(英语)高二英语阅读理解(科普环保)提高训练及解析

（英语）高二英语阅读理解(科普环保)提高训练及解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1．犇犇阅读下面文章，然后从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出每个问题的最佳选项。

Mytwo-andfour-year-oldboyslovetowin,whetherthey'reracingtheirbikesdownthesidewalkorjustfinishingtheirsnacks.It'struethatthosewithhighstatus,fromworldleadersandprizewinnerstoathletesandmoviestars,arepeoplewelikeandrespect.ArecentstudypublishedinNatureHumanBehaviourshowedthatweseemtohaveaninnate(天生的)preferenceforhigh-rankingpeoples—butonlyifthosepeoplearen'thurtfultowardothers.

Researchersshowedtoddlers(aged21to31months)ascenewheretwopuppets(木偶)approachedoneanotherfromoppositesidesofastageandonebowedtolettheotherpassfirst.Askedwhichpuppettheylikedbetter,18ofthe21toddlersintheexperimentreachedforthepuppetwhohadbeenallowedtopass.Becauserespectfromothersisamarkerofstatus,thissuggeststhatchildrenhaveapreferenceforthosewithahigherstatus—evenbeforeagethree.

However,theresultswerequitedifferentwhentwopuppetsapproachedoneanotherandoneusedforcetoknocktheotherdownbeforecontinuingtotheotherside.Inthiscase,18ofthe21toddlersreachedfortheonewhowasknockeddown.Astheresearchersconcluded,"Whenapproachingothers,veryyoungchildrencarenotonlywhowins,butalsohow."Thepreviousexperimenthasshownthattoddlersknowaboutsocialstatus,butthisexperimentwentonestepfurtherbyprovingtheyhaveanobviouspreferenceforhighstatus.Sincetheparticipantsweresoyoung,thismightevenbeaninnatehumanpreference.

Inaword,thisnewresearchsuggeststhatyoungchildrenappreciatepeoplewhodowellwhileatthesametimedoinggoodtoothers.So,whenmyfour-year-oldthinksthathehastogethisshoesonfirst,I'llkeepremindinghimthathelpinghisbrothersotheybothfinishfasteriswhatwinningisallabout.（1）Whatdowetendtodoaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A.Seekchallengesallthetime.B.Admirehigh-rankingpeople.C.Takeadvantageofhighstatus.D.Hurtotherswithoffensivewords.（2）Whydidtoddlerspreferthepuppetallowedtopass?A.Itlookedadorable.B.Itbehavedsmartly.C.Itseemedpolite.D.Itwasrespected.（3）Whatcanweinferfromthelatterstudy?A.Slowerpeoplearebetterlovedbytoddlers.B.Peoplenaturallydislikeunkindbehavior.C.Toddlerscarelittleabouthighsocialstatus.D.Beinghelpfulcontributestobeingsupported.（4）Whatshouldwedowhenweencouragechildrentowin?A.Instructthemtouseproperandcreativeways.B.Advisethemtobeashardworkingaspossible.C.Remindthemtobeconsideratetootherpeople.D.Tellthemtotrytocooperatewithsomeoneelse.【答案】（1）B（2）D（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人们更倾向于喜欢和尊敬地位高而又无害于他人的人，这似乎是一种天性，即使是蹒跚学步的孩子也是如此。（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“ArecentstudypublishedinNatureHumanBehaviourshowedthatweseemtohaveaninnate（天生的）preferenceforhigh-rankingpeoples—butonlyifthosepeoplearen'thurtfultowardothers.”可知，我们更倾向于敬佩那些地位高的人。故选B。（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Askedwhichpuppettheylikedbetter,18ofthe21toddlersintheexperimentreachedforthepuppetwhohadbeenallowedtopass.Becauserespectfromothersisamarkerofstatus,thissuggeststhatchildrenhaveapreferenceforthosewithahigherstatus—evenbeforeagethree.”可知，蹒跚学步的孩子喜欢那个被允许通过的木偶，是因为这种行为代表着受人尊敬，孩子们更喜欢受尊敬的人。故选D。（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Inthiscase,18ofthe21toddlersreachedfortheonewhowasknockeddown.和Sincetheparticipantsweresoyoung,thismightevenbeaninnatehumanpreference.”可知，孩子们会走向被撞倒的人，而由于孩子太小，甚至可能是人类与生俱来的偏好。由此可推断出，人们天生不喜欢不友善的行为。故选B。（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Inaword,thisnewresearchsuggeststhatyoungchildrenappreciatepeoplewhodowellwhileatthesametimedoinggoodtoothers.”可知，孩子欣赏那些在做好事的同时表现出色的人。由此可推断出，我们鼓励孩子去赢的同时，提醒他们要体谅他人。故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。2．犇犇阅读理解

"Actingistheleastmysteriousofallcrafts,"MarionBrandooncesaid.Butforscientists,workingoutwhatisgoingoninanactor'sheadhasalwaysbeensomethingofapuzzle.

Now,researchershavesaidactorsshowdifferentpatternsofbrainactivitydependingonwhethertheyareincharacterornot.

DrStevenBrown,fromMcMasterUniversityinCanada,said,"Itlookslikewhenyouareacting,youaresuppressing(压制)yourself;almostlikethecharacterispossessingyou."

Brownandcolleaguesreporthow15actors,mainlytheatrestudents,weretrainedtotakeonaShakespearerole—eitherRomeoorJuliet—inatheatreworkshop.Theyweretheninvitedintothelaboratory,wheretheirbrainswerescannedinaseriesofexperiments.

OnceinsidetheMRIscanner,theactorswereaskedtoansweranumberofquestions,suchas:wouldtheygototheparty?Andwouldtheytelltheirparentsthattheyhadfalleninlove?

Eachactorwasaskedtorespondtodifferentquestions,basedontwodifferentpremises(前提).Inone,theywereaskedfortheirownperspective,whileintheother,theywereaskedtorespondasthoughtheywereeitherRomeoorJuliet.

Theresultsrevealedthatthebrainactivitydiffereddependingonthesituationbeingtested.Theteamfoundthatwhentheactorswereincharacter,theyusesomethird-personknowledgeorinferencesabouttheircharacter.

Theteamsaidtheyalsofoundadditionalreductioninactivityintworegionsoftheprefrontalcortex(前额皮质)linkedtothesenseofself,comparedwithwhentheactorswererespondingasthemselves.

However,PhilipDavis,aprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpool,wasunimpressedbytheresearch,sayingactingisaboutfarmorethan"pretending"tobesomeone—itinvolvesembodying(体现)thetextandlanguage.（1）HowdidDrBrown'steamconducttheirresearch?A.

Byscanningthebrainactivityofsomeactors.B.

Bydoingasurveywithsometheatregoers.C.

Byinterviewingsometheatreteachers.D.

Byconsultingsomeexperiencedresearchers.（2）WhatisthefindingofDrBrown'sresearch?A.

Actingisnotasmysteriousaspeoplethink.B.

Actors'brainactivitydifferswhentheyareacting.C.

Actingisfarmorethanpretendingtobethecharacter.D.

Actors'brainactivityismoreactivewhentheyareincharacter.（3）HowdidPhilipDavisreacttotheresearch?A.

Hesupportedit.

B.

Hedoubtedit.

C.

Heexplainedit.

D.

Headvocatedit.（4）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.

Adebateofhowthebrainfunctions.B.

AplaywrittenbyShakespeare.C.

Aresearchonthebrainactivityofactors.D.

Areportofthecooperationofscientistsandactors.【答案】（1）A（2）B（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项对于演员大脑活动的研究。现在，研究人员表示，演员的大脑活动模式不同，取决于他们是否扮演角色。（1）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“OnceinsidetheMRIscanner,theactorswereaskedtoansweranumberofquestions,suchas:wouldtheygototheparty?”一旦进入核磁共振扫描仪，演员们被要求回答一系列问题，比如:他们会去参加派对吗?由此推断出Brown博士的团队是通过扫描一些演员的大脑活动进行他们的研究的，故选A。（2）考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的“Theresultsrevealedthatthebrainactivitydiffereddependingonthesituationbeingtested.Theteamfoundthatwhentheactorswereincharacter,theyusesomethird-personknowledgeorinferencesabouttheircharacter.”结果显示，大脑活动的不同取决于所测试的情境。研究小组发现，当演员在扮演角色时，他们会使用一些第三人称知识或对角色的推断。由此可知Brown博士的研究发现，演员在表演时大脑活动是不同的，故选B。（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However,PhilipDavis,aprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpool,wasunimpressedbytheresearch,sayingactingisaboutfarmorethan‘pretending’

tobesomeone—itinvolvesembodying(体现)thetextandlanguage.”然而，利物浦大学教授PhilipDavis对这项研究并不以为然。他说，表演不仅仅是"假装"成某个人，它还包括文本和语言的体现。由此推断出PhilipDavis对这项研究持怀疑态度，故选B。（4）考查主旨大意。第二段中的“Now,researchershavesaidactorsshowdifferentpatternsofbrainactivitydependingonwhethertheyareincharacterornot.”现在，研究人员表示，演员的大脑活动模式不同，取决于他们是否扮演角色，是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要介绍了一项对于演员大脑活动的研究，故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。3．犇犇阅读理解

KaitlinWoolleyandAyeletFishbachreportinPsychologicalSciencethatamealtaken"family-style"fromacentralplatecangreatlyimprovetheoutcomeoflaternegotiations.

Havingconductedpreviousresearchin2017revealingthateatingsimilarfoodsledtopeoplefeelingemotionallyclosertooneanother,DrWoolleyandDrFishbachwonderedwhetherthewayinwhichfoodwasservedalsohadapsychologicaleffect.Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.

Forthefirsttesttheyrecruited100pairsofparticipantsfromalocalcafe,noneofwhomkneweachother.Theparticipantswereseatedatatableandfedtortillachipswithsalsa.Halfthepairsweregiventheirownbasketof20gramsofchipsandabowlof25gramsofsalsa,andhalfweregiven40gramsofchipsand50gramsofsalsatoshare.Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.

Thegameaskedtheparticipantstonegotiateanhourlywagerateduringafictionalstrike.Eachpersonwasrandomlyassignedtorepresenttheunionormanagementandfollowasetofrules.

Theresearchersmeasuredcooperationbynotingthenumberofroundsittooktoreachanagreement,andfoundthatthosewhosharedfoodresolvedthestrikesignificantlyfaster（in8.7rounds）thanthosewhodidnot（13.2rounds）.Asimilarexperimentwasconductedwith104participantsandGoldfishcrackers（饼干）,thistimenegotiatinganairline'srouteprices.Theresultsweremuchthesame,withthefood-sharersnegotiatingsuccessfully63.3%ofthetimeandthosewhodidnotsharedoingso42.9%ofthetime.（1）Whatdoesthe"family-style"mealinthereportreferto？A.

Amealtakenathome.

B.

Amealsharedwithothers.C.

Amealconsumedbyoneself.

D.

Amealtakeninafamilyatmosphere.（2）Forwhatpurposedidtheresearcherscarryoutthepresentexperiments?A.

Toshowthewayfoodisserved.B.

Toprovesharingfoodincreasescompetition.C.

Toconfirmsharingfoodcanpromotecooperation.D.

Tofindoutwhethersharingfoodcangetpeoplecloseemotionally.（3）Whywereparticipantsaskedtoeatupthesnackbeforethegame?A.

Toaddtotheirenergy.

B.

Torewardthemfortheirparticipation.C.

Tohidetheintentionoftheexperiment.

D.

Toavoidthedistractionduringthegame.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了外交宴席的心理学

，研究表明，从中间菜采取的“家庭式”餐，可以大大改善后续谈判的结果。（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.”他们形成了一套理论，认为一方面，与他人一起吃饭可能表明粮食短缺，并加强了竞争的概念。然而，他们还推断，这种方式可能会导致人们更加了解他人的需求，从而推动合作性的行为。可知family-style指的是与别人一起用餐，故选B。（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.”

然而，他们还推断，这种方式可能会导致人们更加了解他人的需求，从而推动合作性的行为。出于好奇心，他们做了一系列实验。可知选C。（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.”作为实验的掩护，所有受试者都得告在游戏开始前就要吃完这些零食。可知选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。4．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

Escapingpredators(食肉动物),digestionandotheranimalactivities—includingthoseofhumans—requireoxygen.Butthatessentialingredientisnolongersoeasyformarinelifetoobtain,severalnewstudiesreveal.

Inthepastdecadeoceanoxygenlevelshavetakenadive—analarmingtrendthatislinkedtoclimatechange,saysAndreasOschlies,anoceanographerattheHelmholtzCenterforOceanResearchinGermany,whoseteamtracksoceanoxygenlevelsworldwide."Weweresurprisedbytheintensityofthechangeswesaw,howrapidlyoxygenisgoingdownintheoceanandhowlargetheeffectsonmarineecosystemsare,"hesays.Itisnosurprisetoscientiststhatwarmingoceansarelosingoxygen,butthescaleofthedropcallsforurgentattention.Oxygenlevelsinsometropical(热带的)regionshavedroppedbyanastonishing40percentinthelast50years,somerecentstudiesreveal.Levelshavedroppedlesssignificantlyelsewhere,withanaveragelossof2percentglobally.

Awarmingoceanlosesoxygenfortworeasons:First,thewarmeraliquidbecomes,thelessgasitcanhold.Thatiswhycarbonateddrinksgoflatfasterwhenleftinthesun.Second,aspolarseaicemelts,itformsalayerofwaterabovecolder,moresaltyseawaters.Thisprocesscreatesasortoflidthatcankeepcurrentsfrommixingsurfacewaterdowntodeeperdepths.Andbecausealloxygenentersthesurface,lessmixingmeanslessofitatdepth.

Oceananimalslargeandsmall,however,respondtoevenslightchangesinoxygenbyseekingrefugeinhigheroxygenzonesorbyadjustingbehavior,Oschliesandothersinhisfieldhavefound.Theseadjustmentscanexposeanimalstonewpredatorsorforcethemintofood-scarceregions.Climatechangealreadyposesseriousproblemsformarinelife,suchasoceanacidification,butdeoxygenationisthemostpressingissuefacingseaanimalstoday,Oschliessays.Afterall,hesays,"theyallhavetobreathe."

Asidefromfoodwebproblems,animalsfacevariousotherphysiologicalchallengesastheirbodiesadjusttoloweroxygenlevels.Chineseshrimp(虾)movetheirtailslessvigorouslytopreserveenergyinloweroxygenenvironments.Somecreatures,suchasjellyfishes,aremoretolerantoflowoxygenthanothersare.Butallanimalswillfeeltheimpactofdeoxygenationbecausetheyallhaveevolvedtheiroxygencapacityforareason,saysOschlies."Anydropinoxygenisgoingtodamagesurvivabilityandperformance,"hesays.（1）Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,whatworriesscientiststhemost?A.

Theworseningdeoxygenationinthewarmingocean.B.

Thesurvivalofpredatorsandvariousmarineanimals.C.

Thealarminglychangeableoxygenlevelsintheocean.D.

Thelackofattentiontothewarmingoftropicaloceans.（2）Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheoxygenlossintheocean?A.

Polaricemeltingconsumesmuchoxygenintheocean.B.

Globalwarmingreducestheamountofoxygenintheair.C.

Thesurfacepolaricewaterpreventsoxygengoingdown.D.

Saltywaterholdslessgasintheincreasinglywarmerocean.（3）Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.

Oceandeoxygenationchangessomeanimals'naturalterritories.B.

Oceanacidificationismoreseriousaproblemthandeoxygenation.C.

Notalloceananimalsarebotheredbythedecreasingoxygenlevels.D.

Someanimalsreducetheirmovementsinordertoabsorbmoreoxygen.（4）Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.

TheOxygenLevelsofMarineLife

B.

OceanWarmingAffectsFoodWebC.

TheSurvivabilityofOceanAnimals

D.

TheOceanIsRunningOutofBreath【答案】（1）A（2）C（3）A（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势。同时介绍了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Itisnosurprisetoscientiststhatwarmingoceansarelosingoxygen,butthescaleofthedropcallsforurgentattention.Oxygenlevelsinsometropical(热带的)regionshavedroppedbyanastonishing40percentinthelast50years,somerecentstudiesreveal.Levelshavedroppedlesssignificantlyelsewhere,withanaveragelossof2percentglobally."可知，对于科学家来说，变暖的海洋正在失去氧气并不奇怪，但这种下降的规模需要紧急关注。一些最近的研究表明，在过去的50年里，一些热带地区的氧气含量下降了惊人的40%。其他地区的降幅较小，全球平均降幅为2%。所以根据前两段，科学家最担心的是变暖的海洋中日益恶化的脱氧现象。故选A。（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"aspolarseaicemelts,itformsalayerofwaterabovecolder,moresaltyseawaters.Thisprocesscreatesasortoflidthatcankeepcurrentsfrommixingsurfacewaterdowntodeeperdepths.Andbecausealloxygenentersthesurface,lessmixingmeanslessofitatdepth."可知，当极地海冰融化时，它会在更冷、更咸的海水上形成一层水。这个过程会形成一种冰盖，它可以防止水流将地表水混合到海洋更深的深度。因为所有的氧气都进入了表面，所以较少的与海洋水的混合意味着更深的海洋含氧量更少。所以表面的极地冰水阻止氧气下沉是海洋缺氧的原因之一。故选C。（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的"Oceananimalslargeandsmall,however,respondtoevenslightchangesinoxygenbyseekingrefugeinhigheroxygenzonesorbyadjustingbehavior,Oschliesandothersinhisfieldhavefound.Theseadjustmentscanexposeanimalstonewpredatorsorforcethemintofood-scarceregions."可知，然而，Oschlies和他所在领域的其他人发现，无论大小，海洋动物对氧气的微小变化都有反应，它们在较高的含氧区寻求庇护，或是调整行为。这些调整可能使动物暴露在新的掠食者面前，或迫使它们进入食物匮乏的地区。所以海洋中氧含量减少迫使动物离开自己的栖息地，去氧气含量较高的地区寻求庇护。故判断出海洋脱氧改变了一些动物的自然领地。故选A。（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势，海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。所以短文主要是围绕着海洋氧含量下降而展开的。故短文的最佳标题为"海洋快喘不过气来了"符合题意。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。5．阅读理解

Imagineyourclothingcouldreleaseenoughheattokeepyouwarmandcozy,allowingyoutostaycomfortableinacoolerroom.Or,pictureacarwindshieldthatstoresthesun'senergyandthenreleasesitasheattomaketheiceonthewindshielddisappear.

AccordingtoateamofresearchersatMIT,bothcasesmaybepossiblebeforelong,thankstoanewmaterialthatcanstoresolarenergyduringthedayandreleaseitlaterasheat.Thistransparentpolymerfilmcouldbeappliedtomanydifferentsurfaces,suchaswindowglassorclothing.

Solarenergyisonlyavailableabouthalfthetimeweneedit—duringdaylight.Forthesuntobecomeamajorpowerproviderforhumanneeds,therehastobeanefficientwaytosaveitupforuseduringnighttimeandstormydays.Mostsucheffortshavefocusedonstoringandrecoveringsolarenergyintheformofelectricity,butthenewfinding,byMlIprofessorJeffreyGrossman,PostdocDavidZhitomirskyandgraduatestudentEugeneCho,couldprovideahighlyefficientmethodforstoringthesun'senergythroughachemicalreactionandreleasingitlaterasheat.

Thekeytoenablinglong-term,stablestorageofsolarheat,theteamsaid,istostoreitintheformofachemicalchangeratherthanstoringtheheatitself.Butheatwilldisappearovertimenomatterhowgoodthematerialarounditis,sotheteamsetupachemicalstoragesystemthatcankeeptheenergyinastablemolecularconfiguration.Whenexposedtosunlight,themoleculescanstaythatwayforlongperiodsThen,whentriggered(触发)byaveryspecifictemperatureorsomethingelse,themoleculesreturntotheiroriginalshape,givingoffheatintheprocess.

Suchchemically-basedstoragematerials,knownasSolarThermalFuels(STF),havebeendevelopedbefore.Butthoseearliereffortsweredesignedtobeusedinliquidsolutionsandnotabletomakedurable(耐用的)solid-statefilms.Thenewapproachisthefirstbasedonasolid-statematerial,inthiscaseapolymer,andthefirstbasedoninexpensivematerialsandwidespreadproductiontechnology.（1）WhatisthemainpurposeofParagraph1?A.Toshowthemainideaofthepassage.B.Topracticereaders'imagination.C.Tointerestreadersinthepassage.D.Tointroduceanewkindofmaterial.（2）Accordingtothepassage,whatcanthepolymerfilmdo?A.Itcanbemadeintowindowglass.B.Itcanmakenecessaryelectricity.C.Itcanstoreenergyandreleasesunshine.D.Itcanabsorbsunshineandgiveoffheat.（3）Accordingtothepassage,whatisSTFbasedon?A.Thechemicalreaction.B.Themovementofheat.C.Theformofelectricity.D.Thephysicalreaction.（4）Whatistheadvantageofthemolecularconfiguration?A.Itislessexpensive.B.Itisverypowerful.C.Itiseasilyavailable.D.Itislesschangeable.【答案】（1）C（2）D（3）A（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种新型材料，它可以通过自身吸热并储存热量，之后能够根据需要释放热。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段“Imagineyourclothingcouldreleaseenoughheattokeepyouwarmandcozy,allowingyoutostaycomfortableinacoolerroom.Or,pictureacarwindshieldthatstoresthesun'senergyandthenreleasesitasheattomaketheiceonthewindshielddisappear.”想象一下你的衣服可以释放足够的热量让你温暖和舒适，让你可以在冰冷的房间里保持舒适。或者，再想象一下车的挡风玻璃可以储存太阳的能量，然后释放热量使挡风玻璃上的冰消失)可推测，本段以衣服和骑车挡风玻璃为例，提到了如果衣服能够吸热和放热、汽车的挡风玻璃能够吸热和自动除冰那该是多么好的事，以此来吸引对着对本文的兴趣。故选C。（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“thankstoanewmaterialthatcanstoresolarenergyduringthedayandreleaseitlaterasheat.Thistransparentpolymerfilmcouldbeappliedtomanydifferentsurfaces,suchaswindowglassorclothing.”多亏了这种能在白天吸热之后以热能形式释放的新型材料，这个透明的聚合物膜可以应用于许多不同的表面，如窗户玻璃或服装)可知，这种聚合物膜可以吸热，此后再以热能的形式释放出来。故选D。（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Suchchemically-basedstoragematerials,knownasSolarThermalFuels(STF),havebeendevelopedbefore.”这种以化学反应为基础的储存材料，即太阳能热燃料(STF)，以前就已经被开发出来了，可知，STF是以化学反应为基础。故选A。（4）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Butheatwilldisappearovertimenomatterhowgoodthematerialarounditis,sotheteamsetupachemicalstoragesystemthatcankeeptheenergyinastablemolecularconfiguration.”但是热量会随着时间的推移而消失，不管周围的物质有多好，所以研究小组建立了一个化学储存系统，可以将能量保持在一个稳定的分子结构中)可推断，这种分子结构的优势是相对稳定。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。6．阅读理解

Somethingsshouldjustbecommonknowledgebynow.TheEarthisn'tflat.Nope,yourhairandnailsdon'tgrowafteryoudie.TheholesatthetopofBicbiropensaretheresothat,ifyouswallowoneaccidentally,youcanstillbreatheandwon'tchoketodeath.It'sdebatablewhetherthatlastonethereiscommonknowledgeornot.AquickGooglesearchofthefact,rewrittenasaquestion,showsarticlesaddressingthispointgoingbackseveralyears,withthelatest(re)appearingjustthisweekoveronScienceAlert.Wesupposeit'soneofthosethingsthatcomeupfromtimetotime,likewhatwouldhappenifyouattackYellowstonewithanuclearweapon(notmuch,asitturnsout).

IfyoujumpovertoBic'swebsite,undertheirFAQs(frequentlyaskedquestions),itquiteclearlystates:"ThereasonthatsomeBIC®penshaveaholeintheircapistopreventthecapfromcompletelyobstructingtheairwayifaccidentallybreathedin.ThisisrequestedbytheinternationalsafetystandardsISO11540,exceptforincaseswherethecapisconsideredtoolargetobeachokingrisk."

That'sratherlovelyofthem.Inappreciationoftheirwanttonotkillofftheirmoreclumsycustomers,wethoughtwe'dshareafewmorerandomfactsaboutBicthatareprobablygoingtocomeupinapubquizoneday.Didyouknow,forexample,thateachBicballpointpencanproduceatleast2kilometers(1.2miles)ofinkbeforeitbeginstorunout?Infact,in2018,7,250kilometers(4,505miles)ofwritingtestsonsuchpenswerecarriedoutonballpointpens,gelpens(中性笔),androllerstomakesuretheyworkedtothehigheststandard.

ThebestpartoftheBicsite,however,isthisrathercuriousfact:"100percentofpenballsaremadethroughahighly-controlledprocess."Asopposedtoahighlyuncontrolledprocess,involvingexplosionsandbouncycastlesandtotalchaos,wesuppose.（1）WhydoestheauthormentionthecaseofYellowstone?A.

Tolistthefacts.

B.

Toprovehispoint.C.

Tocomparethetwosituations.

D.

Toemphasizetheimportanceofsafety.（2）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"obstructing"inparagraph2mean?A.

Block.

B.

Open.

C.

Transform.

D.

Narrow.（3）Whywerethewritingtestsonpenscarriedout?A.

Toworkouttheirlifespan.

B.

Toassuretheirgoodquality.C.

Toprovesomerandomfacts.

D.

Tocomparedifferentpenswitheachother.（4）Inwhattonedoestheauthordevelopthetext?A.

Critical.

B.

Acid.

C.

Humorous.

D.

Serious.【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，毕克笔的笔帽上有一个小孔是为了防止那些粗心的使用者不小心吞下而窒息死亡。这真是粗心使用者的生命通道。（1）考查推理判断。毕克笔的笔帽上留一个小孔的原因，且这个问题会被偶尔问到，就像如果你用核武器攻击黄石公园会发生什么事这个问题一样，作者是在举例证明他的观点，故选B。（2）考查词义猜测。此处意为当使用者不慎把笔帽吞下时，笔帽上的小孔就是为了阻止笔帽完全阻塞气管而引起窒息，故选A。（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Infact,in2018,7,250kilometers(4,505miles)ofwritingtestsonsuchpenswerecarriedoutonballpointpens,gelpens(中性笔),androllerstomakesuretheyworkedtothehigheststandard."可知，举行书写测试的目的是为了确保笔能够达到最高的标准，故选B。（4）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的"Somethingsshouldjustbecommonknowledgebynow.TheEarthisn'tflat.Nope,yourhairandnailsdon'tgrowafteryoudie."和第三段中的"That'sratherlovelyofthem.Inappreciationoftheirwanttonotkillofftheirmoreclumsycustomers"等作者的行文措辞可知，作者笔调轻松幽默，故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。7．阅读理解

IfAmericanwaterwayshadeverbeenvotedontheyearbook,theBuffaloRivercouldeasilyhavebeennamedUgliest.Itcouldbehardtofindhopethere.Ittookdecadesforpublicperceptionoftherivertoshift.Butactivistcitizens,whocollaboratedwithindustry,government,andenvironmentgroupsnevergaveupontheirpollutedriver—theBuffaloRivergraduallywentfrombeingconsideredalostcausetoaplaceworthfightingfor.Andbynowthecleaned—upwaterisoneofBuffalo'Sbiggestattractions.

Bythe1960s,theriverwasseenasoneoftheworstsourcesofpollutionpouringintotheGreatLakes.TheBuffaloRiverhadcaughtfiremanytimes.Thesurfacehadanoilylayer,andanyfishcaughttherewerenoteatable.

Thewaterway'sfatestartedshiftinginthemid-1960s.StanleySpisiakwasalocalPolish—Americanjewelerbyday,butbyeveninghewasthekindofguywho'dchasedowndumpers(垃圾车)hespottedontheBuffaloRiver.By1966hefoundhimselfwinningtheNationalWildlifeFederation's"WaterConservationistoftheYear"award.Andbeforelonghegotanickname:"Mr.BuffaloRiver."Buttherewasonlysomuchhecoulddo—theriverwasstilldeclaredbiologicallydeadin1969.

JillSpisiakJedlickaishisgreat-grandniece.Shepicksupwhereheleftoffbydirectingtheriver'sprotectororganization,BuffaloNiagaraWaterkeeper.ProfessorSchneeklothandsevenfriendsfoundedtheorganizationasanall-volunteernonprofitin1989,afterorganizingthefirstrivercleanupthatyear.Todaythegroupemploys27full-timeworkersandhashelpedoverseetheBuffaloRiver's$100millionrestoration.

Sofar,theBuffaloRiver'