2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一

2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）1.SectionA__________________________________________________________________________________________2.Rheumatologistadvisesthatthosewithongoingachesandpainsfirstseekmedicalhelpto______theproblem.

A.affiliate

B.alleviate

√

C.aggravate

D.accelerate解析：风湿病学家建议，那些持续疼痛和痛苦的人首先应该借助医疗来缓解问题。affiliate“接纳，为……工作”，alleviate“减少，减缓”，aggravate“增加”，accelerate“加速”。根据题意，正确答案为B。3.Anallergyresultswhenthebodyhavea（n）______reactiontocertainsubstancesintroducedtoit.

A.spontaneous

B.negative

C.adverse

√

D.prompt解析：当身体对某种外来物质产生不良反应时，就会出现过敏现象。spontaneous“同时的”，negative“负面的”，adverse“不利的”，prompt“立刻的”。在有关过敏的语境里，一般“不良反应”用anadversereaction，而不用negative，正确答案为C。4.Diabetesisoneofthemost______andpotentiallydangerousdiseasesintheworld.

A.crucial

B.virulent

C.colossal

D.prevalent

√解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潜在危险疾病之一。crucial“至关重要的”，virulent“有毒的”，colossal“庞大的”，prevalent“流行的，常见的”，本题正确答案为D。5.Generally,vaccinemakers______thevirusinfertilizedchickeneggsinaprocessthatcantakefourtosixmonths.

A.penetrate

B.designate

C.generate

√

D.exaggerate解析：一般来说，疫苗制造者可以在受精的鸡蛋中产生病毒，这个过程会持续四到六个月。penetrate“穿透”，designate“指定”，generate“生产，产生”，exaggerate“夸张”。根据题意，正确答案为C。6.Drinkingmorewaterisgoodfortherestofyourbody,helpingtolubricatejointsand______toxinsandimpurities.

A.screenout

B.knockout

C.flushout

√

D.ruleout解析：多喝水对身体的器官是有益的，有助于润滑关节并冲洗掉毒素和杂质。screenout“筛查”，knockout“撞击”，flushout“冲刷”，roleout“排除”。根据题意，本题正确答案为C。7.Despitetheirgoodserviceprovided,mostinnsarelessexpensivethanhotelsof______standards.

A.equivalent

√

B.likely

C.alike

D.uniform解析：尽管同样提供优质的服务，大多数酒馆的消费要比同标准的旅馆的消费低。A项equivalent“相等的，等价的”，可做定语，最符合题意；B项likely“很可能的”，一般做表语；C项alike“相似的”，常在句中做表语，不做定语；D项uniform“一致的，统一的”。因此A为正确选项。8.Chronichigh-doseintakeofvitaminAhasbeenshowntohave______effectsonbones.

A.adverse

√

B.prevalent

C.instant

D.purposeful解析：维生素A的慢性高剂量摄入被证明对骨骼有不利影响。adverse“不利的”，prevalent“流行的”，instant“立刻的，即时的”，purposeful“有目的的，故意的”。根据题意，本题选择adverse。9.AccordingtotheGeneva______noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.

A.Customs

B.Congresses

C.Conventions

√

D.Routines解析：《日内瓦公约》不允许虐待战犯。A项custom“习俗，海关（复）”；B项congress“国会”；C项convention“公约”；D项routine“程序”。10.Environmentalofficialsinsistthatsomethingbedoneto______acidrain.

A.curb

√

B.sue

C.detoxify

D.condemn解析：负责环境保护的官员强调我们要采取行动来抑制酸雨。B．sue“控告”；C．detoxify“使解毒”；D．condemn“谴责，声讨”。综合各选项，只有当A项填入空格，句意与逻辑相符，其余各选项句意均与逻辑相悖，故答案为A。11.Itisimpossibletosayhowitwilltakeplace,becauseitwillhappen______,anditwillnotbealongprocess.

A.spontaneously

√

B.simultaneously

C.principally

D.approximately解析：不可能解释出它是怎么发生的，因为它自然发生，而且过程不会很长。spontaneously“自发地”，simultaneously“同时地”，principally“主要地”，approximately“近似地”。根据题意，正确答案为A。12.SectionB__________________________________________________________________________________________13.Thepatient'sconditionhasworsenedsincelastnight.

A.improved

B.returned

C.deteriorated

√

D.changed解析：自昨晚开始，病人的情况就恶化了。improve“好转，改善”。return“回归”，deteriorate“恶化”，changed“改变”，根据题意，正确答案为C。14.BeijingTelevision-StationTransmittingTowerreallylooksmagnificentatnightwhenit'slitup.

A.decorated

B.illustrated

C.illuminated

√

D.entertained解析：北京电视台转播塔在夜幕中被点亮的时候很是壮观。decorate“装饰”，illustrate“展示”，illuminate“点亮”，entertain“娱乐”。根据题意，本题正确答案为C。15.Becauseofadverseweatherconditions,thetravelersstoppedtocamp.

A.local

B.unfamiliar

C.good

D.unfavorable

√解析：由于天气不佳，旅游者们都停下来驻扎了。local当地的，本地的；unfamiliar不熟悉的；good良好的；unfavorable不利的。故答案为D。16.Informthemanagerifyouareonmedicationthatmakesyoudrowsy.

A.uneasy

B.sleepy

√

C.guilty

D.fiery解析：如果你服用的药物让你昏昏欲睡，就告诉经理。划线单词drowsy的意思是“打瞌睡的，想睡觉的”，与sleepy含义相近，故本题选B。17.Theperiodfrom3,000to1,000B.C.E.,whentheuseofbronzebecamecommon,isnormallyreferredtoastheBronzeAge.

A.obvious

B.significant

C.necessary

D.widespread

√解析：公元前3000年到1000年，铜器使用很广泛，那个年代常常被称为铜器时代。common“平常，常见”，与widespread含义相通，因此本题答案为D。18.Diabetesisoneofthemostprevalentandpotentiallydangerousdiseasesintheworld.

A.crucial

B.virulent

C.colossal

D.widespread

√解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍和潜在的危险疾病之一。划线单词prevalent的意思是“流行的，常见的”。crucial“至关重要的”，virulent“有毒的”，colossal“庞大的”，widespread“普遍的”，本题正确答案为D。19.Likewise,sootandsmokefromfirecontainamultitudeofcarcinogens.

A.amatterof

B.abodyof

C.plentyof

√

D.sortof解析：同样，烟火和烟雾含有大量的致癌物质。Amultitudeof的意思是“大量的，很多”，与plentyof含义相近。20.Manyquestionsaboutestrogen'seffectsremaintobeelucidated,andinvestigationsareseekinganswersthroughongoinglaboratoryandclinicalstudies.

A.implicated

B.implied

C.illuminated

√

D.initiated解析：关于雌激素效应的许多问题仍有待阐明，调查正在通过持续的实验室研究和临床研究寻求答案。划线单词elucidate的意思是“阐明，解释”。implicate“暗示”，imply“暗示，暗含”，illuminate“阐明，启示”，initiate“发起，开始”。正确答案为C。21.Thedefectoccursinthefirsteightweeksofpregnancy,thoughnooneunderstandswhy.

A.fault

√

B.deviation

C.discretion

D.discrepancy解析：缺陷发生在孕期的前八周内，尽管没有人知道是何原因。划线单词defect“缺陷”。fault“缺陷，错误”，deviation“偏离”，discretion“审慎”，discrepancy“矛盾”，fault和defect含义相近。22.Theapplicationsofgeneticengineeringareabundantandchoosingoneappropriateforthiscasecanberatherdifficult.

A.sufficient

B.plentiful

√

C.adequate

D.countable解析：基因工程的应用繁多，要从中为这个案例选择一种是很困难的。划线单词abundant意思是“充分的，富裕的”，与plentiful含义相同。sufficient“充足的”，adequate“合适的，充分的”，countable“可计算的”，sufficient和adequate的含义重在“（数量）合适”，不能作为正确答案。三、PartⅢClozeItwasthekindofresearchthatgaveinsightintohowflustrainscouldmutatesoquickly.（Onetheorybehindthe1918version'ssuddendemiseafterwreakingsomuchdevastationwasthatitmutatedtoanonlethalform.）Thesamebranchofresearchconcludedin2005thatthe1918flustartedinbirdsbeforepassingtohumans.Parsingthisanimal-human【C1】______couldprovidecluesto【C2】______thenextpotentialsuperflu,whichalreadyhasaname:H5N1,alsoknownasavianfluorbirdflu.Thispotentialkilleralsohasanumber:59percent.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,nearlythree-fifthsofthepeoplewho【C3】______H5N1since2003diedfromthevirus,whichwasfirstreported【C4】______humansinHongKongin1997beforeamoreserious【C5】______occurredinSoutheastAsiabetween2003and2004.（IthassincespreadtoAfricaandEurope.）SomeresearchersarguethatthosemortalitynumbersareexaggeratedbecauseWHOonly【C6】______casesinwhichvictimsaresickenoughtogotothehospitalfortreatment【C7】______comparethattotheworldwidemortalityrateofthe1918pandemic;itmayhavekilledroughly50millionpeople,butthatwasonly10percentofthenumberofpeopleinfected,accordingtoa2006estimate.H5N1'ssavinggrace—andtheonlyreasonwe'renotrunningaroundmaskedupinpublicrightnow—isthatthestraindoesn'tjumpfrombirdstohumans,orfromhumanstohumans,easily.Therehavebeenjustover600cases（and359deaths）since2003.But【C8】______itslethality,andthechanceitcouldturnintosomethingfarmoretransmissible,onemightexpectH5N1researchtobeexploding,withlabs【C9】______thevirus'smolecularcomponentstounderstandhowitspreadsbetweenanimalsand【C10】______tohumans,andhopingtodiscoveravaccinethatcouldheadoffapandemic.（1）.【C1】

A.interact

B.interface

√

C.connection

D.contamination解析：本题考查上下文语义和名词含义。interact“互动”，interface“结合，交界”，connection“连接”，contamination“接触，传染”。空白处前一句话讲到这种流感在鸟类中出现了很多起，才开始向人类传播。因此parsing鸟类和人类的交叉感染是符合上下文语义走向的。（2）.【C2】

A.stopping

√

B.stopped

C.havestopped

D.stop解析：本题考查固定搭配。acluetodoingsth．的结构中，to为介词，后面常常跟名词或者动名词形式，意思是“做……的线索”。（3）.【C3】

A.contacted

B.contracted

√

C.concentrated

D.infected解析：本题考查动词词义辨析。contact是“接触”但未必感染，contract是“感染”，根据文章上下文含义，正确答案为contract。（4）.【C4】

A.on

B.in

√

C.of

D.with解析：本题考查介词。“在某个方面”介词常常用“in”。on表示“以……为主题”。（5）.【C5】

A.breakout

B.takeplace

C.happen

D.outbreak

√解析：本题考查语义。takeplace“发生”，happen“出现，发生”，outbreak“爆发”，根据语义，D为正确选项。（6）.【C6】

A.accounts

B.numbers

C.counts

√

D.takes解析：本题考查语义和动词含义。做动词讲时，account“把……视作”，number“标号”，count“把……算入”，take“拿，取”。根据句意：有些研究者认为这些死亡数据有些夸大，因为WHO只会将严重到需要去医院就诊的病例算入在内。count是最贴切的选项。（7）.【C7】

A.Moreover

B.Still

√

C.Furthermore

D.Thereafter解析：本题考查逻辑关系。moreover表示递进，still有让步的含义，意思是“尽管如此，仍然……”，thereby表示因果，furthermore表示递进。该题上一句讲到有些研究者认为这些死亡数据有些夸大，因为WHO只会将严重到需要去医院就诊的病例算入在内。空格后则强调该数字仍然是惊人的。因此这里选择有让步含义的副词still。（8）.【C8】

A.given

√

B.giving

C.togive

D.speakingof解析：本题考查逻辑关系。这里需要原因和条件，只有given有此功能，意思是“鉴于，因为”。这里是连词。speakingof的意思是“谈到，谈起”。（9）.【C9】

A.parsing

√

B.parsed

C.toparse

D.havingparsed解析：本题考查with引导的介宾短语充当状语。withsthdoingsth．，意思是“同时，实验室要探究病毒的分子构成”。（10）.【C10】

A.presently

B.potentially

√

C.potently

D.importantly解析：本题考查句子含义和副词。这里表示可能对人类的传染，只有potentially表示“可能，潜在地”。presently“现在，当下”，potently“有力地”，importantly“重要地”。四、PartⅣReadingComprehensionIfyouarereadingthisarticle,antibioticshaveprobablysavedyourlife—andnotoncebutseveraltimes.Arottentooth,akneeoperation,abrushwithpneumonia;anynumberofminorinfectionsthatneverturnednasty.Youmaynotremembertakingthepills,sounremarkablehavetheseone-timewonderdrugsbecome.Modernmedicinereliesonantibiotics—notjusttocurediseases,buttoaugmentthesuccessofsurgery,childbirthandcancertreatments.Yetnowhealthauthoritiesarewarning,inuncharacteristicallyapocalypticterms,thattheeraofantibioticsisabouttoend.Insomeways,bacteriaarecontinuallyevolvingtoresistthedrugs.Butinthepastwe'vealwaysdevelopednewonesthatkilledthemagain.Notthistime.Infectionsthatoncesuccumbedtoeverydayantibioticsnowrequirelast-resortdrugswithunpleasantsideeffects.Othershavebecomesodifficulttotreatthattheykillsome25,000Europeansyearly.Andsomebacterianowresisteveryknownantibiotic.Regularreaderswillknowwhy:NewScientisthasreportedwarningsaboutthisforyears.Wehavemisusedantibioticsappallingly,handingthemouttohumanslikemedicinalcandyandfeedingthemtolivestockbythetonne,mostlynotforhealthreasonsbuttomakemeatcheaper.Nowantibiotic-resistantbacteriacanbefoundallovertheworld—notjustinmedicalfacilities,buteverywherefrommuddypuddlesinIndiatothesnowsofAntarctica（南极洲）.Howdidwereachthispointwithoutviablesuccessorstotoday'sincreasinglyineffectualdrugs?Theanswerliesnotinevolutionbuteconomics.Overthepast20years,nearlyeverymajorpharmaceuticalcompanyhasabandonedantibiotics.Companiesmustmakemoney,andthereisn'tmuchinshort-termdrugsthatshouldbeusedsparingly.Soresearchershavediscoveredpromisingcandidates,butcan'treachintothedeeppocketsneededtodevelopthem.Thiscanbefixed.Aswereportthisweek,regulatoryagencies,worriedmedicalbodiesandBigPharmaarefinallyhatchingwaystoremedythismarketfailure.Delinkingprofitsfromthevolumeofdrugsold（byadjustingpatentrights,say,orofferingprizesforinnovation）hasworkedforotherdrugs,andshouldworkforantibiotics—althoughtheremaybeaworryinglylongwaitbeforetheyreachthemarket.Oneday,though,thesewillfalltoresistancetoo.Ultimately,weneed,evolution-proofcuresforbacterialinfection:treatmentsthatstopbacteriafromcausingdisease,butdon'totherwiseinconveniencethelittleblighters.Whenresistingdrugsconfersnoselectiveadvantage,drugswillstopbreedingresistance.Researchershaveacoupleofcandidatesforsuchtreatment.Buttheyfearregulatorswilldragtheirfeetoversuchradicalapproaches.That,too,canbefixed.Wemustnotneglectdevelopmentofthesustainablemedicineweneed,thewaywehaveneglectedsimpleantibioticR&D.Ifwedo,onedayanothertopdoctorwillbetellingusthatthedrugsnolongerwork—andtherereallywillbenohelpontheway.（1）.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthoristryingto______.

A.warnusagainsttherampantabuseofantibioticseverywhere

B.suggestacourseofactiontoreduceantibioticresistance

C.tellusatimeracebetweenhumansandbacteria

D.remindusoftheuniversalbenefitofantibiotics

√解析：推理题。首段第一句讲到“抗生素不止一次地挽救过你的生命”，并且因为太常见，导致这个神奇的药品变得不被人注意。因此，作者本段的意图是在提醒人们对抗生素无处不在的益处引起关注。（2）.Thewarningfromhealthauthoritiesimpliesthat______.

A.thepre-antibioticerawillreturn

B.theantibioticcrisisisabouttorepeat

C.thewonderdrugsareadouble-edgedsword

D.thedevelopmentofnewantibioticsistooslow

√解析：推理题。本题要结合全文来解题。第二段最后一句讲到病菌一直在进化，产生了对抗生素的耐药性。然而在过去，我们总是能开发出新抗生素来灭掉它们。第三段首句“Notthistime”进行了转折，即这一次没有更好的抗生素来消灭进化的病菌。第四、五段讲述抗生素被滥用导致病菌也不断进化获得更好的耐药性，使得现有抗生素无计可施。第六段深挖原因，是因为经济使然，大型药厂因为经济利益放弃了抗生素的生产。第七段谈到对于这种现象的补救措施。A选项“前抗生素年代将回归”，B选项“将重蹈抗生素危机覆辙”，C选项“神奇之药是双刃剑”，D选项“新抗生素的研发过于缓慢”，只有D选项符合全文文意。（3）.Theappallingmisuseofantibiotics,accordingtothepassage,______.

A.hasdevelopedresistantbacteriaworldwide

√

B.hasbeenmainlypracticedforhealthreasons

C.hasbeenseldomreportedasawarningintheworld

D.hasbeenparticularlyworsenedinthedevelopingcountries解析：细节题。抗生素滥用的问题是在文中第四段提及的。使用抗生素mostlynotforhealthreasonsbuttomakemeatcheaper，现在导致全世界都有耐药性的病菌出现。因此本题最佳答案为A。（4）.Themarketfailurerefersto______.

A.theinabilitytodevelopmorepowerfulantibiotics

√

B.theexistingincreasinglyineffectualdrugsinthemarket

C.thepoormanagementofthemajorpharmaceuticalcompanies

D.thedeprivedinvestmentindevelopingnewclassesofantibiotics解析：指代题。Thismarketfailure指代的上文的economics因素，及大型制药公司都停止生产抗生素这一现象。D选项“开发新级别抗生素资金不足”是A选项可能的原因，failure指代的是现象，因此本题最佳答案为A。（5）.Duringthepresentationofthetwosolutions,theauthorcarriesatoneof______.

A.doubt

B.urgency

√

C.indifference

D.helplessness解析：态度题。最后一段讲到，如果我们再无视，therereallywillbenohelpontheway，届时真的就无力回天了，由此可以判断作者的心态是焦虑的、迫切的。故本题答案为B。Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftout,ornotsufficientlyexperienced,thechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossible,forexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.Thisprinciple,infact,underliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopment,andisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfood,tosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyone,heslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.Learningtowaitforthings,particularlyforfood,isaveryimportantelementinupbringing,andisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild'sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwords,thefirstindependentsteps,orthebeginningofreadingandwriting.Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningrate,butthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly,ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.Ontheotherhand,though,ifachildisleftalonetoomuch,orwithoutanylearningopportunities,heloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogether,parentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoys,jigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters,othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnight,punctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.Ingeneral,thecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild'sownhappinessandwell-being.（1）.Theprincipleunderlyingalltreatmentofdevelopmentaldifficultiesinchildren______.

A.istosendthemtoclinics

B.offersrecaptureofearlierexperiences

√

C.isintheprovisionofclockworktoysandtrains

D.istocapturethembeforetheyaresufficientlyexperienced解析：细节题。Thisprinciple指代的是首段第一句，即如果孩子某个发展阶段没有开发充分，就需要在日后回溯去弥补。这是儿童心理治疗和临床工作的原则，只有B选项是正确归纳。（2）.Thechildinthenursery______.

A.quicklylearnstowaitforfood

B.doesn'tinitiallysleepandwakeatregularintervals

√

C.alwaysacceptstherhythmoftheworldaroundthem

D.alwaysfeelstheworldaroundhimiswarmandfriendly解析：细节题。从nursery定位到第二段可知，幼儿本不是天生就知道做事情的顺序，而是被taughtgradually来接收某种节奏的。孩子学会等待（尤其是等待食物）不是一蹴而就，而是在真正理解某些要求后才逐渐学会的。因此本题正确答案为B。（3）.Theencouragementofchildrentoachievenewskills______.

A.canneverbetakentoofar

B.shouldbelefttoschoolteachers

C.willalwaysassisttheirdevelopment

D.shouldbebalancedbetweentwoextremes

√解析：细节题。用encouragement和newskills回到原文定位到第三段第二句：经常让孩子超越自己的自然学习速度，这会给孩子带来危险的失败感和焦虑状态。由此可判断A选项（永远都不会过度）和C选项（一定会帮助儿童发展）是错误的，B选项（留给学校老师）未在原文提及，只有D选项（应该在两个极端中得以平衡）才是正确答案。（4）.Jigsawpuzzlesare______.

A.toodifficultforchildren

B.akindofbuilding-blocktoy

C.notveryentertainingforadults

D.suitableexercisesforparent-childcooperation

√解析：本题的依据是第四段最后两句“Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthiscooperation．Building-blocktoys，jigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples．（家长和孩子可以通过一起玩玩具和玩游戏来促进彼此之间的沟通与合作，如搭积木、拼图和猜字游戏。）”，所以D项正确。（5）.Parentalcontrolsanddiscipline______.

A.serveadualpurpose

√

B.shouldbeavoidedasmuchaspossible

C.reflectthevaluesofthecommunity

D.aredesignedtopromotethechild'shappiness解析：推理题。文中最后一句讲道：一般来说，这些控制措施代表了父母的需要和社会的价值观以及孩子自己的快乐和幸福。可知父母的控制措施既代表了自身和社会的价值观，同时代表了孩子本人的幸福，这是双重的（dual），因此本题正确答案为A。For150yearsscientistshavetriedtodeterminethesolarconstant,theamountofsolarenergythatreachestheEarth.Yet,eveninthemostcloud-freeregionsoftheplanet,thesolarconstantcannotbemeasuredprecisely.Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.Withtheadventofsatellites,however,scientistshavefinallybeenabletomeasuretheSun'soutputwithoutbeingimpededbytheEarth'satmosphere.SolarMax,asatellitefromtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration（NASA）,hasbeenmeasuringtheSun'soutputsinceFebruary1980.Althoughamalfunctioninthesatellite'scontrolsystemlimiteditsobservationforafewyears,thesatellitewasrepairedinorbitbyastronautsfromthespaceshufflein1984.Max'sobservationsindicatethatthesolarconstantisnotreallyconstantafterall.Thesatellite'sinstrumentshavedetectedfrequent,smallvariationsintheSun'senergyoutput,generallyamountingtonomorethan0.05percentoftheSun'smeanenergyoutputandlastingfromafewdaystoafewweeks.ScientistsbelievethesefluctuationscoincidewiththeappearanceanddisappearanceoflargegroupsofsunspotsontheSun'sdisk.SunspotsarerelativelydarkregionsontheSun'ssurfacethathavestrongmagneticfieldsandatemperatureabout2,000degreesFahrenheitcoolerthantherestoftheSun'ssurface.Particularlylargefluctuationsinthesolarconstanthavecoincidedwithsightingsoflargesunspotgroups.In1980,forexample,SolarMax'sinstrumentsregistereda0.3percentdropinthesolarenergyreachingtheEarth.Atthattimeasunspotgroupcoveredabout0.6percentofthesolardisk,anarea20timeslargerthantheEarth'ssurface.Long-termvariationsinthesolarconstantaremoredifficulttodetermine.AlthoughSolarMax'sdatahaveindicatedaslowandsteadydeclineintheSun'soutput.Somescientistshavethoughtthatthesatellite'sagingdetectorsmighthavebecomelesssensitiveovertheyears,thusfalselyindicatingadropinthesolarconstant.Thispossibilitywasdismissed,however,bycomparingsolarMax'sobservationswithdatafromasimilarinstrumentoperatingonNASA'sNimbus7weathersatellitesince1978.（1）.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsbelievevariationsinthesolarconstantarerelatedto______.

A.sunspotactivity

√

B.unusualweatherpatterns

C.increasedlevelsofdust

D.fluctuationsintheEarth'stemperature解析：文章倒数第二段告诉我们，太阳常数的变化与太阳黑子的出现吻合，因此正确答案为A。（2）.Whyisitnotpossibletomeasurethesolarconstantaccuratelywithoutasatellite?

A.TheEarthistoofarfromtheSun.

B.SomeareasonEarthreceivemoresolarenergythanothers.

C.Thereisnotenoughsunlightduringtheday.

D.TheEarth'satmosphereinterfereswiththesunlight.

√解析：答案在第一段最后一句话“Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromoverreachingtheground．”即便是在地球上云层最少的地方，也很难测量准确，因为除了云层，还有气分子和灰尘粒子会影响阳光到达地球的量，因而影响常数测量。所以是地球大气层干扰了阳光的传播，答案选D。（3）.WhydidscientiststhinkthatSolarMaxmightbegivingunreliableinformation?

A.SolarMaxdidnotworkforthefirstfewyears.

B.SolarMax'sinstrumentsweregettingol正确答案:D

C.ThespaceshuttlecouldnotfixSolarMax'sinstruments.

D.Nimbus7interferedwithSolarMax'sdetectors.解析：答案在第二段倒数第四行“…thoughtthesatellite’s（SolarMax）agingdetectorsmighthavelesssensitiveovertheyears．”科学家认为不可靠是因为他们认为这颗卫星的探测器老化了，测量不准，因此答案选B。A选项没有说出直接原因；C、D不符合文章内容。（4）.Theattempttodescribethesolarconstantcanbestbedescribedas______.

A.anongoingresearcheffort

√

B.aquestionthatcanneverbeanswered

C.anissuethathasbeenresolved

D.historicallyinteresting,butirrelevanttocontemporaryconcerns解析：试图测出太阳常数这种努力被描述为______最恰当。A“仍在进行的努力研究”，从文章的表述我们可以知道虽然并没有取得很大的突破，但科学家们仍然在努力，并且这种研究是有意义的。（5）.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

A.ThecomponentsoftheEarth'satmosphere,

B.Thelaunchingofaweathersatellite.

C.Themeasurementofvariationsinthesolarconstant.

√

D.Theinteractionofsunlightandairpollution.解析：这篇文章主要讲的是太阳常数的测量方法，答案选C；A“地球大气层的构成部分”；B“天气卫星的发射”；D“阳光和空气污染的交互作用”，都不是正确答案。Opticalillusionsarelikemagic,thrillingusbecauseoftheircapacitytorevealthefallibilityofoursenses.Butthere'smoretothemthanthat,accordingtoDr.BeauLotto,whoiswowingthescientificworldwithworkthatcrossestheboundariesofart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.Whattheyreveal,hesays,isthatthewholeworldisthecreationofourbrain.Whatwesee,whatwehear,feelandwhatwethinkweknowisnotaphotographicreflectionoftheworld,butaninstantaneousunthinkingcalculationastowhatisthemostusefulwayofseeingtheworld.It'sabestguessbasedonthepastexperienceoftheindividual,alongevolutionarypastthathasshapedthestructureofourbrains.Theworldisliterallyshapedbyourpasts.Dr.Lotto,40,anAmericanwhoisareaderinneuroscienceatUniversityCollegeLondon,hassetouttoproveitinstunningvisualillusions,sculpturesandinstallations,whichhavebeenincludedinart-scienceexhibitions.Heexplainshiscomplexideasfromthestartingpointofvisualillusions,whichfarfromrevealinghowfragileoursensesareshowhowremarkablyrobusttheyareatprovidingapictureoftheworldthatservesapurposetous.Forcenturies,artistsandscientistshavenotedthatagreydotlookslighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainstalightbackground.Theconventionalbeliefwasthatitwasbecauseofsomewaythebrainandeyeisintrinsicallywired.ButDr.Lottobelievesit'salearntresponse;inotherwords,weseetheworldnotasitisbutasitisusefultous."Contextiseverything,becauseourbrainshaveevolvedtoconstantlyre-definenormality,"saysDr.Lotto."Whatweseeisdefinedbyourownexperiencesofthepast,butalsobywhatthehumanracehasexperiencedthroughitshistory,"Thisisillustratedbythefactthatdifferentculturesandcommunitieshavedifferentviewpointsoftheworld,conditionedovergenerations.Forexample,Japanesepeoplehaveafamousinabilitytodistinguishbetweenthe"R"andthe"L"sound.ThisarisesbecauseinJapanesethesoundsaretotallyinterchangeable."Differentiatingbetweenthemhasneverbeenuseful,sothebrainhasneverlearnttodoit.It'snotjustthatJapanesepeoplefindithardtotellthedifference.Theyliterallycannothearthedifference."Dr.Lotto'sexperimentsaregroundingmoreandmorehypothesesinhardscience."Yes,myworkisidea-driven,"hesays."Butlotsofresearch,suchasMRIbrainscanning,istechnique-driven.Idon'tbelieveyoucanunderstandthebrainbytakingitoutofitsnaturalenvironmentandlookingatitinalaboratory.Youhavetolookatwhatitevolvedtodo,andlookatitinrelationshiptoitsecology."（1）.Whatdoestheword"them"inthefirstparagraphreferto?

A.Humansenses.

B.Thefallibilityofsenses.

C.Revealingcapacity.

D.Opticalillusions.

√解析：指代题。根据语法要求，them应该指代前文可数名词的复数形式，由此可排除B选项和C选项。再根据语义，本文主题为视错觉，因此正确答案为D。（2）.Accordingtothepassage,whatisknownaboutDr.BeauLotto?

A.Thoughheisaneuroscientist,hehasshockedthescientificworldwithhisextensiveresearchinart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.

B.Dr.LottoisaprofessoratUniversityCollegeLondonwhoisspecializedinanumberofdisciplinessuchasart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.

C.Dr.Lottohasbeenattemptingtoexhibithiscreativeproductionsinart-scienceexhibitionsinthehopeofprovinghisideaonopticalillusions.

√

D.Dr.Lottohassetouttocreatevisualillusions,sculpturesandinstallationswhichwellcombinedtheknowledgeofart,neurology,naturalhistoryandphilosophy.解析：细节题。从第三段首句可知，他是美国人，是伦敦大学学院在神经科学方面的准教授（reader），并非教授，由此可判断B选项是错误的。setouttodo表示“开始尝试做……”，根据首段末和第三段开头可知，作者已经做出了visualillusions，sculpturesandinstallations，并尝试用这些作品来证明他关于opticalillusion的观点，故答案为C。（3）.WhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromDr.Lotto'sstudy?

A.Peopleshouldbelievetheirbrainsratherthantheireyesastheworld,toagreatmeasure,iscreatedandshapedbyhumanbrain.

B.Peopleshouldneverbelievetheirsensesforwhattheysee,hear,feel,andthetruthmaybecontrarytothephotographicimageoftheworld.

C.Peopleshouldneverbelievetheireyesforwhattheyseeareonlyaccidentalandtemporaryformsoftheworld,whichvariesinaccordancewithcontexts.

D.Peopleshouldbeawarethattheireyescanplaytricksonthemaswhattheyseeisactuallycreatedbytheirbrainswhichareshapedbytheirpastexperiences.

√解析：推理题。本文的主题是视错觉，即人们的所见、所闻、所感都是大脑的创造，而这种创造又是基于人类过去的经验的。因此本题D选项是正确答案。（4）.AccordingtoDr.Lotto,whatisthereasonforthefactthatagreydotlookslighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainstalightbackground?

A.Itisafactthatthedotemergedtobelighteragainstadarkbackgroundthanbeingagainst