacornerstoneoflow-carbonenergysystems.In

sectorslikecooling—characterisedbyrigid,electricity-intensivegrowth—thereisapressingneedforsolutionsthatfundamentallydifferfromthetraditional‘input–conversion–output’

paradigm.

Theemergenceofelectricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingexemplifiesthisshiftinenergy-

usephilosophy.Unlikeconventionalcoolingtechnologiesthatrelyonmechanicaland

electricalsystems(e.g.,compressors,fans,refrigerantcircuits),EPRCenablesthermal

regulationbypreciselycontrollingradiativeheattransferthroughfunctionalmaterials.It

eliminatesthedependencyonexternalpowersourcesandsignificantlysimplifiesthesystemarchitecture,reframingcoolingasanenvironment-adaptivefunctionratherthananenergy-

drivenprocess.Thischangeisprofound.Ononehand,itchallengestheentrenched

assumptionthatcoolingmustentailenergyconsumption,renderingthenotionof‘cooling

withoutenergyuse’technicallyviable.Ontheotherhand,itdecouplesthermalregulation

fromenergyinfrastructure,offeringnovelsolutionsforurbanoperations,edgeinfrastructure,andclimateresilience.

Inurbanareassufferingfromintenseheatislandeffects,thistechnologycanbeintegrated

intogreenbuildingenvelopesforcontinuouspassiveheatdissipation.Inoff-gridruralor

remoteregions,itcanserveasanessentialsolutionformaintainingmaterialstorageand

humancomfort.Inspecial-usescenariossuchasspaceexplorationandmarine-basedfloatingplatforms,itsvalueisevenmoreirreplaceable.Furthermore,thescalabilityofEPRCaddstoitsappeal.Sinceitscorecomponentsarebasedonfunctionalfilmsandengineeredmaterialsystems,itsupportsmodularisation,compositeintegration,andflexibledeployment.Itcan

beappliedasastandalonesurfacelayerorembeddedintorooftops,textiles,vehiclebodies,orequipmentsurfacestocreatepassivecoolinginterfaces.Withongoingadvancesin

nanomaterials,vacuumcoating,andspectralengineering,futureEPRCmaterialsareexpectedtobecomelighter,morepowerful,andhighlyadaptable.Itsbroad-spectrumperformanceandcross-scenarioapplicabilitypavethewayforcoolingtoevolvefrom‘equipmentdependence’to‘materialintelligence’.

Fromatheoreticalperspective,EPRCrepresentsarevivalofa‘nature-synergisticviewof

energy’.Itleveragestheuniverseasathermalsink,theatmospherictransparencywindowasaconduit,andengineeredmaterialsasamediumtoenablethemostdirect,efficientthermalinteractionbetweenhumansandtheirambientenvironment.Withinthissimplicitylies

profoundenergysignificanceandimmenseindustrialpotential.

Today,agrowingnumberofpolicymakers,urbanplanners,andgreentechinnovatorsare

turningtheirattentiontothisemergingtechnology,activelyadvancingitscommercialisation.InChina,severalgloballycompetitivematerialstechnologycompanieshavealreadyvalidatedtheirtechnicalpathwaysandlaunchedengineering-readyproductlines,contributingto

demonstrationprojectsandacceleratingtheshiftfromconceptvalidationtoscaleddeployment.

Lookingahead,asenergyusetransitionsfrom‘consumptive’to‘synergistic’,electricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingwillplayatransformativeroleacrossbuildings,industry,

transportation,andcivillife.Itstandspoisedtoredefineenergydemandstructuresandemergeasakeyenablerintheglobalpursuitofcarbonneutrality.

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ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

TechnicalPrinciples

andMarketOutlook

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9

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

Asacutting-edgecoolingsolutioncharacterisedbyultra-lowenergyuseandstrongenvironmentalfriendliness,electricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingisgainingincreasingglobalattention.Underthedualpressureof

‘enhancingenergyefficiency’and‘reducingcarbonemissions’,thecoolingsectorurgentlyrequiresalternativesthatbreakawayfromitsdependenceonelectricityandchemicalrefrigerants.EPRC,basedontheprincipleofnaturalthermalradiation,offersafundamentallynewpathforthistransformation.

Thischaptersystematicallyexploresthetechnologicallogicandcorecomponentsofelectricity-freepassive

radiativecooling.Itbeginsbyreviewingtheglobaltrendsincooling-relatedenergyconsumptionandthe

sector’schallengesinmeetingcarbonpeakingandcarbonneutralitytargets.Itthenintroducestheoperating

mechanismandmaterialcharacteristicsofelectricity-freepassiveradiativecooling,andanalyzesthekeydrivingforcesbehinditstransitionfromlaboratoryresearchtocommercialapplication—withinthecontextofcurrent

policyframeworksandbroadergreentransitiontrends.Bypresentingthetechnologyprinciples,policysupport,andmarketdynamicstogether,thischapterlaysasolidfoundationforunderstandingthenextphaseofproductevolution,typicalapplicationmodels,andleadingindustrypractices.

Atpresent,anumberofforward-lookingtechnologycompanieswithstrongR&Dcapabilitiesareadvancingthistechnologytowardslarge-scaleapplicationbyoptimisingmaterialsystems,overcomingindustrialisation

processbottlenecks,andinnovatingsystemintegration.Lookingahead,underthecombinedinfluenceof

supportivenationalpolicies,growingmarketdemand,andaccelerateddemonstrationprojects,electricity-freepassiveradiativecoolingisexpectedtobecomeavitalpartoftheglobalgreencoolingsystem,injectinglong-termmomentumintothedevelopmentofalow-carbonsociety.

2.1

EQ\*jc3\*hps48\o\al(\s\up10(Curr),Dem)

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GlobalEnergyConsumptionandCooling

Asurbanisationacceleratesandglobaltemperaturesrise,coolinghasbecomeoneofthefastest-growingend-useenergyconsumptionsectors.Fromresidentialairconditioningandcommercialbuildingstoindustrialcoldchainsanddigitalinfrastructure,thepenetrationofcoolingsystemsisincreasingrapidly,alongwiththeir

associatedenergyconsumption.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),around20%ofglobalbuildingenergyconsumptionin2022wasusedforcooling—aproportionthatcontinuestorise.By2050,

electricitydemandforbuildingcoolingisprojectedtodouble,makingitaprimarydriverofelectricityloadgrowth.

Thistrendisespeciallypronouncedinemergingmarkets.Intropicalandsubtropicalregions,wherehigh

temperaturesarepersistentyear-round,thedependenceonindoorcoolingsignificantlyexceedstheglobal

average.EmergingeconomiessuchasChina,India,SoutheastAsia,andtheMiddleEastareexperiencing

rapidlyrisinghouseholdincomesandurbanisation,whichinturnaredrivingthewidespreadadoptionofair

conditioninginbothresidentialandcommercialbuildings—creatingsubstantialnewcoolingdemand.InChina,forexample,totalelectricityconsumptionforbuildingcoolingexceeded700billionkilowatt-hoursin2020,

accountingfornearly30%oftotalbuildingpoweruse.Indigitalinfrastructure,suchasdatacentres,coolingsystemsnowaccountforover40%oftotaloperatingenergyconsumption.

10

ANewPathwaytoZero-EnergyCooling:

IndustryInsightReportonElectricity-FreePassiveRadiativeCoolingTechnologies

Inadditiontoelectricity-relatedpressure,coolingalsopresentscomplexenvironmentalchallenges.TraditionalcoolingsystemsheavilyrelyonrefrigerantssuchasHFCs(hydrofluorocarbons),whichpossessextremelyhighGlobalWarmingPotentials(GWP)—hundredstothousandsoftimesthatofcarbondioxide.Whilemany

countrieshaveinitiatedrefrigerantre