商法（英文版·第12版）课件全套 第1-26章 学习技巧-普通法上的知识产权保护：假冒、恶意中伤、违反保密协议

LawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIntroduction:gettingstartedChapter01StudyskillsStartingtostudy–studyinglawRelevanceoflawImportanceofreadingandkeepinguptodatewithcurrentissuesTimemanagementessentialNote-takingReadingrelevantsourcesCheckinglearningWritinglawassignmentsStyleEvidenceAvoidplagiarismChecksubmissionrequirementscarefullyAnsweringlawproblemquestionsCLEOC–claimIdentifyparties,areaoflawandremedysoughtbyclaimantL–law–legalrulesrelatingtotheclaimE–evaluation–applicationofthelaw(legalrules)tothefactsoftheproblemO–outcome–reasonedconclusion/adviceasappropriateAnsweringlawessayquestionsEssaysandReportsCheckwhatthequestionisaskingCommandwordsDotheresearchPlantheanswerWritethefirstdraftEditthoroughlyFinalchecksRevisionandexaminationtechniqueTimeplanningessentialRevisiontechniquesThoroughreadingNote-takingTestingExaminationtechniquePlananswersWriteclearlyandgrammaticallyLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIntroduction:gettingstartedChapter02ThenatureoflawLawdefinedLawdistinguishedfromrulesCreatedbystatuteJurisdictionofthestateStateenforcementCharacteristicsofEnglishlawSlowanduninterruptedevolutionLackofRomanlawinfluenceJudgeshavecreativepowersDoctrineofbindingprecedentAdversarialnatureCriminalandcivillawdefined

anddistinguishedPurposeProcedurePenaltiesChangingthelawSocialChangePoliticalchangeEconomicandtechnologicalchangeEssentiallegaltermsTheclaimantandthedefendantProsecutionand(s)

defendantTheappellantandtherespondentThecommonlawCaselawasopposedtostatutelawCaselawandstatutelawasopposedtoprinciplesofequityLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIntroduction:gettingstartedChapter03HowthelawismadeEuropeanlawInstitutionsEuropeanCouncilEuropeanCommissionEuropeanParliamentEuropeanCourtofJusticeThesourcesofEuropeanlawThetreatiesRegulationsDirectivesDecisionsTheimpactofEUmembershiponEnglishlawImpactofBrexitParliament–actsofparliamentstatuteanddelegatedlegislationPrimarylegislationThepre-legislativestageParliamentaryprocedureDelegatedlegislationOrdersinCouncilStatutoryinstrumentsRegulationsBye-lawsAdvantagesanddisadvantagesofdelegatedlegislationThecourtsCreativepowersInterpretativepowersIntrinsicaidsExternalaidsJudicialprinciplesofstatutoryinterpretationContextualapproachLiteralruleGoldenruleMischiefrulePurposiveapproachJudicialprecedentHumanrightsact1998ThelegalandpoliticalbackgroundtotheActTheoperationoftheHRA1998S.6–publicauthoritiesmustactcompatiblywiththeconventionS.2interpretationofconventionrightsS.3interpretationoflegislationS.8judicialremediesImpactoftheHRA1998DirectandIndirecteffectImpactondevelopmentoflawLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIntroduction:gettingstartedChapter04Resolvinglegaldisputes©2023PearsonEducationLimited.AllRightsReservedThecourtsystemTheMagistrates’CourtTheCrownCourtTheCountyCourtTheHighCourtTheCourtofAppeal(CivilDivision)TheCourtofAppeal(CriminalDivision)TheSupremeCourtBringingacaseinthecivilcourtsWoolfReforms1999SettlementoutofcourtPaymentintocourtandofferstosettleCivillitigationproceduresLettersofclaimandpre-actionprotocolsIssueofclaimThedefendant’sresponseThecaseallocationtotherelevanttrackThesmallclaimstrackThefasttrackThemulti-trackTheinterlocutorystagesThetrialofthecaseExecutingthejudgementAlternativedisputeresolutionArbitrationCommercialarbitrationCodearbitrationOmbudsmenservicesConciliationMediationADRandthecourtsEUOnlineDisputeResolutionPlatformThetribunalsystemDeterminesrightsofindividualsagainstgovernmentdepartmentsE.G.immigration,socialsecurity,planningetc.FirstTierandUpperTiertribunalsEmploymentdisputes–seeEmploymentRightsAct1996JurisdictionBenefitsoftribunalsCriticismsoftribunalsLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter05Thelawofcontract:

OfferandacceptanceTheessentialsofabindingcontractOfferAcceptanceConsiderationIntentiontocreatelegalrelationsWritingnotusuallyessentialContractswhichrequirewritingContractswhichrequirewrittenevidenceDeedsTheofferOfferor/offereeBilateral/unilateraloffersOffermusthave:ClearlystatedtermsIntentiontobelegallyboundCommunicationofthatintentionOffermustbedistinguishedfrom:Invitationtotreat–PartridgevCrittenden(1968)FishervBell(1960)NegotiationHarveyvFacey(1893)BiggvBoydGibbons(1971)Offermustbecommunicated–CarlillvCarbolicSmokeBallCo(1893)TendersTheterminationofoffersDeathRefusalandcounter-offer–HydevWrench(1840)Lapseoftime–RamsgateVictoriaHotelvMontefiore(1866)Revocation–DickinsonvDodds(1876)Promisestokeeptheofferopen–RoutledgevGrant(1828)TheacceptanceMustbeamirrorimageButlerMachineToolvEx-Cell-OLtd(1979)MustbeunconditionalImminghamStorageCoLtdvClearplc(2011)ReasonableexpectationsofhonestmenReveilleIndependentplcvAnotechInternational(UKLtd)(2016)CommunicationofacceptanceAcceptancemustbecommunicatedCommunicationmustbebyanauthorisedperson–PowellvLee(1908)MethodsofcommunicationConduct–BrogdenvMetropolitanRailway(1877)IRCvFry(2001)Verbalcommunication–instantaneouscommunicationsEntoresvMilesfarEastCorporation(1955)Electroniccommunications–emailsPostalAcceptancerule–AdamsvLindsell(1818)ByrnevVanTienhoven(1851)HolwellSecuritiesvHughes(1974)SilencecannotbeacceptanceFelthousevBindley(1862)OffermayrequirespecificmethodofcommunicationLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter06Thelawofcontract:Consideration,intention

andprivityConsiderationDefinedandexplainedExecutoryandexecutedconsiderationTherulesgoverningconsiderationConsiderationmustnotbepast–ReMcArdle(1951)ConsiderationmustmovefromthepromiseeConsiderationmustbesufficientWhitevBluett(1853);ThomasvThomas(1842)SufficiencyofconsiderationINSUFFICIENTCONSIDERATION

i)Performanceofanexistingpublicduty

CollinsvGodefroy(1831) Policeofficersoughtpaymentforthegiving

ofevidenceinacourtcase

ii)Performanceofanexistingcontractualduty

StilkvMyrick(1809) Twosailorsdesertedaship–captain

promisedtopaycrewsumofmoneyif

completedthejourney c.f.HartleyvPonsonby(1857)crewdidextraworksoentitledtopaymentConsiderationRuleinWilliamsvRoffeyBros(1990)PartpaymentofadebtisnotsufficientconsiderationPromissoryestoppelCentralLondonPropertyvHighTeesHouse(1947)D&CBuildersvRees(1965)IntentiontocreatelegalrelationsDomesticandsocialagreementsBalfourvBalfour(1919)BusinessagreementsRose&FrankCo.vJRCrompton&Bros(1925)ComfortLettersKleinwortBensonvMalaysiaMiningCorporation(1989)PrivityofcontractGenerally,onlyapartywhoprovidesconsiderationmayenforcethecontractTheContracts(RightsofThirdParties)

Act(1999)–enablesacontractualbeneficiarytosueforbreachofcontractthatwasclearlymadefortheirbenefit,eventhoughtheyhavenotprovidedanyconsideration.LawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter07ThetermsofthecontractatcommonlawExpressandimpliedtermsThesourcesofimpliedtermsBusinessefficacy–TheMoorcock(1889)TradecustomandpracticeStatuteSaleofGoodsAct1979(asamended)ConsumerRightsAct2015ClassificationoftermsaccordingtotheirrelativeimportanceConditions–PoussardvSpiers&Pond(1876)Warranties–BettinivGye(1876)Innominateterms–HongKongFirShippingCovKawasakiKisenKaisha(1962)CehavevBremner(1975)CriteriafordeterminingstatusofinnominatetermsSchulervWickmanMachineToolsSales(1974)TheMihalisAngelos(1970)LimitationandexclusionofliabilityLimitationclauseExclusionclauseCommonlawrequirementsIncorporationConstructionIncorporationTimingofnoticeOlleyvMarlboroughCourt(1949),ThorntonvShoeLaneParking(1971)ChapeltonvBarryUrbanDistrictCouncil(1940)PreviousbusinessdealingsKendallvLillico(1968)McCutcheonvMcBrayne(1964)SufficiencyOnerousterms–InterfotoPictureLibraryvStilettoProductions(1988)SufficiencySignatureL’EstrangevGraucob(1934)Misrepresentation–CurtisvChemicalCleaning(1951)ConstructionExclusionclauseisineffectiveifambiguousContraproferentumruleAndrewsvSinger(1934)LiabilityforfundamentalbreachPhotoProductionLtdvSecuricorTransportLtd(1980)LawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter08StatutorytermsincontractsforsaleofgoodsandservicesBusiness2businessagreementsThetermsimpliedbytheSaleofGoodsAct1979s12Titles13Descriptions14(2)Satisfactoryqualitys14(3)Fitnessforpurposes15Goodsmustcorrespondwithsamples35Therighttorejectgoods

Unfaircontracttermsact1977ThescopeoftheActThesubstanceoftheActWhatis‘reasonable’forthepurposesofUCTA1977ReasonablenessguidelinesImbalanceofbargainingpowerInducementsandchoicesPriorknowledgeSpecialrequirementsGreenvCadeBros(1978)GeorgeMitchellvFinneyLockSeeds(1983)ConsumersalesConsumerRightsAct2015Consumercontractsforgoods,servicesanddigitalcontentSection2definitionsofkeytermsTheconsumer’srightsinallcontractsforsupplyofgoodsNoliabilityexclusionsContractstosupplydigitalcontentRightsoftheconsumerifthedigitalcontentdoesnotconformtothecontractTheConsumerRightsAct2015–

unfairtermsMeaningofunfairtermsExamplesofunfairtermsNegligentliabilityforpersonalinjurycannotbeexcluded(s65)Theconsequencesofanunfairterm(s67)EnforcementLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter09Defectsinthecontract:Misrepresentation,mistake,duressandundueinfluenceVitiatingelementsAvoidablecontractAvoidcontractAnunenforceablecontractMisrepresentationStatementoffactStatementactedasamaterialinducementExclusionofliabilityformisrepresentationRemediesformisrepresentationMisrepresentation(Continued)TypesofmisrepresentationMisrepresentationmaybefraudulent,negligentorpurelyinnocentandtheremediesformisrepresentationarefoundintheMisrepresentationAct1967.Fraudulent–astatementmadewithknowledgethatitisuntrue,orwithoutbelievingittobetrue,orrecklessly,carelesswhetheritbetrueorfalse;Negligent–astatementmadeinthebeliefthatitistruebutwithoutreasonablegroundsforthatbelief;andInnocent–astatement

madeinthebeliefthatitistrueandwithreasonablegroundsforthatbelief.MistakeAnoperativemistakemakesthecontractvoidCommonmistakeconcerningtheexistenceofthesubjectmatterMutualmistakeconcerningtheidentityofthesubjectmatterUnilateralmistakeTheequitableremedyofrectificationDocumentssignedbymistakeDuressandundueinfluenceDuressThreatsoruseofviolencetoforceapartytomakeacontractmaymakeitvoidableUndueinfluenceAcontractresultingfrommoresubtleformsofillicitpersuasionthanduressmaybevoidablePresumedundueinfluenceActualundueinfluence.LawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter10Theconsequencesofillegalityandincapacity:IllegalityandincapacityIllegalityContractsillegalbystatuteContractsillegalatcommonlawAcontracttocommitacrime,atortorafraudAcontractwhichisdamagingtothecountry’sforeignrelationsAcontractforasexuallyimmoralpurposeAcontractwhichprejudicestheadministrationofjusticeIllegality(Continued)AcontracttodefraudtheRevenueAcontractendangeringpublicsafetyContractspromotingcorruptioninpubliclifeContractsprejudicialtomarriageTheconsequencesofanillegalcontractContractsinrestraintoftradeContractsagainstthepublicinterestContractsofemploymentContractsforthesaleofabusinessSolusagreementsContractsinrestraintoftrade(Continued)RestraintsinemploymentcontractsForster&SonsLtdvSuggett(1918)RestraintonthesellerofabusinessBRCEngineeringvSchelff(1921)SolusagreementsEssoPetroleumvHarper’sGarage(Stourport)Ltd(1968,HL)ContractualincapacityMinorsContractscapableofbindingaminorContractswhicharenotenforceableagainstaminorMinors’ContractsAct1987MentallyimpairedpersonsBoundtopayareasonablepricefornecessariesevenifthesellerisawareoftheincapacityAllothercontractsarevoidablebythemiftheotherpartyshouldhavebeenawareoftheincapacityLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter11DischargeofthecontractandremediesforbreachDischargeofcontractsDischargebyperformanceDivisiblecontracts;acceptanceofpartperformance;substantialperformanceDischargebyagreementDischargebyfrustrationDestructionofsubjectmatter;deathorillness;illegality;governmentintervention;eventonwhichthecontractisbasedfailstooccur;delayinperformanceRemediesforbreachDamagesRemotenessofdamageHadleyvBaxendale(1854)UsualdamageNon-usualdamageVictoriaLaundryvNewmanIndustriesLtd(1949,CA)–speciallossMeasureofdamagesa)Expectationloss–lossofbargainObjecttoputclaimantinsamepositionasfaraspossibleasifcontracthadbeenperformedb)Relianceloss–costsandlossofprofits–AngliaTVvReed(1971)OnlyactualfinanciallosscanberecoveredIfgoodsnotdelivered,marketruleappliesDamagesQuantumofdamagesLiquidateddamagesandpenaltiesGuidelinesinDunlopPneumaticTyrevNewGarageandMotorCo(1915)

ThedutytomitigateEquitableremediesRescissionSpecificperformanceRainbowEstatesLtdvTokenhold(1998)InjunctionWarnerBrosvNelson(1936)LawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIILawofcontract,agencyandsaleofgoodsChapter12ThelawofagencyCreationofagencyAgencybyagreementAgencybyestoppelAgencyarisingfromnecessityAgencybyratificationAuthorityofanagentActualauthorityImpliedorcustomaryauthorityApparentapparentauthorityDisclosedandundisclosedprincipalTherightsanddutiesofanagentRightsPaymentIndemnityMaintaingoods(lien)DutiesPerformanceReasonableskillAccountabilityAvoidanceofconflictofinterestTherightsanddutiesoftheprincipalInrelationtotheagentPerformreciprocalfiduciarydutyPrincipal’sliabilitytothirdpartiesLiabletoperformauthorisedcontractsVicariouslyliablefortheagent’stortsTerminationoftheagencyrelationshipOperationoflawActofthepartiesLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIIThelawoftortChapter13ThetortofnegligenceNegligenceliabilityThetortofnegligencegivesrightstopersonswhohavesuffereddamagetothemselvesortotheirproperty,againstapartywhohasfailedtotakereasonablecareforthosepersons’safety.Tobesuccessfulinaclaimofnegligence,theclaimantmustprovethat:thedefendantowedtheclaimantadutyofcare;andthedefendantfailedtoperformthatduty;andasaresult,theclaimantsuffereddamage.ThedutyofcareDonoghuevStevenson(1932)DevelopmentofthedutyofcareCaparovDickman(1990)ThreestagetestBreachofdutyTheclaimantmustprovethatthedefendantfailedtotakereasonablecaretakingintoaccount:(a) seriousnessoftheriskarisingfromthedefendant’sconduct;(b) theextentofthereasonablyforeseeabledamagetotheclaimant;(c) anyrelevantskilloftheclaimant;and(d) theskill/qualificationsofthedefendant.ConsequentialdamageCausation:thelinkbetweenthebreachandthedamagetotheclaimantmustexist:(a) infact:thedamagemustbetheresultofthebreach(‘butfor’test);(b) inlaw:thedamagemustnotbetooremotefromthebreachofduty.Testforremoteness:damagemustbeofareasonablyforeseeablekindinunintentionaltortslikenegligenceandnuisance.Interveningacts:makedamagetooremoteunlesstheywerereasonablyforeseeabletothedefendant.DefencesConsentContributorynegligenceIllegalityLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIIThelawoftortChapter14NegligenceandspecialdutysituationsProblematicdutiesofcare

Therequirementsforproofofdutyofcareintheseproblematicareasarerigorousandbasedonahighdegreeofforeseeabilityandproximityandpublicinterest.PureeconomiclossAspecialrelationshipofcloseproximitybetweenthepartiesisessential,involvingreliancebytheclaimantonthedefendant’sexpertiseand/orassumptionofresponsibilitybythedefendant.

Pureeconomicloss

SpartanSteelAlloysvMartin[1973]MurphyvBrentwoodCouncil[1990]

Pureeconomiclossnotrecoverableintortofnegligence.Economiclossconsequentonphysicaldamageisrecoverable.NervousshockShockcausingphysical/psychiatricinjurywhichmustbemedicallyrecognised.Primaryvictims:ifdutyforphysicalharmexistsitincludesnervousshock.Secondaryvictims:foradutytoexisttheclaimantmustsatisfytheAlcockcriteria:(a) suddenshockcausingmedicallyrecognisedcondition;(b) reasonableforeseeabilityofthisreaction;(c) claimant’sreactionthatofareasonablybraveperson;(d) claimantclosetotheaccidentintimeandspace.Omissions/third–partyacts

Thedefendantmustgenerallyoweadutyofcaretotheclaimant/haveadutytocontrolthethirdparty.HomeOfficevDorsetYachtCo.Ltd(1970,HL)Publicauthorityexerciseofstatutorydiscretion

Dutyofcareisrarelyupheld.Limitedduty:fireandambulanceservices.Humanrightsactionmaybemoreviable.CapitalandCountiesBankplcvHampshireFireBrigade

(1997,CA)

LawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIIThelawoftortChapter15ProductliabilityNegligenceliabilityDonoghuevStevenson(1932,HL)Theultimateconsumer,seeBarnettvPacker(1940);StennettvHancock(1939)ThelimitsofthedutyofcareEvansvTriplexGlass(1936)DamageDamageto/defectinproductispureeconomiclossandisirrecoverableinnegligencePersonalinjuryrecoverableNotinjurytotheproductitselfRecipientofgiftcausinginjurycannotgetmoneybackforproduct,neithercandonorashe/shehasnotsufferedanylossTheConsumerProtection

Act1987(Part1)ThedifferencebetweenfaultandstrictliabilityWhomaysue?S2(1)Methodsofsupply:s46Potentialdefendants:s2Themeaningof‘product’:s1Causationandliability:s2Defectivemeansdangerous:s3DefencesDamageDeath

PersonalinjuryDamagetoCONSUMERPROPERTYOVER£275Nocompensation(damages)payablefordamagetobusinesspropertyNocompensation(damages)payablefordamagetoproductitself,orproductinwhichitwascomprisedTimelimitsLimitationAct1980(s11A)Withinthreeyearsofthedatewhenfirstawareofdamage,defectandtheidentityofthedefendant.Finalcutoffdateof10yearsfromthedatewhentheproductwasputintocirculationLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIIIThelawoftortChapter16Occupiers’liability,nuisanceandvicariousliabilityTheOccupiers’LiabilityAct1957WhoistheoccupierWhatarepremisesTheextentoftheoccupier’sdutyThestandardofcareChildrenandvisitorswithspecialskillsLiabilityforcontractorsDischargingthedutyActionabledamageExcludingliabilityTheoccupiers’liabilityact1984WhenisthedutyowedTheextentofthedutyPerformingthedutyActionabledamageDutiesofanoccupiertopeopleoutsidethepremisesPrivatenuisanceProofofliabilityReasonableforeseeabilityWhomaysueinprivatenuisanceWhomaybesuedThedefenceofprescriptionPublicnuisanceThescopeofliabilityPotentialdefendantsPublicnuisancePotentialclaimantsProofofliabilityTheruleinRylandsvFletcherRemediesTheimpactoftheHumanRightsAct1998VicariousliabilityThedifferencebetweenemployeesandindependentcontractorsInthescopeofemploymentTheextentofthevicariousliabilityLiabilityforindependentcontractors:non-delegabledutiesLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIVElementsofemploymentlawChapter17Rightsatwork:ThecontractofemploymentandhealthandsafetyatworkTheemploymentcontractWorkersEmployeesEmployeeshareholdersIndependentcontractorsFactorstodeterminestatusStringfellowvQuashie(2012)TheformofthecontractofserviceS.1EmploymentRightsAct1996WrittenstatementofkeytermsContentsKeytermsNamesofpartiesRelevantdatesPaydetailsDisciplinaryandgrievanceSourcesofthetermsoftheemploymentcontractImpliedtermsCustomandpracticeWorksandstaffrulesCollectiveagreementsStatuteCommonlawrightsanddutiesofemployersandemployeesBusinessefficacyThecommonlawdutiesoftheemployerandtheemployeeThecommonlawdutiesoftheemployeeThedutytoworkwithreasonablecareandskillThedutytoobeyreasonableordersThedutytoactingoodfaithThecommonlawdutiesoftheemployerDutytopayemployeeagreedwagesDutynottounderminetrustandconfidenceoftheemployeeDutytoprovidesafeworkingconditionsThelawoftortemployers’civilliabilityforindustrialinjuries

Employer’scommonlawliabilityNon-delegableToprovidecompetentstaff–HudsonvRidgeManufacturingCo.Ltd(1957)Toprovidesafepremises,plantandequipmentToprovidesafesystemofworkStress-relatedillnessesCivilliabilityforbreachofstatutorydutyCriminallawregulationofsafetyintheworkplaceHealthandSafetyatWorkAct1974ThepowersoftheHealthandSafetyExecutiveProsecution,ImprovementnoticesandProhibitionnotices.Ministerialregulations.Thelawoftortemployers’civilliabilityforindustrialinjuries(Continued)

LawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIVElementsofemploymentlawChapter18Rightsatwork:ProtectionagainstdiscriminationinemploymentProhibitedconductDirectdiscriminations13EA2010Associative/perceptiveCombineddiscriminations14EA2010IndirectProvision,criterionorpracticeDefenceofjustificationComparatorsOccupationalrequirementHarassmentVictimisationVicariousliabilityTheoperationoftheequalityact2010

theprotectedcharacteristics–

ageanddisabilityAges5OccupationalrequirementRetirementageDisabilitys6ImpairmentLongtermProhibitedconduct–directdiscriminationConsequentialunfavourabletreatmentComparatorsThedutytomakereasonableadjustmentsEnquiriesaboutdisabilityandhealths60Theprotectedcharacteristics(Continued)

genderreassignment,marriageandcivilpartnership,pregnancyandmaternityGenderreassignmentProhibitedbehaviourOccupationalrequirementdefenceGenderRecognitionAct2004MarriageandcivilpartnershipProhibitedbehaviourOccupationalrequirementPregnancyandmaternityProhibitedbehaviour–protectedperiodDirectandIndirectdiscriminationVictimisationHarassmentTheprotectedcharacteristics(Continued)race,religionorbeliefRaceColour,nationality,ethnicornationaloriginsMandlavDowellLee(1983)ProhibitedconductDirectIndirect–theproportionatemeansdefenceVicariousliabilityReligionorbeliefProhibitedbehaviourDirectandindirectdiscriminationOccupationalrequirementOrganisedreligionsEmployerswithareligiousethosTheprotectedcharacteristics(Continued)sex,equalpay&sexualorientationSexs11Thesexequalityclauses66Prohibitedbehaviour–direct,indirectandharassmentEqualpayEqualworks65Likework,workratedasequivalentandworkofequalvalueComparators/hypotheticalcomparatorsOccupationalpensions/paytransparencySexualorientationEnforcinganti-discriminationlegislationThepromotionofequalityThepublicsectorequalitydutyTheEqualityandHumanRightsCommissionLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartIVElementsofemploymentlawChapter19Rightsatwork:Protectionagainstterminationofemploymentbywrongful

andunfairdismissalincludingredundancyWrongfuldismissalDismissalforemployer’sbreachofcontractSummarydismissalMinimumnoticeperiodsRemediesforwrongfuldismissalUnfairdismissalEligibilitytoclaimContinuousemploymentTwoyearsunlessautomaticallyunfairDismissalActualConstructiveDeemedUnfairdismissal(Continued)GroundsfordismissalQualificationsEmployee’sconductRedundancyIllegalityAnyothersubstantialreasonFairnessofdismissalAutomaticallyunfairdismissalRedundancyEligibilityOffersofsuitablealternativeemploymentTimelimitationonredundancyclaimsFinancialentitlementUnfairdismissalarisingfromredundancyTransferofundertakingsThemeaningofrelevanttransfer,undertakingTherightsoftheemployeesClaimingattheemploymenttribunalACASconciliationClaimsaretimelimitedCostUnpaidawardpenaltiesRemediesReinstatementRe-engagementCompensationPenaltiesfornon-paymentofdamagesLawForBusinessStudentsTwelfthEditionPartVIntroductiontocompanylawChapter20BusinessorganisationsDifferentformsofbusinessorganisationThesoletraderThepartnershipThelimitedpartnershipThelimitedliabilitypartnershipPublicscrutinyofpartnershipsTheregisteredcompanyLegalpersonalityIncorporationThepubliccompanyLimitedbysharesHas‘plc’(oritsWelshequivalent)afterthecompanynameHaslimitedliabilityIsregisteredatCompaniesHouseInitscertificateofincorporationitstatesthatitisapubliccompanyTheprivatecompanyHoldingandsubsidiarycompaniesLimitedliabilityLegalliabilityofacompanyTheadvantagesofincorporationasaregisteredcompanyTheimpactoftheHumanRightsAct1998ThedifferencesbetweenapartnershipandaregisteredcompanySalomonvSalomon&Co.Ltd[1897]A.C.22,HL.ThefactsMrSalomonhadaleatherbusiness,andhewantedtoformthebusinessintoalimitedcompany.ThecompanypurchasedSalomon’sbusinessfor£39,000.ThearrangementMrSalom