05-Unit 5 Learning from nature 高考专区一轮复习教材基础

Unit

5

Learning

from

nature语境词汇串记考点互动探究当堂过关检测写作素养提升作业手册答案速查【听】答案速查【作】

Dan

1._____________(bring)

up

in

the

countryside

by

his

grandparents.

The

rural

environment

was

superb.

The

lane

to

his

cottage

was

lined

with

mulberry

trees

while

the

pond

nearby

was

covered

with

algae.

He

was

2.___

ease

with

the

deliberate

way

of

life.

As

a

little

boy,

he

would

spend

hours

watching

termites

building

their

mounds.

He

was

fascinated

by

the

scene

3._______

dragonflies

rested

atop

lotuses

and

their

domestic

chickens

were

laying

eggs

in

the

hay.was

broughtatwhere

As

he

grew

older,

he

had

to

move

to

the

city.

While

he

was

reluctant

to

depart,

he

knew

he

should

not

reject

the

decent

education

in

cities.

In

the

new

4._____________(surround),

his

love

for

nature

was

never

converted.

He

learned

about

a

frontier

subject—biomimicry,

the

practice

of

mimicking

nature's

design

to

seek

solutions

to

human

problems.

It

was

at

that

time

5._____

he

realized

he

could

employ

the

botanical

knowledge

that

he

attained

during

his

childhood

to

convert

how

buildings

were

constructed.surroundingsthat

After

graduating

from

university,

Dan

worked

as

an

architect.

He

started

to

design

a

building

6.___________(support)

by

a

network

of

cables.

But

he

was

bothered

by

the

problem

of

how

to

arrange

these

cables.

He

decided

to

take

7.___________(inspire)

from

nature.

It

occurred

to

him

how

spiders

spun

their

webs.

The

webs,

superficially

weak,

were

8.________(actual)

flexible

and

strong.

Any

prey

caught

would

find

9.___

hard

to

withdraw.

Dan

decided

to

apply

this

concept

to

his

design.supportedinspirationactuallyit

After

months

of

hard

work,

Dan's

design

was

completed.

Its

wise

application

of

engineering

and

biomimicry

attracted

attention

from

architects

and

nature

lovers.

The

little

boy

who

once

loved

observing

nature

became

a

pioneer

in

10.__________(sustain)

design.sustainable1

employ

vt.

运用,使用;雇用(1)employ

sb

to

do

sth

雇用某人做某事employ

sb

as… 雇用某人任……employ

oneself

in

(doing)

sth=be

employed

in

(doing)

sth 忙于(做)某事(2)employer

n. 雇主employee

n. 雇员employment

n. 雇用【活学活用】(1)单句填空①We

really

need

to

employ

someone

____

an

assistant

to

help

with

all

this

paperwork.②We've

employed

a

market

researcher________(find)

out

what

people

really

want

from

a

cable

TV

system.asto

find③Men

and

women

must

be

treated

equally

in

education

and

_____________(employ).employment④The

amount

of

social

insurance

the

__________

provides

for

___________

is

based

on

their

average

monthly

income

from

the

previous

year.

(employ)employeremployees(2)熟词生义[2023·全国甲卷]

Carson

proves

that

a

simple

literary

form

that

has

been

passed

down

through

the

ages

can

still

be

employed

today

to

draw

attention

to

important

truths.

__________运用,使用(3)完成句子The

architect

____________________________________(忙于)

drawing

up

plans

and

he

was

so

absorbed

in

it

that

he

didn't

see

Tom

come

in.was

employed

in/employed

himself

in2

resign

v.辞职,辞去;听任,顺从(1)resign

from

从……辞职resign

as 辞去(某职务)resign

oneself

to

(doing)

sth

使自己安于(做)某事;听任(做)某事;只好接受(做)某事(2)resigned

adj. 逆来顺受的,顺从的be

resigned

to

(doing)

sth

顺从(做)某事【活学活用】(1)单句填空①Ten

years

ago,

he

resigned

______

a

company

in

Beijing

and

went

to

Shenzhen

to

set

up

his

own

company.②In

order

to

look

after

her

sick

mother,

Mary

resigned____manager

of

our

department.③Much

as

they

hope

to

go

home

tomorrow,

they're

resigned

to________(stay)

on

until

the

end

of

the

year.fromasstaying(2)一句多译虽然一次又一次失败,但我不会听天由命。→Although

failure

comes

to

me

again

and

again,

I

will

not

________________

fate.

(v.)→Although

failure

comes

to

me

again

and

again,

I

will

not

_______________

fate.

(adj.)resign

myself

tobe

resigned

to3

ease

n.舒适;悠闲

v.(使)

宽慰;减轻;缓解(1)at

ease

舒适;自在;不拘束at

ease

with

sb 与……轻松地相处put

sb

at

(their)

ease 使某人感到舒适/放松with

ease 轻易地;不费力地(2)ease

the

pain/pressure/tension/burden缓解疼痛/压力/紧张/负担ease

one's

mind 使某人放心(3)easy

adj. 安心的;不拘束的;舒适的,安逸的uneasy

adj. 担心的;忧虑的;不安的【活学活用】(1)单句填空He

looked

________(easy)

and

refused

to

answer

questions

put

forward

by

his

teacher.uneasy(2)完成句子①Gradually,

his

confidence

grew

and

he

could

___________________________________(轻易地解决这些数学问题).

(读后续写之心理描写)

solve

the

maths

problems

with

ease②It

is

important

to

know

what

to

do

to

fit

into

different

social

situations,

and

what

to

do

to

______________________________________________________________________(让别人感到舒服).

put

others

at

(their)

ease/make

others

feel

easy/make

others

feel

at

ease③You

have

to

relax

more,

and

do

something

fun

____________________(缓解压力).

to

ease

the

pressure1

take…for

granted

认为……理所当然(1)take

it

for

granted

that… 想当然地认为……(2)take

sth

seriously 认真对待某事take

sth

lightly 轻率地对待某事take

it

easy 不着急;放轻松;休息take

sth

for

example 拿……举例take

one's

time 从容不迫;别着急(指时间上),慢慢来take…into

account/consideration 考虑……【活学活用】完成句子①Don't

_______________________________________(把别人为你做的事情当作理所当然).

You

should

be

grateful.②I

would

appreciate

it

if

you

could_____________________________________________(考虑我的申请).

(应用文写作之申请信)take

for

granted

what

others

do

for

you

take

my

application

into

account/consideration③“_____________(放轻松)!”

she

told

herself,

leaning

back

hard

against

the

wind.

(读后续写之心理+动作描写)④If

we________________(认真对待它),

we

will

certainly

accomplish

it

soon.⑤___________________________(别着急)—it's

just

a

short

distance

from

here

to

the

restaurant.Take

it

easytake

it

seriouslyTake

your

time/Take

it

easy2

be

opposed

to

反对(1)oppose

vt.

反对(计划、政策等);抵制;阻挠oppose

(doing)

sth 反对(做)某事(2)opposing

adj. 相反的,对立的,截然不同的［温馨提示］

be

opposed

to

中to是介词,后面要加动名词。其他表示“反对”的短语还有:object

to

(to为介词),

be

against等。【活学活用】(1)单句填空①［译林选二U2］

As

you

know,

in

a

football

match,

players

try

to

kick

or

head

the

ball

into

the

__________(oppose)

team's

goal,

which

is

the

net

between

two

big

goalposts

fixed

to

the

ground.opposing②［译林选四U2］

Borrowed

words

are

an

outcome

of

language

development

that

can

hardly

be

avoided,

but

some

language

communities

oppose

__________(adopt)

words

from

other

cultures.adopting③The

residents

are

opposed

to

_________(build)

a

cemetery

(公墓)

in

their

neighbourhood.building(2)完成句子While

many

people

support

this

type

of

spending,

others

are

___________________________(强烈反对)

it.strongly

opposed

to/against(教材P67)

Visitors

are

often

amazed

to

find

themselves

in

an

urban

building

that

so

truly

captures

the

beauty

of

natural

forms.当发现自己置身于这样一座真实地捕捉到自然形态之美的城市建筑中时,参观者常常叹为观止。句型公式be

amazed

to

find/see/learn,

etc.【句式点拨】描写主语的情感的形容词如amazed,

surprised,

disappointed,

glad等后面可以加to

see/hear/find等不定式结构表示原因。【活学活用】完成句子①［人教选二U4］

They

__________________________________(惊讶地看到)

all

the

signs

and

advertisements

were

in

French

and

many

people

spoke

English

with

an

accent.were

surprised/amazed

to

see

(that)②We

__________________________________________(很高兴有你们在这里),

who

share

in

the

spirit

of

friendship

and

cultural

exchanges.

(应用文写作之欢迎辞)are

delighted/glad/pleased

to

have

you

hereⅠ

单句填空1.In

this

article

we

are

going

to

show

you

the

amazing

combination

of

modern

____________(architect)

and

history.2.White

has

always

been

a

symbol

of_______(pure)

in

Western

cultures.3.By

reading

books,

we

can

attain

the________(wise)

helping

us

solve

practical

problems

in

our

daily

life.architecturepuritywisdom4.Many

rural

workers

have

moved

to

the

cities

to

seek

better

_____________(employ)

opportunities

and

improved

living

conditions.employment5.“Of

course,

I

will,”

I

promised

immediately

but

felt

________(easy)

at

the

bottom

of

my

heart.6.___________(depress)

and

hopeless,

Sarah

ran

across

the

hall

to

seek

help

from

Katie.uneasyDepressed7.Her

frown

deepened

as

she

faced

the

_________(reject)

of

her

project

proposal,

signaling

her

disappointment

and

frustration.8.Due

to

unforeseen

circumstances,

he

had

to

withdraw

his

funds

and

postpone

his__________(depart)

for

the

trip.rejectiondeparture9.After

careful

___________(evaluate)

by

experts,

the

value

of

the

property

is

estimated

to

be

around

$500,000.evaluation10.After

years

of

dedication

and

hard

work,

the

young

physician

finally

felt

a

sense

of

___________(fulfil)

as

she

successfully

treated

her

first

complex

case.fulfil(l)ment11.The

princess,

visibly

moved,

kept

her

head

________(bow)

during

the

ceremony.bowedⅡ

短语填空1.Many

environmentalists

________________(反对)

the

destruction

of

natural

habitats

for

the

sake

of

building

botanical

gardens,

arguing

that

such

projects

often

disrupt

local

ecosystems.are

opposed

to2.Many

poets

and

artists

____________________(从……中获取灵感)

nature.take

inspiration

from3.Sitting

by

the

serene

pond

with

the

gentle

sound

of

water

lapping

against

the

shore,

he

finally

felt

________(轻松),

all

his

worries

melting

away.at

ease4.Leaders

are

trying

to

_________________(寻求……的解决办法)

the

nation's

financial

problems.5.Don't___________________(想当然地认为)

that

water

would

always

be

available

anytime

and

anywhere.seek

solutions

totake

it

for

granted6.Although

he

was

reluctant

to

leave

his

hometown,

John

had

to

_______________________________(顺从)

moving

to

the

city

for

his

new

job.be

resigned

to/resign

himself

to7.They

have

to

pay

taxes

in

their

home

country

_____________(作为对……的回报)

the

services

provided

by

the

government.in

return

for8.Competitive

intelligence

or

_______________(换句话说),

knowing

who

your

competitors

are

and

what

they

do

and

how

they

do

it

is

essential

for

any

business.in

other

wordsⅢ

句型训练1.When

the

forty

thieves

returned

to

the

cave,

they

_______________________

that

several

money

bags

had

disappeared.当四十大盗回到山洞时,他们震惊地发现几袋钱不见了。were

astonished

to

find2.It's

hard

to

be

a

beginner

again.________________________

something

new.

(it作形式主语)重新开始做一件事情是很难的。学习新的东西需要勇气。It

takes

courage

to

learn3._________________,

Ruby

felt

so

regretful

and

shameful

in

that

she

realized

____________________

put

them

into

this

situation.

(分词作状语；强调句)鲁比低着头,感到非常后悔和羞愧,因为她意识到是她的错让他们陷入了这种境地。Bowing

her

headit

was

her

fault

thatPart

Ⅰ

应用文写作

假如你是李华，你们班上周六去森林公园(the

Forest

Park)参加主题为“亲近自然”的徒步活动。请你给英国朋友Chris写一封邮件分享这次经历，内容包括：

1.活动中令你印象深刻的见闻；

2.你的感想。

注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右;

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear

Chris,

How

is

everything

going?

Last

Saturday,

our

class

embarked

on

a

superb

hiking

trip

to

the

Forest

Park,

themed

“Close

to

Nature”.

1.__________________________________________________________________________.(这是一次难忘的经历，我很想和你分享).

Upon

arrival,

2.____________________________________(我们惊奇地发现自己置身于……中)

the

peaceful

beauty

of

the

It

is

such

an

unforgettable

experience

that

I

am

eager

to

share

it

with

youwe

were

amazed

to

find

ourselves

inforest,

3.____________________________________________(那里的植物多样性令人惊叹).

A

particular

highlight

of

the

trip

was

encountering

a

calm

scene

by

a

small

lake,

4.___________________________________________________(一群鹿在那里悠闲地吃草),

resembling

a

picturesque

painting.

It

was

truly

refreshing

to

disconnect

from

technology

for

a

while

and

5.____________________________________________________________(使我们自己完全沉浸在自然世界的奇观中).

where

the

botanical

diversity

was

breathtaking

where

a

group

of

deer

were

eating

grass

at

ease

fully

immerse

ourselves

in

the

wonders

of

the

natural

worldThis

experience

has

thus

become

a

lasting

reminder

of

6._____________________________________________________(保护我们的自然栖息地的重要性)

for

future

generations.Yours,Li

Huathe

importance

of

preserving

our

natural

habitatsPart

Ⅱ

读后续写32.外貌细节描写(二)【语言素材】苍白的双颊pale

cheeks蓄胡子grow

a

beard方脸a

square

face红润的双颊rosy

cheeks蓝色的眼睛blue

eyes厚/薄嘴唇thick/thin

lips眉清目秀的脸蛋a

finely-cut

face有雀斑的脸a

freckled

face头发扎成马尾辫wear

one's

hair

in

a

ponytail浓密的眉毛bushy

eyebrows小/大耳朵small/large

ears光滑的皮肤smooth

skin宽额头a

broad

forehead续表【跟踪演练】Ⅰ

单句表达1.Unforgettable

were

his

pale

blue

eyes

that

sparkled

like

diamonds,

____________,

and

_________.让人难忘的是他那像钻石般闪闪发光的淡蓝色眼睛、红润的脸颊,以及薄嘴唇。rosy

cheeksthin

lips2.He

was

a

skinny

teenager

with

sandy

blond

hair

and

_______________.他是个瘦得皮包骨的十几岁的小伙子,有着沙质金发和一张有雀斑的脸。a

freckled

face3.There

is

a

pair

of

big

eyes

below

___________________.他浓密的眉毛下有一双大眼睛。his

bushy

eyebrows4.［人教选修一

U1］To

the

public,

he

was

seen

as

a

slightly

_____________

but

kind

and

funny

man.

He

____________________________and

_______________,

which

sometimes

stood

on

end

as

though

he

had

just

received

an

electric

shock.在大众眼中,他(爱因斯坦)是一个外表有点古怪但生性善良、风趣幽默的人。他胡须浓密,头发又长又白,有时会像刚遭了电击似的竖起来。odd-looking

had

a

thick

moustachelong

white

hair5.［人教选修一U5］Indeed,

________________________

was

just

like

that

of

millions

of

Chinese

farmers,

to

whom

he

had

devoted

his

life.确实,他瘦削但结实的身躯,与其为之奉献了毕生的千千万万的中国农民无异。his

slim

but

strong

body6.［外研选修三U2］(改编)A

_____________________

riding

an

ordinary

bicycle

around

the

streets

of

New

York,

always

__________________________________

and

simple

black

running

shoes.一位白发老人总是穿着同一件蓝色工装夹克和样式简单的黑色跑鞋,骑着一辆普通的自行车在纽约街头穿梭。white-haired

old

manwore

the

same

blue

worker's

jacketⅡ

语段表达(外貌描写)

［外研必修一U3］(改编)

Dad

has

changed

quite

a

bit!

In

his

thirties,

he

was

quite

1.______________(消瘦及苍白),

and

he

had

red,

bushy

hair.

Nowadays,

he's

well-built

and

tanned.

He's

always

had

a

square

jaw,

but

now

2.______________________(他已经蓄起了胡子).

Strangely,

his

beard

is

still

red

even

though

3._______________________(他的头发正在变成灰白)!

Mum

still

has

4.____________________________________(光滑的皮肤，黑色的直发),

and

thin

and

palehe

has

grown

a

beard

his

hair

is

turning

grey

smooth

skin

and

straight

black

hairjogging

has

kept

her

slim

and

fit.

I

still

5._____________________________(有着浅色的皮肤和黑色的头发),

of

course.

I

usually

6.__________________________(把头发扎成马尾辫)

these

days

as

it

has

got

a

lot

longer.

Mum

says

I

had

cute

rosy

cheeks,

but

now

I

have

freckles.

have

light

skin

and

black

hairwear

my

hair

in

a

ponytail作

业

手

册(限时：35分钟)Ⅰ

阅读理解A[2024·湖南衡阳高三二模]

文体：记叙文

主题：人与自然

词数：323

Omar

Vazquez

grew

up

in

poverty

on

Mexico's

Yucatan

Peninsula.

He

watched

his

single

mother

struggle

to

put

food

on

the

table,

and

today

the

memory

inspires

him

to

help

those

in

need.

When

an

invasive

(入侵的)

seaweed

called

sargassum

showed

up

on

Mexico's

Caribbean

beaches,

Omar

looked

past

the

matter

of

it

all

and

saw

an

opportunity

to

help

others.12345678

Sargassum

is

not

dangerous,

but

it

has

an

unpleasant

smell

and

can

become

so

thick

that

it

keeps

people

from

entering

the

water.

Mexico

has

experienced

record-setting

amounts

of

the

seaweed

in

recent

years,

and

it

has

made

its

way

to

Florida's

beaches

as

well.

Experts

say

there

could

be

as

much

as

100

tons

of

sargassum

blocking

Mexican

shorelines

in

2023.

With

tourism

dollars

at

risk,

officials

and

locals

alike

were

eager

to

remove

the

seaweed,

but

only

Omar

saw

its

true

potential.

The

professional

gardener

organized

a

beach

clean-up

12345678that

provided

jobs

for

about

300

local

families,

but

he

knew

there

was

more

to

do.

Since

people's

attitude

towards

the

seaweed

reminded

him

of

his

own

life

experiences,

he

decided

to

become

an

agent

(推动者)

for

change.

When

sargassum

started

arriving,

everyone

was

complaining.

“I

wanted

to

make

something

good

out

of

something

everyone

saw

as

bad,”

Omar

explained.

In

2018,

Omar

found

a

way

to

turn

sargassum

into

building

blocks

that

he

called

Sargablock.

He

creates

these

blocks

by

12345678mixing

40%

sargassum

with

other

materials

like

clay,

then

putting

them

in

a

block-forming

machine

and

baking

them

in

the

sun

for

days.

The

end

result

is

an

organic,

sustainable,

and

ecologically

friendly

building

material

that

experts

say

could

last

for

120

years.

To

date,

Omar's

company,

Bluegreen

Mexico,

has

used

700

tons

of

sargassum

to

build

low-income

housing

for

those

in

need.

Omar

said

he

would

take

on

more

projects,

and

donate

more

houses

to

single

mothers

like

his

own

mum.12345678【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一种叫作马尾藻的入侵海藻对当地人们的生活产生了不良影响，奥马尔·巴斯克斯却看到了这种海藻的潜力，决定把所有人都认为不好的东西变成好东西，最终的结果是一种有机的、可持续的、生态友好的建筑材料诞生了，并且他建立了公司，为有需要的人建造了低收入住房。12345678(

)1.What

can

be

learned

from

Paragraph

1?A.Omar's

family

often

assisted

people

in

need.B.Sargassum

originated

on

the

Caribbean

beaches.C.Omar's

experience

in

childhood

has

influenced

him

much.D.Omar

has

met

a

lot

of

generous

people

since

he

was

young.√12345678[解析]

推理判断题。根据文章第一段“He

watched

his

single

mother

struggle

to

put

food

on

the

table,

and

today

the

memory

inspires

him

to

help

those

in

need.

When

an

invasive

(入侵的)

seaweed

called

sargassum

showed

up

on

Mexico's

Caribbean

beaches,

Omar

looked

past

the

matter

of

it

all

and

saw

an

opportunity

to

help

others.”(他曾看到他的单身母亲挣扎着养家糊口，如今，这一记忆激励他去帮助那些需要帮助的人。当一种叫作马尾藻的入侵海藻出现在墨西哥的加勒比海海滩上时，奥马尔不以为意，他看到了一个帮助别人的机会。)可知，奥马尔童年的经历对他影响很大。故选C。12345678(

)2.How

did

most

people

react

to

the

increasing

sargassum?A.They

didn't

take

it

seriously.B.They

were

anxious

to

clear

it

up.C.They

viewed

it

as

new

materials.D.They

were

excited

to

see

a

grand

scene.√12345678[解析]

细节理解题。根据文章第三段“With

tourism

dollars

at

risk,

officials

and

locals

alike

were

eager

to

remove

the

seaweed,

but

only

Omar

saw

its

true

potential.”(由于旅游业收入面临风险，官员和当地人都急于清除海藻，但只有奥马尔看到了它的真正潜力。)可知，他们急于清除日益增多的马尾藻。故选B。12345678(

)3.Which

words

can

best

describe

Omar?A.Honest

and

ambitious.B.Strong-willed

and

confident.C.Quick-thinking

and

humorous.D.Sympathetic

and

innovative.√12345678[解析]

推理判断题。根据文章第一段“When

an

invasive

(入侵的)

seaweed

called

sargassum

showed

up

on

Mexico's

Caribbean

beaches,

Omar

looked

past

the

matter

of

it

all

and

saw

an

opportunity

to

help

others.”(当一种叫作马尾藻的入侵海藻出现在墨西哥的加勒比海海滩上时，奥马尔不以为意，他看到了一个帮助别人的机会。)、第三段“Since

people's

attitude

towards

the

seaweed

reminded

him

of

his

own

life

experiences,

he

decided

to

become

an

agent

(推动者)

for

change.”(由于人们对海藻的态度让他想起了自己的生活经历，他决定成为一名变革的推动者。)12345678和第五段“In

2018,

Omar

found

a

way

to

turn

sargassum

into

building

blocks

that

he

called

Sargablock.

He

creates

these

blocks

by

mixing

40%

sargassum

with

other

materials

like

clay,

then

putting

them

in

a

block-forming

machine

and

baking

them

in

the

sun

for

days.

The

end

result

is

an

organic,

sustainable,

and

ecologically

friendly

building

material

that

experts

say

could

last

for

120

years.”(2018年，奥马尔找到了一种方法，把马尾藻变成了他称之为“Sargablock”的砖块。他将40%的马尾藻和黏土等其他材料混合在一起，然后把它们放在砖块成型机里，在太阳下烤上几12345678天，就能制作出这些砖块。最终的结果是一种有机的、可持续的、生态友好的建筑材料，专家说这种材料可以使用120年。)可知，奥马尔积极帮助别人并且将马尾藻变成了环保的材料。由此推知，奥马尔是富有同情心且有创新精神的人。故选D。12345678(

)4.What

does

the

author

mainly

want

to

tell

us

through

Omar's

success?A.It's

never

too

old

to

learn.B.Love

shines

every

dark

corner.C.Solutions

can

be

obtained

from

problems.D.Heroes

arise

from

humble

beginnings.√12345678[解析]

推理判断题。文章主要讲述了一种叫作马尾藻的入侵海藻对当地人们的生活产生了不良影响，奥马尔·巴斯克斯却看到了这种海藻的潜力，决定把所有人都认为不好的东西变成好东西，最终的结果是一种有机的、可持续的、生态友好的建筑材料诞生了，并且他建立了公司，为有需要的人建造了低收入住房。由此推知，作者想要通过奥马尔的成功告诉我们解决方案可以从问题中获得。故选C。12345678B[2024·湖北襄阳五中高三第二次适应性测试]

文体：说明文

主题：人与自然

词数：362

Medicine

is

not

exclusively

a

human

invention.

Many

other

animals,

from

insects

to

birds

to

non-human

primates,

have

been

known

to

self-medicate

with

plants

and

minerals

for

infections

and

other

conditions.

Behavioural

ecologist

Helen

Morrogh-Bernard

of

the

Borneo

Nature

Foundation

has

spent

decades

studying

the

island's

orangutans

(红毛猩猩)

and

says

she

has

now

found

evidence

that

they

use

plants

in

a

previously

unseen

medicinal

way.12345678

During

more

than

20,000

hours

of

formal

observation,

Morrogh-Bernard

and

her

colleagues

watched

10

orangutans

occasionally

chew

a

particular

plant

(which

is

not

part

of

their

normal

diet)

into

a

foamy

lather

(泡沫)

and

then

rub

it

into

their

fur.

The

apes

spent

up

to

45

minutes

at

a

time

massaging

the

mixture

onto

their

upper

arms

or

legs.

The

researchers

believe

this

behaviour

is

the

first

known

example

of

a

non-human

animal

using

a

topical

painkiller.12345678

Local

people

use

the

same

plant

Dracaena

cantleyi,

an

unremarkable-looking

plant

with

stalked

leaves—to

treat

aches

and

pains.

Morrogh-Bernard's

co-authors

studied

its

chemistry.

They

added

extracts

(提取物)

from

the

plant

to

human

cells

that

had

been

grown

in

a

dish

and

had

been

artificially

stimulated

to

produce

cytokines,

an

immune

system

response

that

causes

inflammation

(炎症)

and

discomfort.

The

plant

extract

reduced

the

production

of

several

types

of

cytokines.

The

scientists

reported

the

finding

in

a

study

published

last

November

in

Scientific

Reports.12345678

The

results

suggest

that

orangutans

use

the

plant

to

reduce

inflammation

and

treat

pain.

Such

findings

could

help

identify

plants

and

chemicals

that

might

be

useful

for

human

medications.

In

creatures

such

as

insects,

the

ability

to

self-medicate

is

almost

certainly

innate:

woolly

bear

caterpillars

infected

with

flies

seek

out

and

eat

plant

substances

that

are

poisonous

to

the

flies.

But

more

complex

animals

may

learn

such

tricks

after

an

initial

discovery

by

one

member

of

their

group.12345678

For

example,

an

orangutan

may

have

rubbed

the

plant

on

its

skin

to

try

to

treat

parasites

and

realized

that

it

also

had

a

pleasant

pain-killing

effect.

That

behaviour

may

then

have

been

passed

on

to

other

orangutans.

Because

this

type

of

self-medication

is

seen

only

in

south-central

Borneo,

Morrogh-Bernard

says,

it

was

probably

learned

locally.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。药物并不是人类的独家发明，研究人员通过观察红毛猩猩用一种植物进行自我治疗，发现有很多其他动物都会用植物和矿物质来自我治疗感染和其他疾病。12345678(

)5.What

do

we

know

about

D