Unit3OurcultureourtreasureReading课文翻译及知识点讲解讲义高三译林版选修三创新学程三

牛津新教材选修三Unit3ReadingChinesecharacters:foundationofaremarkablewritingsystem汉字:非凡书写系统的基础Intheyear1899,somemysticalsymbolscarvedonoraclebonesattractedtheattentionofascholarinBeijing.Thatwaswhenpeoplefirstbegantorealizethesignificanceofthesebeautifulinscriptions.Sincethen,themysterysurroundingtheoriginofChinesecharacters,thefoundationofaremarkablewritingsystem,hasstartedtoberevealed.1899年，甲骨文上的一些神秘符号引起了北京一位学者的注意。从那时起，人们开始意识到这些美丽的铭文的重要性。从那时起，围绕着汉字起源的谜团开始被揭开，汉字是一种非凡的书写系统的基础。1.mysticaladj.神秘的；神秘主义的adv.mystically神秘地mysteriously神秘地；故弄玄虚地；难以理解地adj.mysterious神秘的；不可思议的；难解的1).difficulttounderstandorexplain;strange神秘的；奇怪的；不易解释的2).(especiallyofpeople尤指人)strangeandinterestingbecauseyoudonotknowmuchaboutthem神秘的；陌生的3)(ofpeople人)notsayingmuchaboutsth,especiallywhenotherpeoplewanttoknowmore诡秘的；故弄玄虚的•Hewasbeingverymysteriousaboutwherehewasgoing.他十分诡秘，闭口不谈他要去哪里。mystical1).havingspiritualpowersorqualitiesthataredifficulttounderstandortoexplain神秘的；不可思议的；难以解释的•mysticalforces/powers神秘的力量╱能力2).connectedwithmysticism潜修的；神秘主义的n.mystery神秘，秘密；奥秘；神秘的事物vt.mystify使神秘化；使迷惑，使困惑2.inscriptionn.题词；铭文；刻印scriben.抄写员；作家；划线器v.写下，记下；用划线器划scribblev.潦草地写，匆匆地写；乱涂，乱画n.潦草的书写（或字迹），匆忙完成的文章；胡写乱画的东西，涂鸦describev.描述；形容；把…称为;做…运动；画出…图形；形成…形状subscribev.订阅，订购；定期缴纳会员费;定期捐款赞助；认购（股票）；赞成，同意；〈正式〉签署（遗嘱、合同或其他文件）；申请，注册，报名；购买（一系列演出的）联票prescribev.给……开（药），让……采用（疗法）；开处方；规定，命令；制定规定；推荐，推举Theseoracleboneinscriptions,theearliestformofChinesecharacterseverfoundtothisareclearproofthatthehistoryoftheChinesewritingsystemstretchesbackabout3,500years.Theinscriptionsarehighlyplex,suggestingthatearlierformsareyettobediscovered.Allwehaveatthemoment,however,isthelegendofCangJie,whoissaidtohaveinventedthefirstcharactersabout5,000yearsago.Legendhasitthathesawanimaltracksintheground,andbegandrawingpicturesofobjectsinnature,suchasthemoon,thesunandthetrees.35005000月亮、太阳和树木。tothisday直到现在，一直持续到今天stretchback回溯到beyettodo尚未......idtohavedone据说...做了...besaidtobedoing据说正在进行besaidtodosth据说...要做...Notsurprisingly,theearliestChinesecharacterswerethefruitsofourancestors'carefulobservationandstrikingimagination.TheChinesecharactershan,forexample,issimplyadrawingofamountain.However,ourancestorsfoundnoteverythingwasconvenienttodrawasaconcreteimage,soanotherwayofformingChinesecharacterswasdevelopedtorepresentabstractconcepts.Somecharacterswerecreatedbyaddingsymbolslikeadotoralinetoanexistingpictographic(adj.象形文字的，绘画文字的)charactertoindicatethings.Forinstance,thecharactersshangandxiaindicatethingsontopofandbelowaline.Gradually,thesecharacterswerefarfromenoughtodescribethecolourfulanddiverseworld,soanewwayofformingcharacterswasdevelopedbyputtingtogetherdifferentcharacterstoindicateanewmeaning.Anexampleofthisisthecharacterming,whichbinesrifor“sun"andyuefor"moon"toexpressthemeaningofbeingbright.Thesetypesofcharactersindicatemeaning,buttheydonotprovidecluesabouttheirpronunciation.Anothergroupofcharacterswerecreatedbybiningmeaningandpronunciation.Inhu,theChinesecharacterfor“lake”,forinstance,theleftpartindicatesthemeaningandtherightpartthepronunciation.Thismethodmadeiteasiertocreatenewcharacters,somostChinesecharacterstodaybelongtothisgroup.“山”些汉字是通过在已有的象形文字上添加点或线等符号来表示事物而产生的。例如，“上”和“下”两个字表示的是线上下的东西。渐渐地，这些汉字远远不足以描述丰“明“日”和“月”“湖”farfrom(being)

离……要求相差很远,远离，远非Farfrombeingadreamer,she'salevelheadedpragmatist.她是个冷静理智的实用主义者，远非一个空想家。Thejobisfarfromeasy.这份工作一点也不容易。farfromsatisfactory远不能令人满意farfromperfect不完美,远非完善farfromsuccessful.远没有成功Sincetheircreation,Chinesecharactershavebeenevolvingconsistently,increasinginpracticalvalueasamunicativetool.About1,000yearsaftertheoracleboneinscriptionswereusedduringtheShangDynasty,QinshihuangunifiedChinaandXiaozhuanwasmadetheofficialwritingstyleoftheQinDynasty.ThenLishubecameamainstreamstyleofwritingintheHanDynasty.TheevolutionfromXiaozhuantoLishumarkedarevolutionarytransformationfromancientcharactersintomoderncharacters.AnothermilestoneintheevolutionofthestyleofChinesecharacterswasKaishu,whichreacheditspeakintheDynasty.Itbecamepopularforitseaseofuse,andeventuallyprogressedintowhatwenowconsidertobethestandardscript.Apartfromchangesinwritingstyle,Chinesecharactershavebeensimplifiedsothattheycanbeusedmoreeasilybythemasses.Eveninmoderntimes,therehavebeenattemptstosimplifyChinesecharacters.Onefarreachingchangetookplaceinthe1950s,whentheChinesegovernmentsimplifiedandstandardizedChinesecharacters,promotingmassliteracy.1000年后，秦始皇统一了中国，小篆成为秦朝的官方书写20501.progressinto逐渐发展成为makeprogressin在...方面取得进步2.后缀ify、fy。字母y作元音读[aɪ]或[ɪ]。当y在两个音节以上的单词末尾都读[ɪ]，只有在fy中读[aɪ]。ify、fy功相同，是常见的动词后缀，意为“使……；使成为……；使……化”。通常加在名词或形容词后构成动词，表达“使某物具有该词根所表示的性质或状态”。1）simplify[ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ]v.简化 2）amplify[ˈæmplɪfaɪ]v.放大；增强3）clarify[ˈklærɪfaɪ]v.澄清；阐明 4）classify[ˈklæsɪfaɪ]v.分类；归类5）intensify[ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ]v.加强；加剧 6）justify[ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ]v.证明……合理7）modify[ˈmɒdɪfaɪ]v.修改；变更 8）notify[ˈnəʊtɪfaɪ]v.通知；告知9）purify[ˈpjʊərɪfaɪ]v.净化；提纯 10）qualify[ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ]v.（使）具备资格11）solidify[səˈlɪdɪfaɪ]v.（使）凝固；巩固12）terrify[ˈterɪfaɪ]v.使恐惧；恐吓13）vivify[ˈvɪvɪfaɪ]v.使生动；使活泼14）beautify使美丽，美化15.uglifyvt.把…弄成难看；将…丑化；糟蹋16)satisfy[ˈsætɪsfaɪ]v.使满意，使高兴Alongsideitsevolution,ChinesecharactershavesustainedtheChinesecivilizationoverthousandsofyears.ThankstoChinesecharacters,storiesofourancestorshavebeenpasseddowninaformthatremainsaccessibletousandtheglorioushistoryofourcountryhasbeenpreserved.Moreover,ChinesecharactershavegreatlyinfluencedthewritingsystemsinmanyotherAsiancountriessuchasJapanandVietnam,formingthe“Chinesecharacterculturalsphere”“汉字文化圈”.Forinstance,itwasonlyafterChinesecharactersspreadtoJapanthattheJapanesewritingsystemstartedtobedeveloped.thespreadofChinesecharacters,educatedpeopleinthesecountriescarefullystudiedChineseliteraryandphilosophicaltexts哲学文本,suchastheworksoftheDynastypoetsandTheAnalects/ˈænəlekts/《论语》ofConfucius,andlearnttheartofChinesecalligraphy/kəˈlɪɡrəfi/书法，书法艺术.Aswecansee,ChinesecharactersholdthekeytopromotingthetransmissionofChineseculture.“汉字文化圈”中国书法艺术。我们可以看到，汉字是促进中国文化传播的关键。1.alongsideprep.在……旁边；沿着……的边；与……一起，与……并肩（工作）；与……相比；与……同等重要的；同时，共存adv.在旁边2.spheren.（活动、兴趣、专业知识的）范围，领域；球体，球，球形；社会阶层；势力范围；<文>苍穹，天，天空；<文>天体；天体外壳；地球仪vt.使……成球形；包围；放入球内3.holdthekeyto是……的关键AccordingtothefamouswriterYuGuangzhong,eversinceChinesecharacterswereborninancienttimes,thememoriesandhopesofourancestorshavebeenwellplacedinthem.Indeed,Chinesecharactersprovideanunbreakablelinktoournation'spastandconnectustoourancestors.EverytimewereadorwriteChinesecharacters,thewhispersofourancestorstravelthroughtimeandspace,andbringwiththemthestoriesofhumancivilization.bringsth.withsb.带来人类文明的故事。ExtendedreadingConfucius'sphilosophy:amoralinspiration孔子的哲学:道德的启迪On28September,alargenumberofpeoplegatherinQufu,ShandongProvince,tocelebratethebirthdayofConfucius.Onthisday,peoplehonourthememoryofConfuciusandcelebratetheuniquelegacyhelefttomankind.Althoughhelivedmorethan2,500yearsago,thegreatphilosopherandeducatorhasmadeamajorcontributiontohumancivilization.9月28日，许多人聚集在山东曲阜，庆祝孔子的诞辰。在这一天，人们缅2500大的哲学家和教育家对人类文明做出了重大贡献。ConfuciuslivedintheSpringandAutumnperiod,fromabout551BCEto479BCE.HefoundedthephilosophicalschoolofConfucianism,establishedprivateschools,andeditedanumberofclassicalworks.Acpaniedbysomeofhisloyalstudents,hespent14yearsofhislifetravellingfromstatetostate,spreadinghisideasanddiscussingphilosophicalquestions.AlthoughConfuciusfailedtoreceivetherecognitionhedeservedduringhislifetime,histeachingshavesurvivedthroughtheages,forthebenefitoflatergenerations.55147914世时没有得到应有的认可，但他的学说却流传千古，造福后人。Afterhisdeath,hissayingswererecordedandpiledbyhisstudentsintoabookcalledTheAnalects/ˈænəlekts/《论语》ofConfucius,whichsummarizedthephilosopher'sthoughtsondifferentsubjectssuchasmorality,politicsandeducation.AtthecoreofhisthinkingarethethreekeyconceptsofandLi,whichareallconnectedtoourrelationshipwithotherpeople.Renisgenerallydefinedas“benevolence”慈善，仁慈/bəˈnevələns/,whichmeanslovingpeople.Confuciusemphasizedthatloveshouldbeginwiththeloveofone'sparents.Hesaid,“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhentheirparentsarealive.”Thiskindofloveisthenexpandedintotheloveofallpeople.Yicanbetranslatedas"righteousness”/ˈraɪtʃəsnəs/正义；正直；公正；正当,thatis,doingwhatoneoughttodo.Confuciusbelievedthatagentleman“thinksofrighteousnessinthefaceofgain”.Lirefersto"ritual"/ˈrɪtʃuəl/仪式，典礼；习惯，例行公事insociallife.Itisaboutbehavinginthemostappropriatewayinanygivensituation,basedonsocialcustomsandone'srelationshipwithotherpeopleinvolved.义为“仁爱”，意思是爱人。孔子强调爱应该从爱父母开始。他说:“孩子不应该远行。”这种爱便扩展为对所有人的爱。义可以翻译为“正义”，也就是做自己应该做的事。孔子认为君子“见利而思义”。礼指的是社会生活中的“仪式”。它是关于在任何特定的情况下，根据社会习俗和个人与他人的关系，以最适当的方式行事。ThephilosophyofConfuciuscanprovideuswithvaluablemoralguidanceonhowtodevelopourselvesasindividuals,howtoworkforthemongood,andhowtobuildandmaintainharmoniousrelationshipswithothers.Confucius'sgoldenprinciple,“Donotdotootherswhatyoudonotwantotherstodotoyou”,stillholdstrueforpeopleinmoderntimes.Wheninteractingwithothers,peopleshouldputthemselvesintheotherperson'sposition,regardingitasacodeofconducttoliveharmoniouslywithothers.Furthermore,acoreconceptinthephilosophyofConfuciusthathasgreatlyinfluencedChinesepeople'smoralvaluesisthatthepublicgoodesbeforepersonalinterest.Peoplewhoshouldergreatresponsibilityinpursuitofthemongoodandselflesslyputtheinterestsofothersbeforetheirownaregreatlyadmiredandheldupasrolemodels.ItisalsoworthnotingthatConfuciusfocusedontheconventionsofritualandetiquette/ˈetɪkət/,whichhavedeeplyinfluencedhowpeopleplaytheirmultipleritualroles.Forexample,studentsshouldhonourtheirteachers,andchildrenshouldshowrespectfortheirelders.Byobservingsuchsocialnorms,eachindividualcangetaclearerideaofhowtobalancetheirvariousrolesandrelationshipswithintheirfamilyandinsocietyatlarge（（囚犯）在逃,逍遥法外,一般说来,详细地）.（承上启下）Beyondthemoralprinciple