2025年大学《梵语巴利语》专业题库- 梵语句法与篇章结构

2025年大学《梵语巴利语》专业题库——梵语句法与篇章结构考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1.*NominativeCase*2.*Lakṣaṇā*3.*Kriyāpadiprasūta*4.*Cauṣala*二、词形分析（每题6分，共18分）1.Paripācayate|vasati||vasam|asya||vasati||(分别说明每个词的词类、形态变化及其在句子中的语法功能)2.Syātsaha|bhūyāḥ||na|bhavissi||(分别说明每个词的词类、形态变化及其在句子中的语法功能)3.Atmanepadyaḥ|api||saha|puruṣe||(分别说明每个词的词类、形态变化及其在句子中的语法功能)三、句子分析（每题10分，共20分）1.Te|bhagavān|vartamāno'pi||dharmaḥ|na|bhūyate||(分析该句的句子成分、句法结构，并画出简化的句法结构图。)2.Yathā|vasāḥ|sahasreṣu|vasanti||tathā|vartamāṇāḥ|dharmaḥ|bhavanti||(分析该句的句子成分、句法结构，并说明其连接方式和表达的逻辑关系。)四、篇章分析（每题15分，共30分）1.Sa|vācā|vaco'pi||na|vāco'sti||na|vācā|na|bhavati||Tasmāt|vāco|saha|vacah|bhavet||(分析该语段的篇章结构，识别并解释其中使用的连接手段及其作用，并概括语段大意。)2.Ahaṇi|saha|saha|prajāḥ|bhavanti||Ahaṇi|vartamāṇāḥ|karmaṇī|karoti||(分析该语段的篇章结构，识别并解释其中使用的连接手段及其作用，并说明段落内部的逻辑层次。)---试卷答案一、名词解释1.*NominativeCase*:Thecasethatmarksthesubjectofanintransitiveverbortheagentofatransitiveverb.Itanswersthequestion"who?"or"what?"regardingthesubject.Itisoftencalledthe'nominativecase'.2.*Lakṣaṇā*:Atermusedingrammartodenoteamarkeroraffixthatindicatesthegenderofanoun.Itisoftenasuffixattachedtothestemofthenoun.3.*Kriyāpadiprasūta*:Atermusedingrammarreferringtoasentenceorconstructionwheretheverbappearsbeforetheobject,typicallyintheform"Verb-Object",similartotheEnglishinfinitiveorgerundphrase.4.*Cauṣala*:Atermdenotingacompoundwordconsistingoftwoormorewordsjoinedtogetherwithoutaconnectingparticle(*sandhi*),wheretheentirecompoundfunctionsasasinglegrammaticalunit.二、词形分析1.Paripācayate|vasati||vasam|asya||vasati||*Paripācayate*:Verb(Infinitive),3rdperson,singular,active,presenttense,derivedfromtheroot*vas*.*vasati*:Verb(Finite),3rdperson,singular,active,presenttense,derivedfromtheroot*vas*.*vasam*:Noun(Accusative),neuter,singular,derivedfromtheroot*vas*.*asya*:Pronoun(ReflexivePronoun),neuter,singular,nominativecase.Grammaticalsubjectoftheverb*vasati*.*vasati*:Verb(Finite),3rdperson,singular,active,presenttense,derivedfromtheroot*vas*.Cognatewiththeinfinitive*paripācayate*.*GrammarFunction*:*asyavasativasamparipācayate*-"He(neuter,sg.reflexive)lives,(neuter,sg.object)thislife,(presenttense)hecontemplates".Thesentencehasanoptionalinfinitive(*paripācayate*)followingthefiniteverb(*vasati*),oftenexpressingpurposeorintention.2.Syātsaha|bhūyāḥ||na|bhavissi||*Syāt*:Verb(Infinitive),3rdperson,singular,optativemood,derivedfromtheroot*bhū*.*saha*:Conjunction,meaning"and"or"or".Connectstheinfinitivephrasewiththefiniteverbphrase.*bhūyāḥ*:Adverb,meaning"then","thereafter",or"hence".Modifiestheverb*bhavissi*.*na*:Adverb,meaning"not".*bhavissi*:Verb(Finite),3rdperson,singular,active,futuretense,derivedfromtheroot*bhū*.*GrammarFunction*:*syātsahabhūyāḥnabhavissi*-"Mayhe(3rdperson,sg.)be,andthennotbecome".Thesentencestartswithanoptativeinfinitivephrase(*syāt*),followedbyaconjunction(*saha*),anadverb(*bhūyāḥ*),anegativeparticle(*na*),andafiniteverbphraseinthefuturetense(*bhavissi*).Thesentenceexpressesawishorpossibilityfollowedbyanegationinthefuture.3.Atmanepadyaḥ|api||saha|puruṣe||*Atmanepadyaḥ*:Noun(Nominative),neuter,singular.Acompoundwordmeaning"byoneself"or"foroneself".Itconsistsof*atman*(self)andtheagentsuffix*-epadya-*,joinedwithoutaconnectingparticle(*sandhi*).*api*:Adverb,meaning"also"or"too".*saha*:Conjunction,meaning"and".*puruṣe*:Noun(Accusative),masculine,singular.Meaning"man"or"person".Grammaticalobjectoftheverb(implied).*GrammarFunction*:*Atmanepadyaḥapisahapuruṣe*-"Byoneselfalsoand(to)aman".Thesentencefeaturesacompoundnoun(*atmanepadyaḥ*)inthenominativecase,anadverb(*api*),aconjunction(*saha*),andanounintheaccusativecase(*puruṣe*).Thestructureimpliesasentencelike"Byoneself,also(doessomething)toaman".Thecompoundnounmodifiestheimpliedsubjectoraction.三、句子分析1.Te|bhagavān|vartamāno'pi||dharmaḥ|na|bhūyate||*SentenceAnalysis*:Thesentenceis:"You(plural,neuter,nominative)Lord(masculine,sg,nominative)also(adverb)duty(neuter,sg,nominative)not(negativeparticle)are(3rdperson,pl,active,present).*SentenceComponents*:*Te*(Pronoun,Nom.PluralNeuter)isthesubject.*Bhagavān*(Noun,Nom.MasculineSingular)isthesubjectcomplement,identifyingtheperson.*Vartamāno'pi*(Adverb+Pronoun,Nom.MasculineSingular)isanadverbialphrasemodifyingtheverb,meaning"asamanalso".*Dharmaḥ*(Noun,Nom.NeuterSingular)isthesubjectofthesubordinateclauseimpliedbytheverb*bhūyate*.*Na*(Adverb,Negative)isanadverbialmodifier.*Bhūyate*(Verb,3rdperson,plural,active,present)isthemainverb.*SyntaxStructure*:S(Te)+SC(Bhagavān)+Adv(Vartamāno'pi),Verb(Bhūyate)+Neg(Na)+S(Dharmaḥ).ThesentencestructureisSubject-SubjectComplement-AdverbialPhrase-Verb-Negative-Subject.Itdescribesthenatureoridentityof"You"assomeonewhodoesnotperform"duty",withtheadverbialphraseprovidingcontext.*StructureDiagram*(TextualRepresentation):S(Te)|+--SC(Bhagavān)|+--Adv(Vartamāno'pi)|+--Verb(Bhūyate)+----Neg(Na)+------S(Dharmaḥ)2.Yathā|vasāḥ|sahasreṣu|vasanti||tathā|vartamāṇāḥ|dharmaḥ|bhavanti||*SentenceAnalysis*:Thesentenceis:"As(adverb)they(plural,neuter,nominative)inthethousands(numeral,acc.pl.neuter)live(3rdperson,pl,active,present),so(adverb)those(plural,neuter,nominative)wholive(presentparticiple)duty(neuter,sg,nominative)are(3rdperson,pl,active,present).*SentenceComponents*:*Yathā*(Adverb)isanintroductoryadverb.*Vasāḥ*(Pronoun,Nom.PluralNeuter)isthesubjectofthefirstclause.*Sahasreṣu*(Numeral,Accusative,PluralNeuter)istheobjectoftheverb*vasanti*.*Vasanti*(Verb,3rdperson,plural,active,present)istheverbofthefirstclause.*Tathā*(Adverb)connectsthetwoclauses.*Vartamāṇāḥ*(Pronoun+PresentParticiple,Nom.PluralNeuter)isthesubjectofthesecondclause,meaning"thosewholive".*Dharmaḥ*(Noun,Nom.NeuterSingular)isthesubjectoftheverb*bhavanti*.*Bhavanti*(Verb,3rdperson,plural,active,present)istheverbofthesecondclause.*SyntaxStructure*:Clause1:Adv(Yathā)+S(Vasāḥ)+O(Sahasreṣu)+Verb(Vasanti).Clause2:Adv(Tathā)+S(Vartamāṇāḥ)+S(Dharmaḥ)+Verb(Bhavanti).Thesentencestructureconsistsoftwoclausesjoinedbythecomparativeadverb*tathā*,formingaparallelstructure.Thefirstclausesetsastandard("As..."),andthesecondclauseappliesit("so...").*Connection&Logic*:Thesentenceusestheadverb*tathā*toestablishaparallelismorequivalencebetweenthetwoclauses.Thefirstclausedescribestheactionof"they"livinginlargenumbers,andthesecondclauseextendsthisideato"thosewholive"having"duty".Thelogicalrelationshipisoneofcomparisonandconsequence,indicatingthatthestateof"thosewholive"correspondstotheconditiondescribedinthefirstclause.四、篇章分析1.Sa|vācā|vaco'pi||na|vāco'sti||na|vācā|na|bhavati||Tasmāt|vāco|saha|vacah|bhavet||*Punctuation*:Savācāvacoapi|navāco'sti|navācānabhavati|Tasmātvācosahavacahbhavet||(Assumingstandardpunctuationforpauses)*Analysis*:Thepassageconsistsoffivesentences.*Sentence1*:*Savācāvacoapi*-"Thatword(neuter,sg,nom)speech(neuter,sg,nom)also(adverb)".*Sentence2*:*navāco'sti*-"not(adverb)speech(neuter,sg,nom)is(3rdperson,sg,active,present)".*Sentence3*:*navācānabhavati*-"not(adverb)speech(neuter,sg,nom)not(adverb)exists(3rdperson,sg,ina-verb,present)".*Sentence4*:*Tasmātvācosahavacahbhavet*-"Therefore(adverb)speech(neuter,sg,nom)and(conjunction)word(neuter,sg,nom)together(adverb)exists(3rdperson,sg,active,present)".*Connection&Logic*:Sentences1and2formacontrast.Sentence1statesthat"thatword"isalso"speech",butSentence2negatesthisbysaying"speechisnot".Sentence3reinforcesthenegation,statingthat"speechdoesnotexist".Sentence4introducesaconclusion(*Tasmāt*)andoffersanalternativeordifferentperspective:that"speech"and"word"togetherdoexist.Theconnectionisprimarilythroughcontrast(*na*inSent2&3)andthencontrastiveconclusion(*Tasmāt*inSent4).Thelogicalflowmovesfromanegationtoitsreinforcement,andfinallytoacontrastingpositivestatement.*Structure*:Thestructureisprimarilyargumentative,usingnegationandcontrasttobuildapointandthenintroduceacounter-argumentoralternativeview.*IntendedMeaning*:Thepassageseemstodiscussthenatureorexistenceof"speech"or"word",denyingonedefinitionoraspect(perhapsliteralspeech)andthensuggestingadifferentunderstandingwherebothtermsexisttogether.2.Ahaṇi|saha|saha|prajāḥ|bhavanti||Ahaṇi|vartamāṇāḥ|karmaṇī|karoti||*Punctuation*:Ahaṇisahasahaprajāḥbhavanti|Ahaṇivartamāṇāḥkarmaṇīkaroti||(Assumingstandardpunctuationforpauses)*Analysis*:Thepassageconsistsoftwosentences.*Sentence1*:*Ahaṇisahasahaprajāḥbhavanti*-"Today(adverb)and(conjunction)and(conjunction)children(masculine,pl,nom)are(3rdperson,pl,active,present)".*Sentence2*:*Ahaṇivartamāṇāḥkarmaṇīka