高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)解析版汇编

高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)解析版汇编一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1．犇犇阅读理解

IfplastichadbeeninventedwhenthePilgrimssailedfromPlymouth,England,toNorthAmerica-andtheirMayflowerhadbeenstockedwithbottledwaterandplastic-wrappedsnacks,theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.Atlanticwavesandsunlightwouldhavewornallthatplasticintotinybits.Andthosebitsmightstillbefloatingaroundtheworld'soceanstoday,waitingtobeeatenbysomefishoroyster,andfinallyperhapsbyoneofus.

Becauseplasticwasn'tinventeduntilthelate19thcentury,anditsproductiononlyreallytookoffaround1950,wehaveamere9.2billiontonsofthestufftodealwith.Ofthat,morethan6.9billiontonshavebecomewaste.Andofthatwaste,asurprising6.3billiontonsnevermadeittoarecyclingbin-thefigurethatshockedthescientistswhopublishedthenumbersin2017.

Nooneknowshowmuchunrecycledplasticwasteendsupintheocean,theearth'slastsink.In2015,JennaJambeckaUniversityofGeorgiaengineeringprofessor,caughteveryone'sattentionwitharoughestimatebetween5.3millionand14milliontonsofplasticwasteeachyearjustcomefromcoastalregions.

Meanwhile,oceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarine(海洋的）animalseveryyear.Nearly700species,includingendangeredones,areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.Marinespeciesofallsizes,fromzooplanktontowhales,noweatmicroplas-tics,thebitssmallerthanone-fifthofaninchacross.

"Thisisn'taproblemwherewedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis,"saysTedSiegler,aVermontresourceeconomistwhohasspentmorethan25yearsworkingwithdevelopingnationsongarbage."Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle."It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.（1）WhydoestheauthormentionthePilgrimsinparagraph1?A.

Toproveplasticwasdifficulttoinvent.B.

Tointroducewhatmarineanimalslikeeating.C.

TotellthePilgrimscontributedalottothemarineprotection.D.

Toshowplasticwastehasalastingeffectontheocean.（2）What'sthemaintroublemarineanimalsfaceaccordingtothetext?A.

Lackingprotection.

B.

Beingstuckbyplastics.C.

Beingcaughtbyhumans.

D.

Treatingplasticsasfood.（3）WhatdoesTedSieglerwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?A.

Somepeopledon'tknowthesolutionofplasticswaste.B.

Plasticswillturntheoceanintoasoupofplastic.C.

It'stimetotakemeasurestodealwithplasticwaste.D.

Peopleshouldavoidusingplasticstoprotecttheocean.（4）Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.

Abiologytextbook.

B.

Atravelbrochure.C.

Anenvironmentalreport.

D.

Alifestylemagazine.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）C（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了塑料垃圾给海洋以及海洋生物带来的危害。（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.

”他们的塑料废物很可能在四百年后仍会存在，可知作者提到thePilgrims是为了说明塑料废物对海洋有持久的影响，故选D。（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.”一些明显受到伤害，被塑料制成的废弃物品卡住了。可能有更多的人受到无形的伤害。可知选B。（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.”他说最好在海洋变成塑料汤之前建立一个必要的机构和制度的问题，可推知选C。（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本题介绍了塑料垃圾给海洋以及海洋生物带来的危害。是一篇环境保护类阅读，因此选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。2．犇犇阅读理解

Inmymemory,wintersalwaysusedtobereallyunpleasant.Youhadtobundleupjusttokeepwarmwhenyouwentoutside.Youwereoftencold,wet,slipontheice,andyou'darrivehometoanice-coldhouse.Andthatwouldmeanturningontheheatingandwaiting.It'samiracleyoudidn'tgetcoldtothebone.

Fortunately,thingsdon'thavetobesochallenginganymore.Technology,engineringanddesignhaveadvancedgivingusnewsolutionstooldproblems.Itmeansdealingwithwinterneedn'tbelikeskatingonthinice.

Withasmartthermostat(温度自动调节器),ourhomescanbewarmwhenweneedthemtobe.Manymodelsfeaturesmartphoneappsthatallowyoutocontroltemperatureremotely,sowecanwarmupthehousebeforewearrivehome.Accordingto,Tado'smodelfeaturesvoicecontrol,whiletheNest'leans'yourhabitsandautomaticallyheatsthehomeforyou.

Clotheshavebeengivenanupgrade,too.Electronicthermaljackets,sweatersandcoatsheatupwhenyouturnthemon.Whatbetterwaytokeepwarminthedeadofwinter?Atthetouchofabutton,orthroughanapponourphones,theclothinggeneratesheatfromelementsplacedinside.Manymodelsofferthreelevelsofheatingwhichstaywarmforover12hours..

Finally,thereistheclothingforthehead,beaniesandEarmuff,thatfeaturespeakersincludedinthefabricusingBluetoothtechnologysowecanlistentoourfavouritemusicor,insomecases,haveaphonecallusingthein-builtmicrophone.Allwhilekeepingtheheadwarmandavoidingacold.

Formany,thethoughtofwinterusedtobeenoughtomaketheirbloodruncold.Butusingtechnology,lifeneedn'tfreezeup.Withtherightsolutions,there'snoreasonwhywintercan'tbereally,reallycool.（1）Whatdotheunderlinedwords"bundleup"meaninPara.1?A.

Fixanairconditioner.

B.

Takeahotbath.

C.

Runalot.

D.

Putonmoreclothes.（2）Howdoeselectronicthermalclothingwork?A.

Theequipmentplacedinsidetheclothingproducesheat.B.

Itneedstobewarnedupbeforebeingused.C.

Thethermostatheatupautomaticallywhenthetemperatureislow.D.

Itkeepswarmforover12hoursafterbeingchargedfoxanhour.（3）Fromthepassage,wecanleanthefollowingstatementsEXCEPTthat________.A.

Tado'smodelcanbecontrolledbysayingsomethingtoitB.

withthein-builtspeakerandmicrophone,BeaniesandEarmuffsuserscanhaveaphonecallC.

technologycandonothingtomakewinterlessroughD.

Bluetoothtechnologyisusedintheclothingforthehead（4）What'sthebesttitleofthispassage?A.

ASmartThermostat

B.

AModernwinterC.

Waysofkeepingwarm

D.

Anunpleasantwinter【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）C（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，在科技并不发达的过去，人们可能会为如何在严寒天气里更好地保暖而倍感困扰。现如今，每到严冬时节，虽然温度骤降、天气恶劣，但随着各类智能保暖产品的问世，冬天也能变得舒适宜人。人们凭借科学技术发明了各式各样的防寒方法。比如，用智能电子设备调节屋内和衣物的温度；使用无线科技制造会自动发热的服饰。（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的"Inmymemory,wintersalwaysusedtobereallyunpleasant.Youhadtobundleupjusttokeepwarmwhenyouwentoutside."可知，在我的记忆中，冬天总是很不令人愉快。你外出时必须穿得暖和一点。所以通过"keepwarm"可知，外出时要想暖和一些，就要多穿衣服。故判断出第1段中带下划线的单词"bundleup"是多穿点衣服。故选D。（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Atthetouchofabutton,orthroughanapponourphones,theclothinggeneratesheatfromelementsplacedinside."可知，只要按下按钮，或者通过手机上应用程序，安装在衣服内部的电子元件就会产生热量。所以电子保暖服装工作的原理是安装在衣服内部的电子元件产生热量。故选A。（3）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Fortunately,thingsdon'thavetobesochallenginganymore.Technology,engineringanddesignhaveadvancedgivingusnewsolutionstooldproblems"可知，幸运的是，事情不需要再这么有挑战性了。先进的技术、引擎环和设计为我们提供了解决老问题的新方法。所以C选项"科技无法让冬天变得不那么难熬"不符合短文说明的内容。故选C。（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，在科技并不发达的过去，人们可能会为如何在严寒天气里更好地保暖而倍感困扰。现如今，每到严冬时节，虽然温度骤降、天气恶劣，但随着各类智能保暖产品的问世，冬天也能变得舒适宜人。人们凭借科学技术发明了各式各样的防寒方法。比如，用智能电子设备调节屋内和衣物的温度；使用无线科技制造会自动发热的服饰。所以短文的最佳标题为"让现代科技温暖你的冬日"。故B选项"让现代科技温暖你的冬日"符合题意。故选B。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。3．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

Studiesshowthatolderpeopletendtorememberthepositivethingsinliferatherthanthenegativethings,whileyoungerpeoplerememberthepositiveandnegativeequallywell.Thedominantpsychologicaltheorytoexplainthisisthatolderpeopleareawareoftheirlimitedtimeleft,sotheyprioritizepositiveemotionalexperiences.Butaboutadecadeago,IworkedwithbiologistRobertTriversonhisideathattherewasanevolutionarybasisforolderpeople'sincreasedpositiveoutlook.Ourresearchtookusinthefascinatingdirectionofexploringhowthebodyusesitsenergy.

Whenourancestorsneededmoreenergythanusual,perhapswhilebeingchasedbyatiger,theyhadtogetthatenergyfromsomewhereinthebody.Couldtheyborrowitfromthebrain?Thatorganuses20percentofourmetabolic(新陈代谢)output,whetherwearesolvingmathproblemsorwatchingtelevisionreruns.Duetothisconstantenergyrequirement,borrowingenergyfromthebrainwhenourneedsurpassestheavailablesupplyisnotanoption.Perhapswecouldborrowenergyfromourmuscles.Becauseweusefarmoremuscleenergywhenweareactivethanwhenatrest,inprinciple,wecouldborrowenergywhenwearesitting.Buttheproblemisthatmostoftheenergy-demandingemergenciesofourancestorsrequiredamuscularresponse.Therewasnowaytoborrowenergyfromourmusclesduringanemergencybecauserelaxingwhenatigershowedupwasnotaneffectiveresponse.Thisbringsustoourimmunesystem,which,whenstrong,protectsusfrommanyillnessesanddiseases.Likethebrain,theimmunesystemworksatgreatmetaboliccost,butlargelyintheserviceofkeepingushealthyinthefuture.Wehaveanenormousnumberofimmunecellscoursingthroughourbody,amomentarybreakfromproductionisfine.So,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,oneoftheplacesitgoesisourimmunefunction.Whenyou'rebeingchasedbyatiger,youdon'tneedtowasteenergymakingimmunecellstofightofftomorrow'scold.Whatyouneedistoshiftallavailableenergyresourcestoyourlegs,withthehopethatyouwilllivetoexperienceanothercoughorsneeze.

Asaresult,ourimmunesystemevolvedtoruninmaximumamountswhenwe'rehappy,buttoslowdowndramaticallywhenwe'renot.Withthisbackgroundinmind,Triverssupposedthatolderpeopleevolvedastrategyofturningthisrelationshiponitshead,becomingmorefocusedonthepositivethingsinlifeinanefforttoenhancetheirimmunefunctioning.Thiswashelpedalongbytheirknowingmuchmoreabouttheworldthanyoungeradults,sotheycandealwithsomeoftheunpleasantthingsinlifemoreeasily.（1）AccordingtoRobertTrivers,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,______.A.

muscleswillrespondtoitbyrelaxingalittlebitB.

organswillspeedupmetabolicprocessestoansweritC.

immunesystemwilltemporarilyshutdowntofulfillitD.

brainwillsatisfyitbysharingoptionalmetabolicoutput（2）Inparagraph3"thisrelationship"mostprobablyreferstotheonebetween______.A.

experiencesandrelatedknowledge

B.

happinessandbiologicalevolutionC.

immunefunctionandhealth

D.

optimismandlengthoflife（3）WhatcanbeconcludedfromRobertTrivers'study?A.

Youngerpeopleadoptstrategiesofhandlingtensesituationsfromeverydaylife.B.

Ourancestorsevolvedtheirimmunesystemsinfightingagainstfierceanimals.C.

Realizingthattheirdaysarenumbered,olderpeoplepreferbeingpositive.D.

Beingnegativedrainsenergyfromourbody,loweringresistancetodisease.（4）Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.

Brain,musclesandimmunesystem

B.

Age,healthandhappinessC.

Ancestors,emergencyandevolution

D.

Energy,effortandresponse【答案】（1）C（2）D（3）D（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明，老年人往往会记住生活中积极的事物，而不是消极的事物。十年前作者与生物学家罗伯特·特里弗斯合作研究身体是如何使用能量的，他们的发现解释了这一现象。（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Wehaveanenormousnumberofimmunecellscoursingthroughourbody,amomentarybreakfromproductionisfine.So,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,oneoftheplacesitgoesisourimmunefunction.”可知我们的身体里有大量的免疫细胞，暂时停止运作是可以的。因此，当我们的身体需要额外的能量时，（我们的身体）会去找免疫系统。由此可以推断，免疫系统会暂时停止来为身体提供额外的能量。选C。（2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"becomingmorefocusedonthepositivethingsinlifeinanefforttoenhancetheirimmunefunctioning."可知老人们更加关注生活中积极的事物，是为了增强他们的免疫功能。也就是说积极与免疫功能之间有关系，越积极，免疫功能越强，就能活得越久，所有选项中D项（乐观与寿命）之间最切题，故选D。（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"Asaresult,ourimmunesystemevolvedtoruninmaximumamountswhenwe'rehappy,buttoslowdowndramaticallywhenwe'renot."可知当我们快乐时，我们的免疫系统进化到最大程度，但是当我们不快乐时，免疫系统会减弱。由此推断，消极会消耗我们身体的能量，降低对疾病的抵抗力。选D。（4）考查主旨大意。作者开头提出老年人更关注积极的事情，后文提到积极的情绪会增强免疫系统，所以本文主要讲的是年龄，健康与积极的情绪之间的关系，选B。【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。4．阅读理解

Somepeoplesitoutsideforhourswithoutgettingbittenbymosquitoes,butitalwaysseemslikeyou'rebeingeatenalivewithinminutesofsteppingoutdoors.

Ifthisisyou,you'renotalone.AccordingtoSmithsonianMagazine,around20percentofpeopleintheworldareespeciallytastytomosquitoes.Whataboutthesepeoplemakesmosquitoes'mouthswater?

Apopularmythclaimsthatmosquitoesprefercertainbloodtypes,butthefactisthattheysimplycan'ttellwhatyourbloodtypeisfromafarawayplace.JonathonDay,aprofessorofmedicalentomology(昆虫学)attheUniversityofFloridaintheUS,toldNBCit'snotcomplicated."Thetwomostimportantreasonsamosquitoisattractedtoyouhavetodowithsightandsmell."

Mosquitoesareespeciallyactiveinthelateafternoon.Whileflyingalong,theyusetheirsenseofsmelltofindpossibletargets.Theyfindvictims(攻击对象)bysmellingthecarbondioxide(CO2)breathedoutbyhumansandanimals.That'swhyyoucommonlyfindthemincrowdedstreetsandparks.

JoopvanLoon,anentomologistatWageningenUniversityintheNetherlands,toldLiveScience,"Mosquitoesstartorienting(使......朝向)themselvestocarbondioxideandkeepflyingupwindastheysensehigherconcentrations(浓度)."

Asaresult,peoplewhosimplyexhale(呼出)moreofthegasovertime–generally,largerpeople–havebeenshowntoattractmoremosquitoesthanothers."Thisiswhykidsdon'tgetbittenasmuch...asadults,"USprofessorTedRosentoldScienceAlert.

ThisloveforCO2canalsoputpregnantwomenatincreasedriskformosquitobites,astheytendtoexhale21percentmoreCO2thanpeopleofthesameageandsizewhoaren'tpregnant.

Inadditiontocarbondioxide,thecoloroftheclothesyouwearalsoplaysaroleinattractingmosquitoes.

AccordingtoLiveScience,mosquitoescanlockontotargetsfromupto50metersaway.Atthisdistance,whatwewearhasahugeeffect.Duetotheirvision(视觉),peoplewearingdarkcolorsaremorelikelytobecometargets.

Beingbittenbymosquitoesisannoying,butdon'tworry.Somesimpletipscanhelpwardthemoff.Scientistsrecommendthatweuseinsectrepellent(驱虫剂)andwearlight-coloredclothing.（1）Howdomosquitoeslocatetheirtargets,accordingtothearticle?A.Byseekingoutbrightclothes.B.Byidentifyingdifferentbloodtypes.C.Bysensinganincreaseofcarbondioxide.D.Byfollowingbiggercrowds.（2）Whyarepregnantwomenmorelikelytobebittenbymosquitoes?A.Theirlargersizehelpsmosquitoestoseethem.B.TheybreatheoutmoreCO2.C.Theyaremorelikelytosweat.D.Theirbodytemperaturesarehigher.（3）Howdoesthearticleadviseyoutoavoidmosquitoes?A.Exerciseregularly.B.Wearlight-coloredclothing.C.Keepyourskindryandclean.D.Stayindoorsintheevening.（4）What'sthearticlemainlyabout?A.Anewfindingaboutmosquitoes.B.Howpeoplecanavoidmosquitobites.C.Apopularmythaboutmosquitoes.D.Whysomepeoplearemoreattractivetomosquitoesthanothers.【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）B（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了为什么有些人可以整个夏天坐在户外乘凉却不被蚊子叮咬，而有些人一出门就好像要被蚊子吃掉一样。（1）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Whileflyingalong,theyusetheirsenseofsmelltofindpossibletargets.Theyfindvictimsbysmellingthecarbondioxide(CO2)breathedoutbyhumansandanimals.”飞的时候，它们用嗅觉发现目标。它们通过闻人和动物呼出的二氧化碳来锁定目标；以及第五段中的“Mosquitoesstartorientingthemselvestocarbondioxideandkeepflyingupwindastheysensehigherconcentrations”蚊子开始飞向有二氧化碳的地方，当它们感知到高浓度的二氧化碳时，就保持逆流飞行，可知，蚊子通过感知二氧化碳的增加来锁定目标。故选C。（2）考查细节理解。根据第七段“ThisloveforCO2canalsoputpregnantwomenatincreasedriskformosquitobites,astheytendtoexhale21percentmoreCO2thanpeopleofthesameageandsizewhoaren'tpregnant.”对二氧化碳的喜欢使得孕妇很容易被蚊子咬，因为她们比正常相同年龄，相同体型的人呼出多余21%的二氧化碳，可知，孕妇呼出更多的二氧化碳，所以更招蚊子咬。故选B。（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Scientistsrecommendthatweuseinsectrepellentandwearlight-coloredclothing.”科学家建议我们使用驱虫剂或者穿浅颜色的衣服。可知，文章建议我们可以通过穿浅色衣服来避免蚊子叮咬。故选B。（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“AccordingtoSmithsonianMagazine,around20percentofpeopleintheworldareespeciallytastytomosquitoes.Whataboutthesepeoplemakesmosquitoes'mouthswater?”根据Smithsonian杂志，世界上大约20%的人容易招蚊子咬。为什么这些人非常吸引蚊子呢？可知，本文探讨的话题是：为什么一些人比其他人更容易招蚊子。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。5．阅读理解

Citytreesgrowfasteranddieyoungerthantreesinruralforestry,anewstudyfinds.Overtheirlifetimes,then,urbantreeswilllikelyabsorblessCO2fromtheairthanforesttrees.

Asweallknow,theearthwouldbefreezingorburninghotwithoutCO2.However,CO2isagreenhousegas,meaningittrapsenergyfromthesunas/heat.Thatmakestemperaturesnearthegroundrise.Humanactivities,especiallythewidespreadburning-offossil(化石)fuels,havebeensendingextragreenhousegasesintotheair.Thishasledtoariseinaveragetemperaturesacrosstheglobe.

StudieshadshownforestsreadilyabsorbCO2,buttherehadn'tbeenmuchdataonwhethercitytreesgrow,dieandabsorbCO2atthesamerateasforesttreesdo.Sosomeresearchersdecidedtofindout.

Tofigureouthowquicklytreesweregrowing,researcherstrackedtheirdiameters(thewidthoftheirtrunks)between2005and2014.Atree'sdiameterincreasesasitgrows,justasaperson'swaistsizeincreasesastheygainweight.Abouthalftheweightofatreeiscarbon,researchhasshown.Mostoftherestiswater.Overthenineyears'tracking,theresearchersfoundcitytreesabsorbedfourtimesasmuchcarbonfromtheairasforesttrees.However,theyweretwiceaslikelytodie.Sooverthelifetimeofeachtypeoftree,foresttreesactuallyabsorbedmoreCO2.

Citytreesgrewfasterbecausetheyhadlesscompetitionforlightfromtheirneighbors.Inaforest，treestendtogrowclosetogether，shadingtheirneighbors.Streettreesalsobenefitfromhigherlevelsofnitrogen(氮)inrainwater.Nitrogenhelpsplantsgrow.Wastegasesfromgas-burningcarsalsocontainnitrogen,thusenrichingcityairwithnitrogen.Later,rainwatermaywashmuchofittotheground.Somestreettreesmayalsohavebetteraccesstowaterthantreesinthecountrybecausetheundergroundwaterpipescanleak.（1）WhatcanheknownaboutCO2fromparagraph2?A.

Itisoneofthesideeffectsofgreenhouses.B.

Itgreatlyacceleratestheprocessofglobalwarming.C.

Itresultsfromthewidespreadburningoffossilfuels.D.

Itpreventstheearthfrombecomingunsuitabletoliveon.（2）Whydidresearcherstrackthediametersoftrees?A.

Toknowabouttheirgrowthrates.

B.

Tofindouthowmuchtheyweigh.C.

Tocheckwhethertheywerehealthy.

D.

Toassessthecarbonamountsinthem.（3）Whatadvantagedocitytreeshaveoverforesttrees?A.

Theyaremorelikelytoaccessgrowthpromoters.B.

Theycanenjoymorewatercomingfromtheair.C.

Theycanenjoymoreshadefromneighbors.D.

Theyarebetteratcompetingforlight.（4）Whatwillprobablybetalkedaboutifthepassageiscontinued?A.

Howurbantreescanlivelonger.

B.

Whycitylivingmakestreesdieyoung.C.

Howtreesrespondtodrysoilconditions.

D.

Whyfaster-growingtreesabsorbmoreC02.【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）A（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。一项新的研究发现：与长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快，但死得更早。（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“theearthwouldbefreezingorburninghotwithoutCO2.”可知，如果没有二氧化碳，地球将会极冷或极热。可以推断，二氧化碳可以防止地球变得不适合居住。故选D。（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Tofigureonhowquicklytreesweregrowing,researcherstrackedtheirdiameters.”可知，研究人员监测树木的直径是为了了解树木的生长速度。故选A。（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Streettreesalsobenefitfromhigherlevelsofnitrogen(氮）inrainwater.Nitrogenhelpsplantsgrow.Wastegasesfromgas-burningcarsalsocontainnitrogen,thusenrichingcityairwithnitrogen.Later,rainwatermaywashmuchofittotheground.”可知，与生长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快是因为它们无需与邻近的树木争夺光照，也能得到更多的氮量，还更容易得到水。光、氮和水都可以促进树木的生长。由此可以推断，城市里的树木比森林中的树木更可能获得生长促进剂。故选A。（4）考查推理判断。首句就提到了一项新的研究结果：城市里的树木比森林中的树木长得更快，但死得更早；文章第三段说到“以前有研究表明森林会吸收二氧化碳，但是城市里的树木的生长、死亡和吸收二氧化碳的速度是否跟森林中的树木一样，这方面的数据不多。因此一些研究人员决定弄清楚”；文章第四段再次介绍了他们的研究发现：城市里的树木比森林中的树木长得更快，但死得更早；文章最后一段介绍了城市里的树木比森林中的树木生长得更快的几个原因。由此可以推断，文章接下来很可能就要介绍城市里的树木死得更早的原因。故选B。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。6．阅读理解

It'scommonknowledgethatthewomaninLeonardodaVinci'smostfamouspaintingseemstolookbackatobservers,followingthemwithhereyesnomatterwheretheystandintheroom.Butthiscommonknowledgeturnsoutwrong.

Anewstudyfindsthatthewomaninthepaintingisactuallylookingoutatananglethat's15.4degreesofftotheobserver'sright­welloutsideoftherangethatpeoplenormallybelievewhentheythinksomeoneislookingrightatthem.Inotherwords,saidthestudyauthor,Horstmann,"She'snotlookingatyou."Thisissomewhatironic,becausetheentirephenomenonofaperson'sgaze(凝视)inaphotographorpaintingseemingtofollowthevieweriscalledthe"MonaLisaeffect".Thateffectisabsolutelyreal,Horstmannsaid.Ifapersonisillustratedorphotographedlookingstraightahead,evenpeopleviewingtheportraitfromananglewillfeeltheyarebeinglookedat.Aslongastheangleoftheperson'sgazeisnomorethanabout5degreesofftoeitherside,theMonaLisaeffectoccurs.

Thisisimportantforhumaninteractionwithon-screencharacters.Ifyouwantsomeoneofftotherightsideofaroomtofeelthatapersonon-screenislookingathimorher,youdon'tcutthegazeofthecharactertothatside­surprisingly,doingsowouldmakeanobserverfeellikethecharacterisn'tlookingatanyoneintheroomatall.Instead,youkeepthegazestraightahead.

Horstmannandhisco-authorwerestudyingthiseffectforitsapplicationinthecreationofartificial-intelligenceavatars(虚拟头像)whenHorstmanntookalonglookatthe"MonaLisa"andrealizedshewasn'tlookingathim.

Tomakesureitwasn'tjusthim,theresearchersasked24peopletoviewimagesofthe"MonaLisa"onacomputerscreen.TheysetarulerbetweentheviewerandthescreenandaskedtheparticipantstonotewhichnumberontherulerintersectedMonaLisa'sgaze.TocalculatetheangleofMonaLisa'sgazeasshelookedattheviewer,theymovedtherulerfartherfromorclosertothescreenduringthestudy.Consistently,theresearchersfound,participantsjudgedthatthewomaninthe"MonaLisa"portraitwasnotlookingstraightatthem,butslightlyofftotheirright.

Sowhydopeoplerepeatthebeliefthathereyesseemtofollowtheviewer?Horstmannisn'tsure.It'spossible,hesaid,thatpeoplehavethedesiretobelookedat,sotheythinkthewomanislookingstraightatthem.Ormaybethepeoplewhofirstcoinedtheterm"MonaLisaeffect"justthoughtitwasacoolname.（1）Itisgenerallybelievedthatthewomaninthepainting"MonaLisa"

.A.

attractstheviewerstolookback

B.

seemsmysteriousbecauseofhereyesC.

fixeshereyesonthebackoftheviewers

D.

looksattheviewerswherevertheystand（2）WhatgazerangeinapaintingwillcausetheMonaLisaeffect?A.

B.

C.

D.

（3）Theexperimentinvolving24peoplewasconductedto

.A.

confirmHorstmann'sbeliefB.

createartificial-intelligenceavatarsC.

calculatetheangleofMonaLisa'sgazeD.

explainhowtheMonaLisaeffectcanbeapplied（4）Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.

Horstmannthinksit'scooltocointheterm"MonaLisaeffect".B.

TheMonaLisaeffectcontributestothecreationofartificialintelligence.C.

FeelingbeinggazedatbyMonaLisamaybecausedbythedesireforattention.D.

Thepositionoftherulerintheexperimentwillinfluencetheviewers'judgement.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）A（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，众所周知列奥纳多·达·芬奇最著名的画作中的女人，无论站在房间的哪个角落，似乎都会回头看着观察者，用她的眼睛跟随他们。一项新研究发现这一常识是错误的，研究发现人们有被蒙娜丽莎凝视的感觉可能是因为人们渴望被关注。（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“It'scommonknowledgethatthewomaninLeonardodaVinci'smostfamouspaintingseemstolookbackatobservers,followingthemwithhereyesnomatterwheretheystandintheroom.”众所周知，列奥纳多·达·芬奇最著名的画作中的女人，无论站在房间的哪个角落，似乎都会回头看着观察者，用她的眼睛跟随他们。可知人们普遍认为，《蒙娜丽莎》中的女人无论站在哪里都会看着观众。故选D。（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Aslongastheangleoftheperson'sgazeisnomorethanabout5degreesofftoeitherside,theMonaLisaeffectoccurs.”只要这个人的凝视角度不超过5度左右，就会出现蒙娜丽莎效应。可知只要凝视角度不超过5度左右，就会出现蒙娜丽莎效应。故选B。（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“Tomakesureitwasn'tjusthim,theresearchersasked24peopletoviewimagesofthe"MonaLisa"onacomputerscreen.”为了确保不仅仅是他，研究人员让24个人在电脑屏幕上观看"蒙娜丽莎"的

图像。可知研究人员对24人进行了实验是为了证实霍斯特曼的观点。故选A。（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“It'spossible,hesaid,thatpeoplehavethedesiretobelookedat,sotheythinkthewomanislookingstraightatthem.”他说，人们有被注视的欲望是可能的，所以他们认为女人在直视他们。可推知人们有被蒙娜丽莎凝视的感觉可能是因为人们渴望被关注。故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。7．阅读理解

Whenitcomestomoderncommunication,securityisabigconcern.Itseemslikewe'reforeverhearingabouthackersleaking(泄露)emails,passwordsandotherimportantpersonalinformation.

ButthankstoabreakthroughbyChinesescientists,whowonthe2018NewcombClevelandPrizeinFebruary,wemaysoonneverhavetoworryaboutourdataagain.ThisisthankstothesatellitecalledMiciusthatusescutting-edgetechnologytosendandreceiveinformation.

Miciusisthefirstsatelliteofitskindtousequantumkeydistribution(量子密匙分发),whichusesparticles(粒子)thattransmit(传输)lighttotransferinformationfromonepointtoanother.Currently,itcancommunicatewithtwobasestations(基站),bothofwhicharelocatedhighupinthemountainsintwodifferentareasofTibet,around1,200kilometersapart.Dataissentbetweenthesatelliteandoneofthebasestationsintheformofarayoflight.Thismakesitalmostimpossiblefordatasentandreceivedusingquantum