Python程序设计 各章实验任务参考答案

Python程序设计中国铁道出版社有限公司李辉等主编2025.09实验一Python程序运行方式与开发环境搭建要求：掌握Python程序的运行方式、PyCharm集成开发环境的基本操作。参考答案（教师版）任务A终端验证截图示例C:\>python--versionPython3.11.4C:\>pip--versionpip23.2.1任务B-2脚本文件hello.pyprint("Hellofromscript!")任务B-3PyCharm运行截图要点•Run窗口出现Welcome,Alice!•Debug窗口变量面板显示name='Alice'任务Dcalc.py参考代码importmathr=float(input("请输入半径："))area=math.pi*r2perimeter=2*math.pi*rprint(f"面积={area:.2f},周长={perimeter:.2f}")教师检查清单✓学生能在终端/IDE复现运行结果✓报告含截图与总结✓代码规范（缩进、注释）

实验二Python基本语法使用要求：掌握Python程序基本结构和各种基本数据类型的使用。参考答案（教师版）任务A-1importmathr=float(input("请输入半径："))print(f"周长：{2*math.pi*r:.2f}")print(f"面积：{math.pi*r2:.2f}")任务A-2c=float(input("请输入摄氏温度："))print(f"华氏温度：{c*1.8+32:.2f}")任务B-3importres=input("请输入英文句子：")words=re.findall(r'\b\w+\b',s)print("单词总数：",len(words))print("大写开头单词：",sum(1forwinwordsifw[0].isupper()))print("逆序句子：",''.join(words[::-1]))任务B-4nums=[int(input(f"请输入第{i+1}个整数："))foriinrange(5)]evens=[nforninnumsifn%2==0]print("偶数个数：",len(evens),"偶数和：",sum(evens))任务C-5fromcollectionsimportdefaultdictcount=defaultdict(int)whileTrue:line=input("输入单词（空行结束）：").strip()ifnotline:breakforwinline.split():count[w]+=1ifcount:max_word=max(count,key=count.get)print(max_word,count[max_word])任务C-6s1,s2=input("第一行："),input("第二行：")inter=sorted(set(s1)&set(s2))print("交集字符：",''.join(inter))任务D-7importrandomn=random.randint(1,100)foriinrange(7):guess=int(input("猜数字(1-100)："))ifguess==n:print("猜中！")breakprint("大了"ifguess>nelse"小了")else:print("次数用完，数字是",n)任务D-8foriinrange(1,10):forjinrange(1,i+1):print(f"{j}*{i}={i*j}",end="\t")print()任务E-9students={}whileTrue:name=input("姓名（回车结束）：").strip()ifnotname:breakscores=list(map(float,input("语文数学英语成绩：").split()))students[name]=scoresifstudents:best=max(students.items(),key=lambdakv:sum(kv[1])/3)print("平均分最高的学生：",best[0],round(sum(best[1])/3,1))教师可批量测试脚本正确性，学生需提交实验报告及代码文件。

实验三程序基本流程控制要求：熟练使用if分支结构、for循环和while循环开展应用问题的解决。参考答案（教师版）任务A-1n=int(input("整数："))print("偶数"ifn%2==0else"奇数")任务A-2y=int(input("年份："))if(y%4==0andy%100!=0)or(y%400==0):print("闰年")else:print("平年")任务B-3score=int(input("成绩："))if90<=score<=100:grade='A'elif80<=score<90:grade='B'elif70<=score<80:grade='C'elif60<=score<70:grade='D'elif0<=score<60:grade='E'else:grade='非法'print("等级：",grade)任务C-4nums=[iforiinrange(1,101)ifi%3==0ori%5==0]print("个数：",len(nums),"值：",nums)任务C-5table=[[f"{j}*{i}={i*j}"forjinrange(1,i+1)]foriinrange(1,10)]forrowintable:print("\t".join(row))任务D-6s,i=0,1whilei<=100:s+=ii+=1print("1~100和：",s)任务D-7importrandomnum=random.randint(1,100)guess_cnt=0whileguess_cnt<7:guess=int(input("猜1~100："))guess_cnt+=1ifguess==num:print("猜中！")breakprint("大了"ifguess>numelse"小了")else:print("次数用完，答案是",num)任务E-8students={}whileTrue:line=input("姓名语文数学英语（回车结束）：").strip()ifnotline:breakname,*scores=line.split()scores=list(map(float,scores))students[name]=sum(scores)/3ifstudents:best=max(students.items(),key=lambdax:x[1])print(f"最高分：{best[0]}{best[1]:.1f}")任务E-9foriinrange(1,10):forjinrange(1,i+1):print(f"{j}*{i}={i*j}",end="\t")print()教师检查要点：✓所有任务可一键运行，结果正确✓学生报告含break/continue/pass使用总结✓代码缩进、注释、命名符合规范

实验四典型序列结构应用要求：熟练使用列表、元组、字典和集合的应用。参考答案（教师版）任务A-1names=['Alice','Bob','Carl','David','Eva']names.append('Frank')names.insert(1,'Monitor')delnames[-2]print(names)任务A-2n=int(input("n="))squares=[x2forxinrange(1,n+1)ifx%2==0]print(squares)任务B-3importmathdefdistance3d(p1,p2):returnmath.sqrt(sum((a-b)2fora,binzip(p1,p2)))p1=tuple(map(float,input("点1xyz：").split()))p2=tuple(map(float,input("点2xyz：").split()))print(f"{distance3d(p1,p2):.2f}")任务C-4contact={'张三':123,'李四':456}#(1)新增contact[input("姓名：")]=int(input("电话："))#(2)查询name=input("查询姓名：")print(contact.get(name,"无此联系人"))#(3)删除ifinput("删除姓名：")incontact:delcontact[name]#(4)遍历fork,vincontact.items():print(k,v)任务C-5fromcollectionsimportCounterimportretext=input("英文文本：")words=re.findall(r'\b\w+\b',text.lower())top3=Counter(words).most_common(3)print(top3)任务D-6s1,s2=input("串1："),input("串2：")set1,set2=set(s1),set(s2)print("交集：",''.join(sorted(set1&set2)))print("差集：",''.join(sorted(set1-set2)))任务D-7importrandomnums=[random.randint(1,1000)for_inrange(100)]unique=set(nums)print("去重个数：",len(unique),"元素：",sorted(unique))任务E-8importsysgoods={'apple':5,'banana':3,'pear':4}cart={}whileTrue:cmd=input("操作(add/del/mod/checkout/q)：").strip().lower()ifcmd=='q':breakelifcmd=='add':item=input("商品：")ifitemingoods:cart[item]=cart.get(item,0)+1else:print("无此商品")elifcmd=='del':item=input("删除商品：")cart.pop(item,None)elifcmd=='mod':item,qty=input("商品新数量：").split()ifitemingoods:cart[item]=int(qty)elifcmd=='checkout':total=sum(goods[k]*vfork,vincart.items())print("应付：",total,"购物车：",cart)else:print("非法命令")教师检查要点：✓所有任务运行结果正确✓学生报告中对四类数据结构适用场景的总结到位✓代码符合PEP8规范（缩进、命名、注释）

实验五Python函数的应用要求：掌握函数的定义和使用、利用函数式开展编程应用。参考答案（教师版）任务A-1defcircle_area(r):return3.1415926*r*r任务A-2defmax_of_three(a,b,c):returnmax(a,b,c)任务A-3defis_prime(n):ifn<2:returnFalseforiinrange(2,int(n0.5)+1):ifn%i==0:returnFalsereturnTrue任务B-4defsum_all(*args):returnsum(args)任务B-5defregister(name,age,city="北京"):print(f"姓名：{name}，年龄：{age}，城市：{city}")任务C-6add=lambdax,y:x+yprint(add(3,5))任务C-7lst=[1,2,3,4,5]squares=list(map(lambdax:x2,lst))print(squares)任务C-8fromfunctoolsimportreduceodds=list(filter(lambdax:x%2,range(1,11)))print(odds)任务C-9fromfunctoolsimportreduceimportoperatorlst=[1,2,3,4,5]product=reduce(operator.mul,lst,1)print(product)任务D-10defprocess_data(data,func):return[func(x)forxindata]任务D-11fromcollectionsimportdefaultdictimportdatetimedeffilter_by_level(logs,level):return[lineforlineinlogsiff"{level}"inline]defcount_by_date(logs):counter=defaultdict(int)forlineinlogs:date_str=line.split()[0]counter[date_str]+=1returndict(counter)#示例运行if__name__=="__main__":logs=["2024-06-0810:12:34INFOUserlogin","2024-06-0810:13:21ERRORFailedlogin","2024-06-0909:00:00INFOUserlogout"]print("INFOlogs:",filter_by_level(logs,"INFO"))print("Countbydate:",count_by_date(logs))任务E-12（递归）deffib(n):returnnifn<2elsefib(n-1)+fib(n-2)任务E-13（闭包）defmake_multiplier(n):defmultiplier(x):returnx*nreturnmultipliertimes3=make_multiplier(3)print(times3(10))#30教师检查要点：✓所有函数可独立运行且结果正确✓函数名、参数、返回值符合任务要求✓学生实验报告对函数式编程的总结准确

实验六面向对象程序设计要求：掌握类和对象的定义和使用、类的继承使用。参考答案（教师版）任务A-1Student类classStudent:def__init__(self,sid,name,score):self.sid,,self.score=sid,name,scoredefdisplay(self):print(f"{self.sid}{}{self.score}")defgrade(self):ifself.score>=90:return'A'elifself.score>=80:return'B'elifself.score>=70:return'C'elifself.score>=60:return'D'return'E's1=Student(1001,"Alice",95)s2=Student(1002,"Bob",72)s3=Student(1003,"Carol",59)forsin[s1,s2,s3]:s.display()print("等级:",s.grade())任务B-2BankAccount类classBankAccount:interest_rate=0.05def__init__(self,owner,balance=0):self.owner,self.balance=owner,balancedefdeposit(self,money):ifmoney<=0:print("金额必须>0")else:self.balance+=moneydefwithdraw(self,money):ifmoney>self.balance:print("余额不足")else:self.balance-=moneydefshow_balance(self):print(f"{self.owner}余额：{self.balance:.2f}利息：{self.balance*BankAerest_rate:.2f}")acc=BankAccount("张三",1000)acc.deposit(500)acc.withdraw(200)acc.show_balance()任务C-3Shape→Rectangle/CircleimportmathclassShape:def__init__(self,name):=namedefarea(self):return0classRectangle(Shape):def__init__(self,w,h):super().__init__("Rectangle")self.w,self.h=w,hdefarea(self):returnself.w*self.hclassCircle(Shape):def__init__(self,r):super().__init__("Circle")self.r=rdefarea(self):returnmath.pi*self.r2shapes=[Rectangle(3,4),Circle(2)]forsinshapes:print(f"{}面积：{s.area():.2f}")任务D-4Person→Teacher/StudentclassPerson:def__init__(self,name,age):,self.age=name,agedefintroduce(self):returnf"{}年龄{self.age}"classTeacher(Person):def__init__(self,name,age,subject):super().__init__(name,age)self.subject=subjectdefintroduce(self):returnsuper().introduce()+f"科目{self.subject}"classStudent(Person):def__init__(self,name,age,grade):super().__init__(name,age)self.grade=gradedefintroduce(self):returnsuper().introduce()+f"年级{self.grade}"t=Teacher("王老师",35,"Python")s=Student("小李",18,"高三")print(roduce())print(roduce())任务E-5简易图书管理系统（选做）classBook:def__init__(self,isbn,title,author,stock):self.isbn,self.title,self.author,self.stock=isbn,title,author,stockdefborrow(self,n=1):ifself.stock>=n:self.stock-=nreturnTruereturnFalsedefreturn_book(self,n=1):self.stock+=ndef__str__(self):returnf"{self.isbn}《{self.title}》{self.author}库存{self.stock}"classEBook(Book):def__init__(self,isbn,title,author,stock,fmt,size_mb):super().__init__(isbn,title,author,stock)self.fmt,self.size_mb=fmt,size_mbdef__str__(self):returnsuper().__str__()+f"格式{self.fmt}大小{self.size_mb}MB"classPaperBook(Book):def__init__(self,isbn,title,author,stock,pages):super().__init__(isbn,title,author,stock)self.pages=pagesdef__str__(self):returnsuper().__str__()+f"页数{self.pages}"#演示books=[PaperBook("001","Python入门","作者A",5,320),EBook("002","Python进阶","作者B",3,"PDF",12.5)]forbinbooks:print(b)books[0].borrow(2)books[0].return_book(1)print(books[0])教师检查要点：✓构造方法正确、属性封装清晰✓继承与方法重写符合OOP原则✓学生实验报告总结封装、继承、多态带来的好处实验七Python文件操作要求：掌握文件操作和CSV文件读取。参考答案（教师版）任务A#1.写入withopen('data.txt','w',encoding='utf-8')asf:f.write('Python实验七\n文件操作基础\n')#2.逐行读取withopen('data.txt',encoding='utf-8')asf:forlineinf:print(line.rstrip())#一次性读取withopen('data.txt',encoding='utf-8')asf:print(f.read())#3.追加withopen('data.txt','a',encoding='utf-8')asf:f.write('Endoffile.\n')任务Bimportos,statfname=input("文件名：")ifos.path.exists(fname):print("文件大小：",os.path.getsize(fname),"字节")print("绝对路径：",os.path.abspath(fname))print("可读：",os.access(fname,os.R_OK))print("可写：",os.access(fname,os.W_OK))print("是目录："ifos.path.isdir(fname)else"不是目录")else:print("文件不存在")任务C-5写入importcsvdata=[['姓名','年龄','成绩'],['张三',18,90],['李四',19,85],['王五',20,92],['赵六',19,88],['钱七',18,95]]withopen('students.csv','w',newline='',encoding='utf-8')asf:writer=csv.writer(f)writer.writerows(data)任务C-6读取并统计importcsvscores=[]withopen('students.csv',encoding='utf-8')asf:reader=csv.DictReader(f)forrowinreader:scores.append(int(row['成绩']))print("平均：",round(sum(scores)/len(scores),2),"最高：",max(scores),"最低：",min(scores))任务C-7追加importcsvnew_row=['孙八',17,93]withopen('students.csv','a',newline='',encoding='utf-8')asf:writer=csv.writer(f)writer.writerow(new_row)任务D二进制content="HelloPython"withopen('binary.dat','wb')asf:f.write(content.encode('utf-8'))withopen('binary.dat','rb')asf:print(f.read().decode('utf-8'))任务E简易通讯录（选做）完整示例importcsv,osCONTACT_FILE='contacts.csv'defload_contacts():ifnotos.path.exists(CONTACT_FILE):return[]withopen(CONTACT_FILE,encoding='utf-8')asf:returnlist(csv.DictReader(f))defsave_contacts(contacts):withopen(CONTACT_FILE,'w',newline='',encoding='utf-8')asf:writer=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=['姓名','电话','邮箱'])writer.writeheader()writer.writerows(contacts)defadd_contact():name=input("姓名：")phone=input("电话：")email=input("邮箱：")contacts=load_contacts()contacts.append({'姓名':name,'电话':phone,'邮箱':email})save_contacts(contacts)print("已添加")deflist_contacts():contacts=load_contacts()forcincontacts:print(c)defmenu():whileTrue:print("\n1.新增2.列表3.退出")choice=input("选择：")ifchoice=='1':add_contact()elifchoice=='2':list_contacts()elifchoice=='3':breakelse:print("无效选择")if__name__=="__main__":menu()教师检查要点：✓所有任务可独立运行，结果正确✓文件读写均使用with上下文管理，异常处理到位✓学生实验报告中总结文本/CSV/Binary文件差异清晰

实验八使用模块和库编程要求：掌握模块的定义以及标准库和第三方库的使用。参考答案（教师版）────────────────任务A目录结构：lab08/├──mylib/│├──__init__.py│└──geometry.py└──test_geometry.pymylib/geometry.pyimportmathdefcircle_area(r):returnmath.pi*r*rdefrectangle_area(w,h):returnw*htest_geometry.pyfrommylib.geometryimportcircle_area,rectangle_areaprint("圆面积：",circle_area(5))print("矩形面积：",rectangle_area(3,4))────────────────任务B-3importmathdeg=float(input("角度(度)："))rad=math.radians(deg)print(f"sin={math.sin(rad):.4f},cos={math.cos(rad):.4f}")────────────────任务B-4fromdatetimeimportdatetime,timedeltanow=datetime.now()print("当前：",now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d%H:%M:%S"))target=datetime(2025,1,1)print("距2025-01-01还有：",(target-now).days,"天")────────────────任务B-5importrandomballs=random.sample(range(1,50),6)print("红球：",sorted(balls))────────────────任务B-6importcsvdata=[['Alice',18],['Bob',20]]withopen('students.csv','w',newline='',encoding='utf-8')asf:writer=csv.writer(f)writer.writerow(['Name','Age'])writer.writerows(data)withopen('students.csv',encoding='utf-8')asf:reader=csv.reader(f)forrowinreader:print(row)────────────────任务B-7importjsoninfo={"name":"张三","age":22,"skills":["Python","AI"]}withopen('info.json','w',encoding='utf-8')asf:json.dump(info,f,ensure_ascii=False,indent=2)withopen('info.json',encoding='utf-8')asf:obj=json.load(f)print(obj)────────────────任务B-8importos,sysprint("当前目录：",os.getcwd())print("命令行参数：",sys.argv)fname="info.json"ifos.path.exists(fname):print("绝对路径：",os.path.abspath(fname))print("大小：",os.path.getsize(fname),"字节")else:print("文件不存在")────────────────任务C-9pipinstallrequests-i/simpleimportrequestsurl=""resp=requests.get(url)print("状态码：",resp.status_code)print("current_user_url:",resp.json()["current_user_url"])────────────────任务C-10pipinstalljiebaimportjiebatext="Python是一种跨平台、解释型、面向对象的编程语言"words=jieba.lcut(text,cut_all=False)print(words)────────────────任务C-11pipinstallmatplotlibimportmatplotlib.pyplotaspltimportrandomdata=[random.randint(1,100)for_inrange(50)]plt.hist(data,bins=10,edgecolor='black')plt.title("随机整数直方图")plt.savefig('hist.png')plt.show()────────────────任务D-12（选做，核心片段）importrequests,csv,argparsefromdatetimeimportdatetimeparser=argparse.ArgumentParser()parser.add_argument("city",help="城市拼音，如beijing")args=parser.parse_args()url=f"https://wttr.in/{args.city}?format=j1"resp=requests.get(url)data=resp.json()current=data['current_condition'][0]city=args.citytemp=current['temp_C']desc=current['weatherDesc'][0]['value']wind=current['windspeedKmph']print(f"{city}:{temp}°C,{desc},风速{wind}km/h")withopen('weather.csv','a',newline='',encoding='utf-8')asf:writer=csv.writer(f)writer.writerow([datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d%H:%M'),city,temp,desc,wind])教师检查要点：1.学生目录结构、模块导入无误。2.标准库/第三方库运行结果正确，截图完整。3.实验总结涵盖版本冲突解决、镜像源使用等经验。

实验九Numpy数值计算简单应用要求：Numpy数值运算和操作。参考答案（教师版）任务A-1importnumpyasnpa=np.arange(10)print("shape:",a.shape,"ndim:",a.ndim,"size:",a.size)任务A-2/A-3zeros=np.zeros((3,3))ones=np.ones((3,3))rand=np.random.rand(2,4)print(rand.max(),rand.min(),rand.mean())任务B-4mat=np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)print(mat[1])#第2行print(mat[:,2])#第3列print(mat[1:4,1:4])#3×3子矩阵任务B-5mat[mat%2==0]=-1print(mat)任务C-6a=np.arange(1,4).reshape(3,1)b=np.arange(1,5).reshape(1,4)print(a+b)#广播结果任务C-7x=np.random.rand(1000)y=np.random.rand(1000)z=x2+y2print("mean:",z.mean(),"std:",z.std(),"max:",z.max())任务D-8A=np.random.randint(1,10,size=(3,3))det=np.linalg.det(A)ifabs(det)>1e-6:inv=np.linalg.inv(A)print("可逆\n",inv,"\n行列式",det)else:print("行列式≈0，不可逆")任务D-9importmatplotlib.pyplotaspltsamples=np.random.normal(2,1.5,10000)plt.hist(samples,bins=50,density=True)plt.title('Normal(2,1.5^2)')plt.savefig('hist.png')plt.show()任务E-10（核心片段）importnumpyasnpdata=np.loadtxt(input("CSV文件："),delimiter=',',skiprows=1)print("每科平均：",data.mean(axis=0))print("每生总分：",data.sum(axis=1))idx_max=data.sum(axis=1).argmax()print("最高总分学生索引：",idx_max)np.save('analysis.npy',data)教师检查要点：✓所有任务运行结果正确，无Python原生循环✓数组创建、索引、广播、线性代数函数使用规范✓实验报告对比NumPy与列表差异，总结到位

实验十Pandas数据处理分析要求：利用Pandas对数据集进行数据处理与分析。参考答案（核心代码，教师版）任务A-1创建并读取importpandasaspdimportnumpyasnp#构造含缺失、重复、异常值的数据np.random.seed(42)df=pd.DataFrame({'学号':[f'202400{i+1:02d}'foriinrange(10)],'姓名':['张三','李四','王五','赵六','钱七','孙八','周九','吴十','郑十一','王五'],'语文':[88,95,np.nan,102,76,59,91,67,93,95],'数学':[78,84,90,np.nan,88,50,97,72,85,84],'英语':[92,88,76,81,np.nan,60,89,95,87,88],'班级':['1班','2班','1班','2班','3班','1班','2班','3班','1班','2班']})df.to_csv('学生成绩.csv',index=False)#读取df=pd.read_csv('学生成绩.csv',dtype={'学号':str})print(df.head(),(),df.isna().sum())任务B-3缺失值处理df['语文'].fillna(df['语文'].mean(),inplace=True)df['数学'].fillna(0,inplace=True)df.dropna(subset=['英语'],inplace=True)任务B-4重复值&异常值df.drop_duplicates(inplace=True)df[['语文','数学','英语']]=df[['语文','数学','英语']].apply(lambdas:s.mask((s<0)|(s>100)))df.update(df[['语文','数学','英语']].fillna(df.median()))任务B-5类型转换&索引df['班级']=df['班级'].astype('category')df.set_index('学号',inplace=True)df.sort_index(inplace=True)任务C-6新增列df['总分']=df[['语文','数学','英语']].sum(axis=1)df['平均分']=df['总分']/3任务C-7分组聚合class_stat=df.groupby('班级')[['语文','数学','英语']].agg(['mean','max','min'])print(class_stat)任务C-8排序与筛选top3=df.nlargest(3,'总分')low_chinese=df[df['语文']<60]任务C-9透视表pivot=df.pivot_table(values=['语文','数学','英语'],index='班级',aggfunc='mean')print(pivot)任务D-10合并Excelclass_info=pd.read_excel('班级信息.xlsx')merged=df.reset_index().merge(class_info,on='班级',how='left')print(merged.isna().sum())任务E-11可视化importmatplotlib.pyplotaspltimportseabornassnssns.set_theme()#班级平均分柱状图class_avg=df.groupby('班级')['平均分'].mean()class_avg.plot(kind='bar',title='班级平均分')plt.ylabel('平均分')plt.show()#总分箱线图sns.boxplot(x=df['总分'])plt.title('总分分布')plt.show()#散点图sns.scatterplot(data=df,x='语文',y='数学',hue='班级')plt.title('语文vs数学')plt.show()任务E-12保存结果df.to_csv('学生成绩_clean.csv',index=True)pivot.to_excel('班级成绩透视.xlsx')教师检查要点：✓数据清洗逻辑完整、无循环逐行✓分组、透视、合并操作正确✓可视化清晰、美观✓实验报告总结到位

实验十一Matplotlib绘制常见图形要求：利用Matplotlib库绘制常见图形以及对辅助元素的设置。参考答案（教师版，可直接运行）任务A折线图importmatplotlib.pyplotaspltimportnumpyasnpplt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['SimHei']#中文plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=Falsegmv=[120,135,150,145,160,175,180,190,200,210,220,230]months=range(1,13)plt.figure(figsize=(8,4))plt.plot(months,gmv,color='#1f77b4'