新课程大学英语B 2 Unit 5 Text A

Pre-readingWhile-readingAfter-readingTextATheMeaningofLifeUnit51)Whatismostimportantinyourlife?2)Asfarasyouconcerned,whatisthemeaningoflife?3)Howcanwemakeourlifemeaningful?Warm-upquestionsWhat'sthemeaningoflife?

Avideo:themeaningoflife

MainIdea“Whatisthemeaningoflife?”Peopleoftenaskthequestionwhentheyhavesufferedsomesortofsetback.Infact,allmeaningsascribedtolifearevariationsbetween“absolutelywrong”and“absolutelyright”.Still,inthemtherearethecommonelements.Forallthefailures,theirsuccesshasmeaningonlytothemselves.Theirmeaningforlifeisaprivatemeaning,whichisinfactnomeaningatall.Forallthesuccessfulpeople,lifemeansbeinginterestedinpeople,beingpartofthewholeandcontributingtheirsharetothewelfareofhumankind.Textcomprehension

Newwords&phrasesTextA:While-readingTextStudy

Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions,usingyourownwordsasmuchaspossible.Textcomprehension1.Whenwillpeopleusuallyasksuchquestionas“whatisthemeaningoflife?”2.Fromwhataspectscanweobservepeople’sattitudetolife?3.Isthereanyabsoluteinterpretationoflife?4.Whatarethedifferencesamongdifferentmeaningsoflife?5.Howcanallhumanproblemsbegroupedbasedonindividualpsychology?6.Whatarethecommonelementsofallmistaken“MeaningofLife”andofalltrue“MeaningsofLife”?7.Whyarepsychotics,criminals,addicts,problemchildren,andsuicidesconsideredtobefailures?8.Accordingtothetext,whatarethemeaningsoflifeforfailuresandsuccessfulpersonsrespectively?TextAComprehension1Ifweaskedsomeone,“Whatisthemeaningoflife?”Hewouldprobablybeunabletoanswer.Forthemostpart,peopledonottroublethemselveswiththequestionortrytoformulateanyanswers.Itistruethatthequestionisasoldashumanityitselfandthatinourowntime,youngpeople--andolderpeopletoo--willsometimesdemand,“Butwhatislifefor?Whatdoeslifemean?"TheMeaningofLife1Itisfairtosay,however,thattheyonlyaskthesequestionswhentheyhavesufferedsomesortofsetback.Solongaslifeissmoothsailingandtheyarenotconfrontingdifficulttests,thequestionisneverputintowords.Itis,rather,inhisactionsthateachpersoninevitablyposesthesequestionsandanswersthem.2Ifweclosedourearstowordsandconcentratedonobservingactions,wewouldfindthateachpersonhasformulatedhisownindividual“meaningoflife”andthatallhisopinions,attitudes,movements,expressions,mannerisms,ambitions,habits,andcharactertraitsareinaccordancewiththismeaning.Eachpersonbehavesasifhecouldrelyuponacertaininterpretationoflife.Inallhisactions,thereisanimplicitsumming-upoftheworldandofhimself.3Thereareasmanymeaningsascribedtolifeastherearehumanbeings,andperhaps,eachmeaningismistakentosomeextent.Nooneknowstheabsolutemeaningoflife,andthusanyinterpretationcannotbecalledabsolutelywrong.Allmeaningsarevariationsbetweenthesetwolimits.3Amongthesevariations,however,wecandistinguishsomethatworkwellandsomethatarelesseffective;somewherethemistakeissmallandsomewhereitislarge.Wecandiscoverwhatitisthatthebetterinterpretationshaveincommonandwhatitisthatthelesssatisfactoryinterpretationslack.Wecanderivefromtheseacommonmeasureofthetruth,acommonmeaningoflife.4Individualpsychologyhasfoundthatallhumanproblemscanbegroupedunderthreemainheadings:occupational,socialandsexual.Itisinhisresponsetothesethreeproblemsthateveryindividualhumanbeingunfailinglyrevealshisownpersonalinterpretationofthemeaningoflife.Suppose,forexample,weconsiderapersonwhoselovelifeisunsatisfactoryornonexistent,whofailstoexerthimselfinhisprofession,whohasfewfriends,andwhofindscontactwithhisfellowhumanbeingspainful.4Fromtheself-imposedlimitsandrestrictionsinhislife,wemayconcludethatheseesbeingaliveasadifficultanddangerousthing,entailingfewopportunitiesandmanyfailures.Hisnarrowfieldofactioncanbeconstructedasexpressingtheopinion:“Lifemeansprotectingmyselfagainstharm,barricadingmyselfin,andescapingunscathed.”5Suppose,ontheotherhand,weconsiderapersonwhohasaloverelationshipthatisanintimateandfullcooperation,whoseworkresultsinusefulachievements,whohaslotsoffriends,andwhosecontactswithpeoplearewide-rangingandfruitful.Wemayconcludethatsuchapersonseeslifeasacreativetask,offeringmanyopportunitiesandnoirreversiblesetbacks.Hiscourageinconfrontingalltheproblemsoflifeistobeconstructedassaying:“Lifemeansbeinginterestedinpeople,beingpartofthewholeandcontributingmysharetothewelfareofhumankind.”6Itisherethatwefindthecommonelementsofallmistaken“meaningsoflife”andofalltrue“meaningsoflife”.Allthosewhoseemtohavefailed—psychotics,criminals,addicts,problemchildren,andsuicides—arefailuresbecausetheyarelackinginfellow-feelingandsocialinterest.6Theyapproachtheproblemsofoccupation,friendship,andsexwithouttheconfidencethattheycanbesolvedthroughcooperation.Themeaningtheyascribetolifeisaprivatemeaning:Nooneelsebenefitsfromtheirpersonalachievements.Theirgoalofsuccessisinfactagoalofmerefictitiouspersonalsuperiority,andtheirsuccesshasmeaningonlytothemselves.7Aprivatemeaningisinfactnomeaningatall.Truemeaningisonlypossibleincommunication:awordthatmeantsomethingtoonepersononlywouldreallybemeaningless.Itisthesamewithouraimsandactions:Theironlytruemeaningistheirmeaningforothers.Everyhumanbeingstrivesforsignificance,butpeoplealwaysmakemistakesiftheydonotrecognizethattheirwonsignificanceliesintheircontributiontothelivesofothers.1.如果我们问一个人：“生活的意义是什么?”他很可能回答不出来。通常，人们都不会以这个问题来困扰自己，或试图明确地阐明答案。然而，自有人类起，这个问题便已经存在了。在我们这个时代，年轻人——老年人也如此——有时会发出这样的疑问：“活着是为了什么?生活的意义是什么?”1.不过，我们可以断言：他们只是在遭遇某种挫折的时候，才会发出这种疑问。只要他们的生活一帆风顺，没有遇到任何艰难的考验，这些问题就不会被宣之于口。然而，每个人都不可避免地将这些问题和答案体现在自己的一切行为之中。2如果我们对言语充耳不闻，而只专注地观察行为，我们就会发现，每个人都已经明确地阐释了自己的“生活意义”；他所有的观点，态度、动作、表情、风格、野心、习惯和性格特点，都与这个意义体质协调一致。每个人的举止都表现出他似乎对某种生活的释义深信不疑；他的一切行为中，都显示出他对这个世界和对自己的看法。3.生活所被赋予的意义是数不胜数的，或许，每个意义或多或少都含有一些错误的成分在其中。没有人知道生活的真正意义究竟是什么，因此，任何被人们所应用的生活意义也不会是绝对错误的。所有的意义都在这两个极端之间变化。3.然而，在这些变化中，我们却可以区分出哪个效果好些，哪个效果差些；谁的谬误小些，谁的谬误大些。我们还能够发现，那些较好的意义有什么样的共同点，而那些较差的意义所缺少的又是什么。由此，我们可以得到一个真正的“生命意义”的共同尺度。4.个体心理学已经发现，人类所有的问题都可归纳为三个主要方面：职业、社交和性。每个人对这三个问题的反应，都毫无例外地显示出他对生活意义的解释。举个例子，我们假设有这样一个人，他的爱情生活令人不满意或根本就没有爱情，他工作不努力，他的朋友很少，而且他发现与人交往是一件令他感到痛苦的事。4.从他生活中的这些自我限制和约束中，我们可以得出这样一个结论：他认为活着是一件既艰苦又危险的事，机会太少，而失败太多。他狭窄的活动范围可以用来解释他的观点：“生活的意义就是保护自己，避免受到伤害，把自己封闭起来，不与他人接触。”5.从另一方面来说，我们假设有这样一个人，他的爱情生活非常甜蜜、和谐，他在工作上取得了很大成就，他有许多朋友，他交游广阔，且收获颇丰。我们可以断定，像这样的人，一定会认为生活是一个富有创造性的任务，机遇不断，却没有不可逾越的障碍。他面对生活中的各种问题时的勇气可以用来解释这句话：“生活的意义就是对他人感兴趣，成为整体的一部分，为全人类的幸福贡献自己的一份力量。”6.在这里，我们可以看出所有错误的“生活意义”的共同点和所有正确的“生活意义”的共同点。所有的失败者――精神病患者、罪犯、瘾君子、问题少年、自杀者、堕落者和妓女――之所以失败，是因为他们缺乏认同感和社会兴趣。6.他们在处理职业、友谊和性的问题时，不相信可以通过合作的方式来解决这些问题。他们所赋予生活的意义都是私人的意义：没有人会从他们的个人成就中获益。他们心目中的成功目标，实际上只是一种虚幻的个人优越感；他们的成功也只对他们自己才有意义。7.事实上，属于私人的意义是根本没有任何意义的。真正的意义在沟通的时候才有存在的可能：只对某个人意味着某件事，实在是毫无意义可言。我们的目标和行为也同样如此：它们唯一真正的意义就是它们对于他人的意义。每个人都为了自己的重要性而努力奋斗着，但如果他们不承认这种重要性取决于自己对他人的生活所作的贡献，那么，他们将永远走在错误的道路上。Newwords&phrases

formulate

(formulating,formulated,formulates)1.

V-T

Ifyou

formulate

somethingsuchasaplanorproposal,youinventit,thinkingaboutthedetailscarefully.构想出(计划或提案)例：Littlebylittle,heformulatedhisplanforescape.他一点一点地构想出了他的逃跑计划。2.

V-T

Ifyou

formulate

athought,opinion,oridea,youexpressitordescribeitusingparticularwords.用独特的词语表述例：Iwasimpressedbythewayhecouldformulatehisideas.我对他表述自己想法的独特用词印象深刻。Itisfairtosaythat公正的说

例：Itisfairtosayaconsiderableamountofeffortwentintotheproject.

说句公道话,这一计划花费了很大心血.setback

(setbacks)1.

N-COUNT

A

setback

isaneventthatdelaysyourprogressorreversessomeoftheprogressthatyouhavemade.挫折;倒退

例：ThemoverepresentsasetbackfortheMiddleEastpeaceprocess.此举意味着中东和平进程的倒退。mannerism

1.

N-COUNT

Someone's

mannerisms

arethegesturesorwaysofspeakingthatareverycharacteristicofthem,andwhichtheyoftenuse.(说话或动作特有的)习性例：Hismannerismsaremorethoseofapreoccupiedmathsprofessor.他的言谈举止更像是一个全神贯注的数学教授。trait

1.

N-COUNT

A

trait

isaparticularcharacteristic,quality,ortendencythatsomeoneorsomethinghas.特征例：Thestudyfoundthatsomealcoholicshadclearpersonalitytraitsshowingupearlyinchildhood.这项研究发现一些酗酒者早在孩童时就表现出明显的个性特征。personalitytrait

人格特质，个性品质charactertrait

性格特征；品格特质commontrait

共同特质behavioraltrait

行为特性inaccordancewith依照，按照，依据，根据；与…一致例：我们应当根据具体情况做出决定。We

should

make

decisions

in

accordance

with

specific

conditions.

DR_word_interpret11.understand(sth.said,ordered,ordone)Thegiftisgenerallyinterpretedasabribe.interpret:v.

Shemadeagesture,whichhechosetointerpretasaninvitation.2.giveorprovidethemeaningof,explain诗有助于阐述人生的意义。Poetryhelpstointerpretlife.DR_word_interpret23.translatewhatissaidinonelanguageintoanotherNooneinthetourgroupspokeSpanishsowehadtoasktheguidetointerpret.Interpretationn.implicit

1.

adj.

Somethingthatis

implicit

isexpressedinanindirectway.含蓄的例：...animplicitwarningtotheMoroccansnottocontinueorrepeatthemilitaryactionstheybeganaweekago.…叫摩洛哥人不要继续或重复一周前开始的军事行动的含蓄警告。2.

adj.

Ifaqualityorelementis

implicitin

something,itisinvolvedinitorisshownbyit.内含的

[正式]

例：Trustisimplicitinthesystem.信任是这种体制里内含的。implicit

3.

adj.

Ifyousaythatsomeonehasan

implicit

belieforfaithinsomething,youmeanthattheyhavecompletefaithinitandnodoubtsatall.绝对的(信任)例：HehadimplicitfaithinthenobleintentionsoftheEmperor.他对皇帝的崇高旨意笃信不疑。Implicitlyadv.1.

implicitly

含蓄地

例：Thejuryimplicitlycriticizedthegovernmentbytheirverdict.陪审团通过他们的裁决含蓄地批评了政府。2.

implicitly

绝对地

例：Itrusthimimplicitly.我绝对信任他。ascribe

(ascribing,ascribed,ascribes)1.

V-T

Ifyou

ascribe

aneventorcondition

to

aparticularcause,yousayorconsiderthatitwascausedbythatthing.将…归因于

[正式]例：Anautopsyeventuallyascribedthebaby'sdeathtosuddeninfantdeathsyndrome.一次尸检最终把这名婴儿的死亡归因于婴儿猝死综合症。2.

V-T

Ifyou

ascribe

aquality

to

someone,youconsiderthattheypossessit.将…归属(于某人)

[正式]例：Wedonotascribeasuperiorwisdomtogovernmentorthestate.我们并不将胜人一筹的智慧归属于政府或国家。

attribute,ascribe这组词都有“把……归于”的意思，其区别是：attribute

指出于相信而把……归于某人或某物，含较多的客观性。ascribe

指根据推论或猜想把……归于某人或某物，含主观臆断成分较重。attribute

(attributing,attributed,attributes)1.

V-T

Ifyou

attribute

something

to

aneventorsituation,youthinkthatitwascausedbythateventorsituation.把…归因于例：Womentendtoattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcausessuchasluck.女性往往把她们的成功归因于外因，如运气。2.

V-T

Ifyou

attribute

aparticularqualityorfeature

to

someoneorsomething,youthinkthattheyhaveit.赋予(某品质或特点)例：Peoplewerebeginningtoattributesuperhumanqualitiestohim.人们开始赋予他超人的品质。3.

V-T

Ifapieceofwriting,aworkofart,oraremark

isattributed

to

someone,peoplesaythattheywroteit,createdit,orsaidit.认为(文章、作品等)出自…

[usupassive]例：This,andtheremainingfrescoes,arenotattributedtoGiotto.这个，还有那些残存的壁画，被认为不是乔托的作品。4.

N-COUNT

An

attribute

isaqualityorfeaturethatsomeoneorsomethinghas.特性例：Crueltyisanormalattributeofhumanbehaviour.残忍是人类行为的一种正常的特性。variation

(variations)1.

N-COUNT

A

variationon

somethingisthesamethingpresentedinaslightlydifferentform.(某一事物)略有变化的形式例：Thisdeliciousvariationonanomeletteisquickandeasytoprepare.这种略有变化的美味煎蛋饼做起来又快又容易。2.

N-VAR

A

variation

isachangeorslightdifferenceinalevel,amount,orquantity.变化;差别例：Thesurveyfoundawidevariationinthepriceschargedforcanteenfood.这项调查发现不同的餐厅出售食物的价格存在很大的差别。vary

(varying,varied,varies)1.

V-I

Ifthings

vary,theyaredifferentfromeachotherinsize,amount,ordegree.各不相同例：Asthey'rehandmade,eachonevariesslightly.由于它们是手工制作的，每一件都会略有不同。例：Thetextvariesfromtheearlierversions.这一文本有别于那些早期的版本。2.

V-T/V-I

Ifsomething

varies

orifyou

vary

it,itbecomesdifferentorchanged.变化;使变化例：Thecostofthealcoholdutyvariesaccordingtotheamountofwineinthebottle.这项酒税的额度根据瓶中酒量的不同而变化。varied

Adj.

Somethingthatis

varied

consistsofthingsofdifferenttypes,sizes,orqualities.各种各样的例：Itisessentialthatyourdietisvariedandbalanced.重要的是你的饮食应当是多样而平衡的。variety

(varieties)1.

N-UNCOUNT

Ifsomethinghas

variety,itconsistsofthingsthataredifferentfromeachother.多样化例：Susan'sideaoffreedomwastohavevarietyinherlifestyle.苏珊对自由的理解就是拥有生活方式的多样化。2.

N-SING

A

variety

of

thingsisanumberofdifferentkindsorexamplesofthesamething.(同一事物的)一些不同种类例：WestHampsteadhasavarietyofgoodstoresandsupermarkets.西汉普斯特德有几家不同的高品质商店和超市。3.

N-COUNT

A

variety

ofsomethingisatypeofit.品种例：I'malwayspleasedtotryoutanewvariety.我一直乐于尝试新的品种。variant

(variants)N-COUNT

A

variant

ofaparticularthingissomethingthathasadifferentformfromthatthing,althoughitisrelatedtoit.变体;变种例：Thequaggawasastrikinglybeautifulvariantofthezebra.白氏斑马是一种极其美丽的斑马变种。例：Product

variant:

This

is

a

product

thatis

basedon

another

product

but

with

somedifferent

characteristics.

产品变体：这是一种基于另一种产品但具备一些不同特性的产品。variable

(variables)1.

Adj.

Somethingthatis

variable

changesquiteoften,andthereusuallyseemstobenofixedpatterntothesechanges.多变的例：Thepotassiumcontentoffoodstuffsisveryvariable.食品中钾的含量是多变的。2.

variability

N-UNCOUNT

可变性例：There'sagreatdealofvariabilitybetweenindividuals.个体之间存在着很大的可变性。variable

(variables)3.

N-COUNT

A

variable

isafactorthatcanchangeinquality,quantity,orsize,thatyouhavetotakeintoaccountinasituation.可变因素例：Decisionscouldbemadeonthebasisofprice,deliverydates,after-salesserviceoranyothervariable.决定可以基于价格、送货日期、售后服务或是任何其他可变因素而做出。varyvaried

variety

variantvariableProduct

__________:

This

is

a

product

thatis

basedon

another

productbut

with

somedifferent

characteristics.

2.Itisessentialthatyourdietis__________andbalanced.3.Thetext__________fromtheearlierversions.4.Decisionscouldbemadeonthebasisofprice,deliverydates,after-salesserviceoranyother__________.5.Theislandofferssuchawide_________ofsceneryandwildlife.variantvariedvariesvariablevarietydistinguish

(distinguishing,distinguished,distinguishes)1.

V-T/V-I

Ifyoucan

distinguish

onething

from

anotheror

distinguish

betweentwothings,youcanseeorunderstandhowtheyaredifferent.辨别;区分例：Couldhedistinguishrightfromwrong?他能辨别是非吗？例：Researchsuggeststhatbabieslearntoseebydistinguishingbetweenareasoflightanddark.研究显示婴儿是通过区分明亮区域和黑暗区域来学会观看的。2.

V-T

Afeatureorqualitythat

distinguishes

onething

from

anothercausesthetwothingstoberegardedasdifferent,becauseonlythefirstthinghasthefeatureorquality.有别于例：Thereissomethingaboutmusicthatdistinguishesitfromallotherartforms.音乐中一些因素使之有别于其他艺术形式。3.

V-T

Ifyoucan

distinguish

something,youcansee,hear,ortasteitalthoughitisverydifficulttodetect.辨别出

[正式]例：Therewerecries,calls.Hecoulddistinguishvoices.有各种各样的哭声和叫喊声。他能从中分辨出声音。4.

V-T

Ifyou

distinguish

yourself,youdosomethingthatmakesyoufamousorimportant.使著名例：Overthenextfewyearshedistinguishedhimselfasaleadingconstitutionalscholar.在随后的几年中，他作为宪法学的权威学者而享有盛誉。distinguishoneself

使著名；使杰出distinguishbetween

v.区别；分辨distinguishfrom

区别，辨别exert

(exerting,exerted,exerts)1.

V-T

Ifsomeoneorsomething

exerts

influence,authority,orpressure,theyuseitinastrongordeterminedway,especiallyinordertoproduceaparticulareffect.施加(影响、压力);运用(权威)

[正式]例：Heexertedconsiderableinfluenceonthethinkingofthescientificcommunityontheseissues.他对科学界在这些问题上的思考施加了相当大的影响。2.

V-T

Ifyou

exert

yourself,youmakeagreatphysicalormentaleffort,orworkhardtodosomething.耗费(自己的精力)例：Donotexertyourselfunnecessarily.不要无谓地耗费自己的精力。exertoneself

努力；尽力exertaninfluenceon

对……产生影响self-imposed

Adj.

A

self-imposed

restriction,task,orsituationisonethatyouhavedeliberatelycreatedoracceptedforyourself.自愿承担的;自己强加的例：Hereturnedhomeafterelevenyearsofself-imposedexile.经历了11年的自我流放后他回家了。impose

(imposing,imposed,imposes)1.

V-T

Ifyou

impose

something

on

people,youuseyourauthoritytoforcethemtoacceptit.强制实行例：Finesareimposedonretailerswhoselltobaccotominors.向未成年人销售烟草制品的零售商要被强制罚款。2.V-T

Ifyou

impose

youropinionsorbeliefs

on

otherpeople,youtryandmakepeopleacceptthemasaruleorasamodeltocopy.把(观点、信仰等)强加于例：Parentsshouldbewareofimposingtheirowntastesontheirchildren.父母应该提防把自己的兴趣强加给孩子。imposeon

利用；欺骗；施加影响于imposeafine

处以罚款entail

vt.1.引起；使成为必要，使需要，必需；必须包括：Successentailshardwork.要成功，必须努力工作。2.使(人)承担，使负担，使蒙受(on，upon):Theenterprisewillentailenormousexpenseandlabouron(或upon)us.这项事业将使我们负担巨大的费用和人力。barricade

(barricading,barricaded,barricades)1.

N-COUNT

A

barricade

isalineofvehiclesorotherobjectsplacedacrossaroadoropenspacetostoppeoplefromgettingpast,forexample,duringstreetfightingorasaprotest.街垒;路障例：Largeareasofthecityhavebeenclosedoffbybarricadessetupbythedemonstrators.城里的大部分地区都被示威者设置的路障给封锁了。2.

V-T

Ifyou

barricade

somethingsuchasaroadoranentrance,youplaceabarricadeorbarrieracrossit,usuallytostopsomeonefromgettingin.在…设路障例：Theriotersbarricadedstreetswithpilesofblazingtyres.闹事者用成堆燃烧着的轮胎挡住了街道。barricade

(barricading,barricaded,barricades)3.

V-T

Ifyou

barricade

yourselfinsidearoomorbuilding,youplacebarriersacrossthedoororentrancesothatotherpeoplecannotgetin.把…堵在例：Thestudentshavebarricadedthemselvesintotheirdormitorybuilding.学生们将自己堵在宿舍楼里。unscathed

Adj.

Ifyouare

unscathed

afteradangerousexperience,youhavenotbeeninjuredorharmedbyit.未受伤的;未受伤害的例：EastLosAngeleswasleftrelativelyunscathedbytheriots.相对来说，洛杉矶东部没有受到骚乱的损害。intimate

(intimating,intimated,intimates)1.

Adj.

Ifyouhavean

intimate

friendshipwithsomeone,youknowthemverywellandlikethemalot.亲密的例：IdiscussedwithmyintimatefriendswhetherIwouldimmediatelyhaveababy.我和我的密友们商量我是不是该马上要孩子。2.

intimately

Adv.

亲密地例：他觉得自己不必和他们亲密熟悉。Translatethesentence:Hedidnotfeelhehadgottoknowthemintimately.intimate

(intimating,intimated,intimates)3.

adj.

An

intimate

conversationordetail,forexample,isverypersonalandprivate.个人的;私下的例：Hewroteabouttheintimatedetailsofhisfamilylife.他写下了家庭生活中一些私人的细节。4.

intimately

Adv.

个人地;私下地例：这是他们第一次试图私下交谈。Translatethesentence:Itwasthefirsttimetheyhadattemptedtotalkintimately.5.

adj.

An

intimate

connectionbetweenideasororganizations,forexample,isaverystronglinkbetweenthem.密切的例：...anintimateconnectionbetweenmadnessandwisdom.…疯狂和睿智之间的一种密切联系。6.

intimately

adv.

密切地例：科学研究与环境保护联系密切。Translatethesentence:Scientificresearchandconservationareintimatelyconnected.imitate,intimate,intimidateWehavehadan__________friendshipsincewewereyoung.Theboy__________hisfather'swayoftalking.Anolderboy__________thelittlechildrenwhenhetooktheirlunchmoney.intimateimitatesintimidated

imitate,intimate,intimidate这是一组形近易混词。imitate

v.模仿，仿效；复制，仿造。Theboyimitateshisfather'swayoftalking.那个男孩模仿他父亲说话的样子。intimate

a.亲密的；温馨的，舒适的。Wehavehadanintimatefriendshipsincewewereyoung.我们自年轻时代起就建立了亲密的友谊。intimidate

v.恐吓，威胁。Anolderboyintimidatedthelittlechildrenwhenhetooktheirlunchmoney.一个年龄大一点的男孩恐吓那些小孩子，并且抢走了他们的午饭钱。wide-ranging

宽领域;广泛的;广泛性wide-rangingtalks

议题广泛的会谈wide-ranginginvestigations

范围广泛的调查This

course

willbe

wide-ranging

inthatsense.

这门课程涉及到的方面将相当的广泛.fruitful

Adj.

Somethingthatis

fruitful

producesgoodandusefulresults.富有成效的例：Wehadalong,happy,fruitfulrelationship.我们曾有一段长久、愉快而富有成效的关系。Wordfamily:fruitless

不成功的，徒劳的；不结果实的fruitfully

产量多地；肥沃地irreversible

Adj.

Ifachangeis

irreversible,thingscannotbechangedbacktothewaytheywerebefore.不可逆转的例：Shecouldsufferirreversiblebraindamageifsheisnottreatedwithinsevendays.如果在7天内得不到治疗，她的大脑有可能会受到不可恢复的损害。reversible

1.

Adj.

Ifaprocessoranactionis

reversible,itseffectscanbereversedsothattheoriginalsituationreturns.可逆的例：Heartdiseaseisreversibleinsomecases,accordingtoastudypublishedlastsummer.根据去年夏天发表的一项研究，心脏病有时是可逆的。2.

Adj.

Reversible

clothesormaterialshavebeenmadesothateithersidecanbewornorshownastheoutside.可两面穿用的例：...areversiblevest.…一件两面穿马甲。DR_word_confrontconfront:vt.Thedifficultiesthatconfrontusseeminsuperable.1)(ofaproblem,difficulty,etc.)face(sb.)threateninglyAmajordifficultythatconfrontsinternationalstudentsishowtobetterjudgethequalityofaprograminaforeignuniversity.2)(ofaperson)faceanddealwith(aproblem,difficulty,etc.)军人必须面对危险和死亡。Asoldierhastoconfrontdangeranddeath.Astronautshavetoconfronttheunknown.DR_word_beconfrontedwithbeconfrontedwith:bebroughtfacetofaceTheprisonerwasconfrontedwithhisaccusers.fellowfeeling

(alsofellow-feeling)N-UNCOUNT

Fellowfeeling

issympathyandfriendshipthatexistsbetweenpeoplewhohavesharedsimilarexperiencesordifficulties.同病相怜;感同身受approach

(approaching,approached,approaches)1.

V-T

Whenyou

approach

atask,problem,orsituationinaparticularway,youdealwithitorthinkaboutitinthatway.处理例：TheBankhasapproachedtheissueinapracticalway.该银行已经务实地处理了这个问题。2.V-T

Ifyou

approach

someone

about

something,youspeaktothemaboutitforthefirsttime,oftenmakinganofferorrequest.与…接洽例：WhenBrownapproachedmeaboutthejob,myfirstreactionwasofdisbelief.当布朗为这份工作找我时，我的第一反应是不相信。fictitious1.

Adj.

Fictitious

isusedtodescribesomethingthatisfalseordoesnotexist,althoughsomepeopleclaimthatitistrueorexists.虚假的;虚幻的例：We'reinterestedinthesourceofthesefictitiousrumours.我们对这些子虚乌有的谣言的来源感兴趣。2.

Adj.

A

fictitious

character,thing,oreventoccursinastory,play,orfilmbutneverreallyexistedorhappened.虚构的例：Thepersonsandeventsportrayedinthisproductionarefictitious.这部作品描绘的那些人物和事件是虚构的。Wordfamily:fictionadj.fictional

虚构的；小说的adv.fictitiously

虚构地；假地superiority

N-UNCOUNT

Ifonesideinawarorconflicthas

superiority,ithasanadvantageoveritsenemy,forexamplebecauseithasmoresoldiersorbetterequipment.优势[formal]例：Wehaveairsuperiority.我们有空中优势。→seealso

superior

superior

1.

Adj.

Ifonethingorpersonis

superior

to

another,thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.比…好的例：Wehavearelationshipinfinitelysuper