机器翻译的错误类型分析与译后编辑策略--以《全球城市》汉译英项目为例

Withthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,machinetranslationhasbeenwidelyappliedintranslationactivicities,whichhelpseasetheburdenoftranslationandimproveefficiencyandconsistency.However,limitedtotheautomaticprocessofmachinetranslationsystem,machinetranslationsometimesproducestargettextswithaqualityfarbelowthatofprofessionaltranslatorsandthestandardrequiredbyclients.Inthisregard,post-editingisanindispensablepartofmachine-aidedtranslationprojects,whichensuresabalancebetweentranslationefficiencyandquality.Thisthesisdiscussestheapplicationofthemachinetranslationandpost-editingmodelintheGlobalCityproject,aChinese-Englishtranslationproject.Thisthesissummarizesthemainlimitationsofmachinetranslationinthisprojectfromtwoperspectives:lexisandsyntax.Onthelexicallevel,theerrorsmadebymachineincludetheredundancyandmistakesinsingularandplural;onthesyntaxlevel,theerrorsincludetheinaccuratesubject,unclearlogicandwrongtenseinsomesentences.Accordingly,theauthorputsforwardcorrespondingsolutionstotheaforementionedlimitations.Throughanalyzingthelimitationsofmachinetranslationandprovidingpost-editingsolutions,thisthesisaimstoprovidepracticalpost-editingsolutionsfortranslationinsimilarprojectsandmakesomecluesforthefuturestudiesofmachinetranslationandpost-editingmodel.Keywords:machinetranslation;post-editing;global致 摘 引 第一章《全球城市》项目概况与机器翻译的应 一、项目概 二、文本特 三、“机器翻译+译后编辑”模式的应用优 第二章《全球城市》项目机器译文中的问 一、词汇层 （一）词汇冗 （二）单复数误 二、句法层 （一）主语误 （二）逻辑关系混 （三）时态误 第三章译后编辑策 一、词汇层 （一）检查名词和名词短 （二）合理运用替代，避免无意义重 二、句法层 （一）依据上下文语境，补充或调整主 （二）切分重组句子，理顺逻辑关 （三）厘清主次信息，优化传递效 （四）明确原文时态，修正谓语动词形 结 参考文 附 232017年出版的城市研究YiCAT在线辅助翻译平台由上海一者信息科技有限公司（Tmxmall）自主研过程中先使用YiCAT在线辅助翻译平台接入谷歌翻译引擎，对全球城市项目原YiCAT在线辅助翻译平台有效地提高了翻译效率。首先，经理和老师审核并编制高频词术语表。笔者在初译时，将术语表加载到YiCATExcel1机器译文及译后编辑：Theseearlysporadicstudieshaveformedthebasisoftheglobal/worldcityliterature.2机器译文及译后编辑：Becausethecontentexplainedbythetheoryofglobalurbancityevolutionincludesissupposedtocovernotonlysometherandommutationsordisturbancesexperiencedbythesevariablesorsystems,butalsothemechanismforbywhichtheexistingmutationsaresystematicallyscreeningexistingvariationsscreened.3机器译文及译后编辑：Hymer(1972)studiedcitiesaroundtheworldwiththemethodofpoliticaleconomyusedpoliticalandeconomicmethodstostudycitiesaroundtheworld,andfoundthattheemergenceoftransnationalcorporationsledtothetendencyofhigh-levelcorporatedecision-makingofcompaniestobeconcentratedinafewmajorcities.,andHeproposedthecorrespondingenceprinciple,namelycentralizedcontrolwithintransnationalcorporationsandconcentrationwithinisconsistentwiththatintheinternationaleconomyThecontrolisconsistent.”（Hymer……少数主要城市的倾向4机器译文及译后编辑：Friedmann(1986)putforwardthefamousworldcityhypothesisofworldcitiesbasedontheeconomicmethods:(1)theintegrationofacityintotheworldeconomyisadecisivefactorforthestructuralchangesthattakeplacewithinit;(2)majorcitiesareaffected“usedas‘basingpoints’by“globalcapitalinthespatialorganizationandjointsofproductionandmarkets”Sspatialorganizationandjointsareusedas“basispoints”,makingitpossibletoarrangeglobalcitiesintoa“complexspatialhierarchy”basedonsuchanorganizations;(3)Ttheglobalcontrolfunctionofworldcitiesisreflectedintheirproductionsectorsdepartments;(4)theworldcityiesisarethemainnetworksitesfortheinternationalcapitalaccumulationandconcentrationofinternationalcapital;(5)Wworldcitieshaveexperiencedthegreatmigrationofdomesticandforeignresidentsgreatmigrationofresidentsathomeandabroad;(6)Theworldcityiscitiesareaffectedbycapitalism’sopposingsocietycapitalistoppositesocieties,soitisandarethereforesubjecttothepolarizationofspaceandclass(7)Ttheprice-basedsocialcostgeneratedatratesbyofworldurbancitydevelopmentoftenexceedsthefinancialcapacityofcountriescountry’sfinancialcapacity.”MQM/DQF5机器译文：Howevertheconceptofproductionfunctionforideasshowsthattheexistingknowledgeofideashasitslimitations...英语中是不必要的，译文中的“productionfunctionforideas”已经传递出了原文的含义，添加“theconceptof”反而是画蛇添足，不仅造成译文信息过度冗余，6机器译文：Inthisresearchwork,wefirstsortoutalargenumberofglobalcityliterature,including...7机器译文：Thisisthemaindifficultyandchallengewefaceinstudyingtheevolutionofglobalcities,anditalsomeans...字对字地译为“difficultyandchallenge”则造成了译文的信息过度冗余，违背了8机器译文：Theseshortcomingsanddeficiencies,inasense,leavealotofroomforfutureresearchonglobalurbanevolution.9However,oncetheBRICScountriesbecomethemaincoreofunitingtheworldinthefuture,theinternationalorderwillundergoessentialchangesandmoveinapositivedirection.BecausetheBRICcountriesarenotfiveseparatecountries...不动地保留了重复部分，将第二句中的“金砖国家”仍旧对等地译为“BRIC10机器译文：Sassen1991)putforwardtheglobalcitytheoryfromtheperspectiveofthestrategicfunctionofadvancedproducerservices,emphasizingthatglobalcitiesactasaccesspointsforproducerstoentertheglobaleconomy,andthe“packagecomplementarity”ofgeographicallyadjacentbusinessservice分析：在本例中，机器翻译将原文中的“接入点”译成“accesspoints”，表示复数概念，单从语法上来看和同样使用复数形式的主语“globalcities”保持机器译文：First,itcomprehensivelyrevealsthesystematicselectionpowerofglobalurbanevolutionandgivesadetailedexplanation.12于探索和推理新的世界经济版图（Frbel，HeinrichsandKreye，1977）。机器译文：Theliteratureonglobalcityatthattimepresentedthecharacteristicsof“economicorientation”,andthemaininterestwastoexploreandaboutthenewworldeconomicmap(Frbel,HeinrichsandKreye,别出二者之间真正的关系，将原文的后半句以“themaininterest”作主语单独成13机器译文：Insomeglobalurbanchanges,therearestronggroupselection机器翻译没有判断出正确的语态，将本句译成“therebe”句型，弱化了被动的（201014机器译文：Atthesametime,wemustpayattentiontotheexistenceofinertialforce,whichprovidesalastingguaranteeforsurvivorsinthescreening.15机器译文：Althoughcitiesaremanifestedasvariousrealexistences,suchasvariousinfrastructuresandbuildings,includingintangiblecultures,customs,systems,etc.,becauseorderlymaterialsareonlyacertainstateofinformationstorage,theycanessentiallybeattributedtoinformation.16机器译文：Theactualobjectofthecityistheurbanphenomenonthatcanbedirectlyobservedbyexternalobservers,suchasurbanform,urbanstyle,urbanlandscape,etc.Itsaccumulationandcarryingprofoundhistoricalcultureconstitutethebasisofurbanknowledge.17Bunge（1977）指出的，能量作为对信息生产和保存最普遍的AsBunge1977)pointedout,energy,asthemostuniversalconstraintoninformationproductionandpreservation,hasbecometheultimateconceptualbuildingblock.分析：原文中出现夹注标记“（1977）”，Bunge1977年发表的文献。机器译文中的谓语动词是“pointedout”，使用的是一般过去时，Bunge发表的研究成果实际是作者用来佐证自身观点，即作者Bunge的结论迄今仍是正确的，这一情况下通常应使用一般现在时。同时，本句也未体现过去的动作或状态持续对现在造成的影响，现在完成时“has18机器译文：Basedonthepreliminaryconstructionofthetheoreticalframeworkofglobalurbanevolution,weuseittoconductacasestudyofthefutureevolutionofShanghaiasaglobalcity.译后编辑可以分为两个级别：快速译后编辑（Lightpost-editing）和完全译后编辑（Fullpost-editing）（崔启亮，2014）。根据本项目的实际要求，采取的译文，删减译文中过度的冗余成分，如上文提及的例6、76中的“研究工作”的机器译文为“researchwork”，在译后编辑时，就要将“work”删减去；7difficultyandchallenge”，在译difficultychallenge”两者中的一个，删减去另一个。19原文：在经济中，这种反射能力机器译文；Intheeconomythisreflectionabilitymeansactivelyparticipatingincompetitivelearning;insocietyandconsumption,thiskindofreflectionabilityistodealwiththecorrespondingsituationbroughtaboutbyeconomicreflectioninordertoobtain“satisfaction”...译后编辑：Intheeconomicactivities,suchreflectivecapabilitymeansahighmotivationtojoinincompetitivestudy.Inthesocietyandconsumption,itistogainsatisfactionwhendealingwithcorrespondingsituationbroughtbyeconomicreflection……20机器译文：Therefore,theshiftoftheworldeconomy’scenterofgravitymeanstheshiftofthecenterofglobalization.Asaresult,globalcitiesasindividualgroupstendtoweakeninsomeplaces,whileglobalcitiesasindividualgroupstendtoprosperinotherplaces.译后编辑：Therefore,theshiftoftheworld’seconomiccenterofgravitymeanstheshiftofthecenterofglobalization,whichbringsaboutthedeclineofglobalcitiesasanindividualgroupinsomeregionswhileprosperityinothers.21机器译文：Thefirstisthesystematicintegrationofglobalcitytheoreticalperspectives,notonlyintegratingconsistentlydevelopedtheoreticalperspectivesandcomplementarytheoreticalperspectives,butmoreimportantly,integratingcompletelydifferenttheoreticalperspectives.Thesecondistotentativelyputforwardtheassumptionsandcorecategoriesoftheglobalcityontology,regardlessofwhetheritismatureorperfect,whichisrarelyseenintheexistingliterature.Thethirdistoinitiallyformasimpleparadigmoutlineofglobalcitytheory,whichprovidesauniquenewperspectivefortheevolutionofglobalcities.makeasystematiccombinationoftheoriesandviewpointsonglobalcity,whichmeansnotonlytocombinetheconsistentandcomplementaryones,butalsotoreconfiguretheinconsistentones.tentativelymakeanontologicaldefinitionofglobalcitiesanddefineitscorecategory,regardlessoftheirmaturityorevolutionarystage.Suchattemptisrarelyseenintheexistingliterature.outlineasimplifiedparadigmofglobalcitytheory,providingnewinsightsintotheevolutionofglobalcities.heistishesondishethidis因此，在译后编辑时，本例中的三个句子统一改用主语“”，同时，为了让22机器译文：Theexistingliteraturehasdifferentdefinitionsandunderstandingsofglobalcities,andevenusesdifferentterms(worldcities)toexpress.译后编辑：Researchershavedevelopedvariousdefinitionsandunderstandingsofglobalcities(alsoreferredtoasworldcities)accordingtoavailable译，将“theexistingliterature”作为译文的主语，导致主语的模糊。考虑到原文thesametime,wemustpayattentiontotheexistenceofinertialforce,whichprovidesalastingguaranteeforsurvivorsinthescreening.”译后编辑时，将“which”修改为“asit”，定语从句变为原因状语从句，就可以凸显出原文的因果关系。23机器译文：Cohen1981)consideredtheneedsofenterprisesforadvancedproducerservicesandlinkedthesenewrequirementswiththeemergenceofaseriesofglobalcities,expandingHymer’sattentiontomultinationalcompaniesincities,notonlytakingglobalcitiesasthecenterofcorporateheadquarters,Asthecenterofinternationalbankingandstrategiccorporateservices,itisbelievedthatonlyplaceswithextensiveinternationalbusinessinstitutionscantrulybecalledworldcities.译后编辑：Consideringcompaniesdemandsforadvancedproducerservices,Cohen(1981)extendedtheHymer’sresearchinterestonmultinationalcompaniesincitiesbyconnectingtheemergenceofnewrequirementswiththeriseofglobalcities.Heviewedtheglobalcitiesnotonlyasthecentersoftheheadquartersbutalsoasthehubsofinternationalbankingandstrategicenterpriseservices,advocatingthatonlyplaceswithextensivenetworkofinternationalbusinessinstitutionscanbecalledworldcities.CohenHymer对城市中跨国公司的关注，因此，在译后24机器译文：Howeveratpresent,theevolutionofglobalcitieshasnotyetformedanindependentresearchbranch.Somesporadicviewsandideasarescatteredintheresearchofglobalcitiesandneedtobescreenedandextracted.译后编辑：Asevolutionaryresearchofglobalcitieshasnotyetformedindependentacademicsub-field,differenttheoriesandinsightsshouldbeselectedandsummarizedfromsubject-relatedstudiesonglobalcities.作为全球城市理论的一个重要组成部分，主要涉及演化主体及本体论……等内容”，与本句的前半部分“但目前全球城市演化尚未形成专门独立的研究分支”s25原文：同时，Cohen在比较实证分析中把跨国公司组织结构和城市网络之机器译文：Atthesametime,Cohencombinedtherelationshipbetweentheorganizationalstructureofmultinationalcompaniesandtheurbannetworkinacomparativeempiricalanalysistodescribetheglobalsystemanditsinternalhierarchicalorder.译后编辑：AtthesametimeCohendescribedtheglobalsystemanditsinternalhierarchicalorderbycombiningtheorganizationalstructureoftransnationalcorporationsandurbannetworksinhiscomparativeempiricalanalysis.26际上决定了城市演化中变异和选择性保留的结果，有些随时间推移消失机器译文：Becausethesurvivalvalueofinformationisdifferent,sometimeislong,sometimeisshort,soitactuallydeterminestheresultofmutationandselectiveretentioninurbanevolution,somedisappearedovertime,andsome译后编辑：Thelifeperiodofinformationisdifferent:someinformationlastsalongtimewhilesomevanishessoonSuchdifferenceinturnaffectsthemutationandselectivepreservationprocessduringtheevolutionofcities,leavingsomepartspreservedwhileothersdisappeared.27Second,theriseofmultinationalcorporationsandthenewinternationaldivisionoflaborhaveledtoaninterestinthestudyofcitiesas“controlandcommandcenters”andtheconcentrationofurbancorporate译后编辑：Second,emergingmultinationalcorporationsandnewdivisionoflabourledtoresearchoncitiesascommandandcontrolcenterswheretheheadquartersofenterprisesweretobelocated.译为“haveledto”，使用的是现在完成时。但是原文的上一句是“全球城市研2070年代的三大发展：第一，1971文的时态，在译后编辑时，要把“haveledto”改为一般过去时的“ledto”。28原文：正如Latour（2005）所说，不是“行动者”（其积极行动）或“系机器译文：AsLatour(2005)said,itisnot“actors”(whoseactiveactions)or“systems”(whoseperformanceispassive),butsocialentitiesof“autonomouspeople”,thelives,materialstructuresorinstitutionstheyareawareof.译后编辑：AsLatour2005)says,itisnot“anactor”(positiveaction)or“asystem”(passiveaction),butasocialentity(life,materialstructureorinstitutionawared)of“autonomouspeople”.17中同样的夹注标记引Latour2005年的发表的文献中论述这一行为，而是概括Latour的观点，作为不受时间限制的科学事实ISO.Translationservices—Post-editingofmachinetranslationoutput—MOORKENSJ,CASTILHOS,GASPARIF,etal.TranslationQualityAssessment:FromPrinciplestoPractice[M].Switzerland:SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,2018.崔启亮.论机器翻译的译后编辑[J].中国翻译，2014(6):68-冯全功，张慧玉.全球语言服务行业背景下译后编辑者培养研究[J].外语刘阿英.汉英翻译中的主与次[J].北京第二外国语学院学报.2003(6):73-娄宏亮.关于汉英翻译中重复现象的分析[J].外语教学与研究，2007(25):17-罗季美，李梅.机器翻译译文错误分析[J].中国翻译，2012(5):84-[J]83- 王华树.语言服务的协同创新与规范发展——2016中国语言服务业大会暨王俊英.汉英翻译中冗余信息的处理策略[J]肖俊.浅谈名词的复数译法[J].中学课程辅导（教师通讯 曾龙华，周坤.英汉句法结构对比与翻译[J].湖北广播电视大学学报，2013(6):95-邹申.英语专业写作教学语料库建设与研究[M]Researchhighlights,innovationsand践的意义所在。但思想生产函数（productionfunctionforideas）概念表明，现有Sincetheevolutionofglobalcitiesisapractice-basedprocess,theevolutionarytheoryofglobalcitiesessentiallystemsfromthegrowthofpracticalknowledgeanditshigh-levelabstraction.However,thegrowthofideas(theory)doesn’tonlydependonthegrowthofpracticalknowledge,instead,ideascanachieveself-developmentbasedontheexistingonesasanautocatalyticprocessinwhichideasbegetideas.Thisistheso-calleddynamicsofideacreation.Inthissense,theevolutionofglobalcitiesisalsodrivenbythegrowthofideas(theory).However,productionfunctionforideasshowsthatexistingideashavelimitations,andwhatisworseisthatthestockofideasaboutthedynamicevolutionofglobalcityisnotsufficientandthorough.Moreover,despitethenon-rivalpropertyofinformationthatanideacanbeusedanynumberoftimes,applyingmoreresearcheffortstoagivenstockofideaswilleventuallyleadtodiminishingreturns(Machlup,1962),whichisthemainchallengewefaceinstudyingtheevolutionofglobalcities.Toaddressit,wemustmakegreaterinnovationandbreakthroughsintheory.Intheresearch,thepreliminaryworkistoreviewalargenumberofliteraturesonglobalcities,whichmeanstograspthedevelopmentofprevioustheoricalresearchonglobalcities,categorizedifferenttheoriesandviewpoints,andtoexploreinterrelationsbetweenvariousviewpoints.Bydoingso,weneedtocreateasimpleparadigmofglobalcitytheoryinsteadofsimplyapplyingtheexistingresearchresults.Wewill:makeasystematiccombinationoftheoriesandviewpointsonglobalcity,whichmeansnotonlytocombinetheconsistentandcomplementaryones,butalsotoreconfiguretheinconsistentones.tentativelymakeanontologicaldefinitionofglobalcitiesanddefineitscorecategory,regardlessoftheirmaturityorevolutionarystage.Suchattemptisrarelyseenintheexistingliterature.outlineasimplifiedparadigmofglobalcitytheory,providingnewinsightsintotheevolutionofglobalcities.Theefforttoestablishatheoreticalframeworkforglobalcities’evolutionrequirescreativeandtentativeexploration.Inthisbook,effortshavebeenmadetofullydiscoverandelaborateonthemechanismofsystematicselection,becausethetheoryofglobalcities’evolutionissupposedtocovernotonlytherandommutationsordisturbancesexperiencedbythevariablesorsystems,butalsothemechanismbywhichtheexistingmutationsaresystematicallyscreened.Theevolutionofsomeglobalcitiesisgreatlydrivenbypopulationselection,andtheselectivecriteriaofwhichisanextremelycomplicatedmechanismtoprobeinto.Onlywhenthesecriteriaareclearlyidentifiedcanthetheoryofevolutiongeneratesoundexplanationsor,tosomeextent,predictions.Otherwise,itsexplanatorypowerwillbelimited.Besides,themajorelementsoftheglobalcities’evolutionresearch,namelythevisionsandpredictionsovernewdevelopment,andthecreationoftheoryandmodelofscalableactivities,willbetestedinpractice,becausetheglobalcities’evolutionisinfluencedbyinseparablefactorslikeindividual-learning,organizationaladaptationandenvironmentalselection.Itisthuscrucialtofindouthowtheglobalcitiesrespondtoanumberofexogenouschangesatnationalandgloballevelsandwhattheendogenouslygeneratedinitiativesdominatedbythecreationofneweconomicactivitiesandfunctionsare.Assuch,itrequiresacomprehensiveresearchontheexogenousstimuli,anin-depthanalysisoftheneweconomicactivitiesanditsfunction-creation,aswellastherelationshipbetweenthem.Attentionmustalsobepaidtotheinertialimpactsofevolution,asitgivesthesurvivorsfromtheevolutionalastingcompetitiveness.Furthermore,attemptshavebeenmadetoclarifytheinterdependencebetweenthethreebasicforcesthatpropeltheglobalcities’evolution,aswhichcannotbereducedtomerelytheselectiontowardsbehavioralvariations,microscopicdiversityorfunctionaltransitionpatterns.Factorsaffectingtheirdevelopmentalprocessmustbetakenintoconsideration,otherwisetheframeworkwillbeseriouslyflawed.Anditisthroughsuchdevelopmentalprocess,acitycanachieveitsinnovationineconomicactivitiesandfunctions.Therelationshipamongthethreeforcesdependsonwhetherthe“better”approachtoeconomicdevelopmentcanbecomemorevaluedovertime.Thisresearchalsoseekstofigureouttheroletheinstitutionalframeworkplaysinglobalcities’evolutionandparticularlyitspracticalvalueforthedevelopmentfromadynamicpointofview,becausetheseinstitutionsandorganizationshavealsoundergoneanevolutionaryprocessofmutation,selectionanddevelopment.Giventhis,theevolutionaryframeworkshouldincludeboththeevolutionwithintheinstitutionalstructureandthatofthestructureitself.（（以相对频率高的全球城市目标定位为参照系在不确定世界中抓住相对确定的主要变量，在双重复杂性中梳理出主要变化趋Afterthetheoreticalframeworkofglobalcities’evolutionhastakenitsinitialshape,wewillattempttoapplytheframeworktothecasestudyofthefutureevolutionofShanghaiasaglobalcity.Strategicresearchesusedtosetdevelopmentalvisionorgoalsforacitybyreferringtoitsjudgementsortraditionalthoughtsinhistoricalstudiesthatassumesthepastandthefuturearesymmetricalunderaninvariablelaw,orbycomparinganexternalsystemsuchascitieswitharelativelyhighfrequencyofbeingresearchedorbysimplyprojectingsubjectivejudgements.Byfollowingthekeylawsofevolution,therelativelycertainvariablesoutofuncertainty,andthemainevolutionarytrendoutofdualcomplexity,thisresearchanswersquestionslikewhatShanghaiwouldpossiblybelikeinthefuture,whatstrategicpositionitshouldtake,andwhat“essential”workshouldbedonetorealizeitsgoal.Duetothelimitedunderstandingoftheresearchsubjectandthechallengesthatcomeswiththeinnovativeapproaches,theresearchisstillapreliminaryattempt,wheretheparadigmofglobalcitytheoryisonlybeingincompletelyandgenerallyexplained,andfurtherin-depthinsightsanddetailedillustrationisrequired.Theanalyticalframeworkofglobalcities’evolution,thoughhavinggenerallycoveredthekeyelements,isstillnotacompletetheoreticalsystem.Theseproblemsarelefttoberesolvedbyfuturestudiesonglobalcities’evolution.Afterall,theresearchistooenormousanddifficulttobecarriedoutbyindividual,andtheestablishmentofacompleteevolutionarytheoryrequirescontinuousresearchandjointLiteratureAsadominantaspectofglobalcitytheory,theevolutionarystudyofglobalcitiesanswersthequestionsofwhataglobalcityisontheontologicallevel,whattheconditionorbackgroundisfortheselection,whatdrivesacitytodevelopandhowacityevolvewithacertainmechanism.Asevolutionaryresearchofglobalcitieshasnotyetformedanindependentacademicsub-field,differenttheoriesandinsightsshouldbeselectedandsummarizedfromsubject-relatedstudiesonglobalcities.Moreimportantly,globalcitiesresearchitselfisintheearlystageofdevelopment,withontologicalconceptsandspatialstructuretobefurtherdefined.Forthesereasons,theliteraturereviewpartcoversanextensiverangeofsources.GlobalCities40多年的发展，目前全球城市研究已逐步形成涉及广泛内容、运用不Researchonglobalcitieshasbeenpopularizedsincethe1970sandresearchershavedevelopedvariousunderstandingsanddefinitionsofglobalcities(alsoreferredtoasworldcities)accordingtoavailablepublications.Mostoftheresearchersconsideredthatthetwotermsmeantthesamething,butsomedisagreedandwentmorespecific(Sassen,1991).Weprefertheterm“globalcity”inthepaperandexplaininChapter4whenweciteasentencefromanauthorusing“globalcity”or“worldcity”,weconsiderthetwotermstobeinterchangeable.Overthepast40yearsofdevelopment,globalcitiesresearchhasevolvedintoanewparadigmrelatingtomorescientificareasthroughvariousmethodsforbothquantitativeandqualitativeanalyses.Currentresearchonglobalcitieshaslittleincommonwithtraditionalurbantheory,whichstudiestransnationalinter-cityrelationsbyanalyzingnationalurbansystems,usuallybasedontheNoSQLofcensusfigurestodefineanationalurbansystemstructuredependingonthepopulation.Traditionalresearchoncitiesfocusedonexaminingcitiesasnodesinregionalandnationalurbansystemsandtherelationsamongthecitiesintheworldwereneglected,leadingtomisunderstandingsofthedevelopmentofglobalcitiesincludingLondonandNewYorkduringeconomicDevelopmentofGlobalCityGeddes（1915）的研究成果，提出一些城市在国际层面上的功能集中，并2070年代的三大发展：第一，1971年布雷顿Theconceptofglobalcitywasbroughtupbeforethe1970s.BasedonthepioneeringworkfromGeddes(1915),PeterHall(1966)definedtheworldcitiesintermsofmultiplerolesatthegloballevelas“certaingreatcitiesinwhichaquitedisproportionatepartoftheworld’smostimportantbusinessisconducted”,whichcamefromregionalresearchusingtraditionalurbantheoriesanddidn’thavethesamemeaningaswhatwenowcallaglobalcity.Thetendencyofglobalcitiesresearchresultedfromthreerevolutionaryphenomenainthe1970s.First,thecollapseofBrettonWoodsSystemin1971anditsimpactonglobalfinancialmarketdrewresearchers’attentiontomajorcitiesasinternationalfinancialcenters.Second,emergingmultinationalcorporationsandnewinternationaldivisionoflabourledtoresearchoncitiesascommandandcontrolcenterswheretheheadquartersofenterprisesweretobelocated.Third,someairlinescontinuedtoaddinternationaldestinationsshapingaglobalnetworkamongcitiesofallsevencontinents.Thephenomenawerepartofthesocialevolutionreflectingtheprocessofglobalizationandtheglobalcitiesserveasawindowtothehistoricchangesaroundtheworld,givingrisetothedevelopmentofresearchwitharemarkableamountofliteratureonglobal/worldcities.推理新的世界经济版图（Frbel，HeinrichsandKreye，1977）。Hymer（1972）Hymer新国际体系的中心。同时，Cohen在比较实证分析中把跨国公司组织结构和城市Heenan（1977）明确阐述了其“关注新兴的全球城市的现象”，把全球Atthattime,theresearchdocumentsonglobalcitieswere“economy-oriented”,andmainlyfocusedontheexplorationandestablishmentofthenewworldeconomicmap(Frbel,HeinrichsandKreye,1977).Hymer(1972)studiedcitiesallovertheworldwiththemethodofpoliticaleconomy,andfoundthattheemergenceoftransnationalcorporationsledtothetendencyofhigh-leveldecision-makingofcompaniestoconcentrateinafewmajorcities.Heproposedthecorrespondenceprinciple,namelythecentralizedcontrolintransnationalcorporationsisconsistentwiththatintheinternationaleconomy.Inthisway,themajorcitiesoftheworldwillbethemajorcentersofhigh-levelstrategicplanning,andanewurbanhierarchywillbeformed,whichmeansthecentralizedhigh-leveldecision-makingactivitiesofafewkeycitiesindevelopedcountrieswillbesurroundedbysomeregionalsecondarycities.Consideringcompanies’demandsforadvancedproducerservices,Cohen(1981)extendedtheHymer’sresearchinterestonmultinationalcompaniesincitiesbyconnectingtheemergenceofnewrequirementswiththeriseofglobalcities.Heviewedtheglobalcitiesnotonlyasthecentersoftheheadquartersbutalsoasthehubsofinternationalbankingandstrategicenterpriseservices,advocatingthatonlyplaceswithextensivenetworkofinternationalbusinessinstitutionscanbecalledworldcities.Thisisanewstrategicrolefortransnationalcompaniesincross-borderactivities,whichregardsglobalcitiesasthecenterforcompaniestocontrolandcoordinatethenewinternationalsystem.Atthesametime,Cohendescribedtheglobalsystemanditsinternalhierarchicalorderbycombiningtheorganizationalstructureoftransnationalcorporationsandurbannetworksinhiscomparativeempiricalanalysis.Heenan(1977),whowasthefirsttoputforwardthetermofglobalcity,clearlystatedthathe“paysattentiontotheemergingphenomenonofglobalcities”andconnectedtheriseofglobalcitieswiththeworldeconomyHebelievedthattheglobalizationofmultinationalcompaniesandregionalorganizationsareformingthe“needtocreateglobalcities”andthusglobalcity