《轮机英语（二三管轮）》-Lesson 6 Lubricating System

NewWordsandExpressionscomplexity[kəmˈpleksəti]n.复杂，复杂性grade[ɡreɪd]n.等级；级别geared[ɡɪəd]a.齿轮传动的，变速螺旋桨的auxiliary[ɔːɡˈzɪliəri]a.辅助的；（发动机、设备等）备用的miscellaneous[ˌmɪsəˈleɪniəs]a.各种各样的；多方面的trunkpiston

筒式活塞cylinderlubrication

气缸润滑doublebottom

双层底NewWordsandExpressionsbellmouth

喇叭口，锥形口wetsump

湿式油底壳list[lɪst]n.横倾trim[trɪm]n.纵倾sloshing[slɑʃ]n.晃动，晃荡precaution[prɪˈkɔːʃn]n.预防，预防措施turbocharger[ˈtɜːbəʊtʃɑːdʒə(r)]n.涡轮增压器emergency[ɪˈmɜːdʒənsi]a.紧急的NewWordsandExpressionsspin[spɪn]v.旋转contamination[kənˌtæmɪˈneɪʃn]n.污染；污染物inevitable[ɪnˈevɪtəbl]a.必然的，不可避免的straightmineraloil

纯矿油corrosion[kəˈrəʊʒn]n.腐蚀oxidation[ˌɒksɪˈdeɪʃn]n.[化学]氧化inhibitor[ɪnˈhɪbɪtə(r)]n.抑制剂，抗化剂alkalineadditive

碱性添加剂NewWordsandExpressionstotalbasenumber（TBN）

总碱值sulfurcontent

含硫量，硫分；硫含量compensate[ˈkɒmpenseɪt]v.补偿；抵消vaporize[ˈveɪpəraɪz]v.蒸发；使…蒸发ignite[ɪɡˈnaɪt]v.点燃；使燃烧thermostatically[ˌθɜːrməˈstætɪkli]a.恒温地；自动调节温度地three-waythermostaticallycontrolledvalve

温控三通阀short-circuiting

短路效应NewWordsandExpressionsredeem[rɪˈdiːm]v.恢复reclamation[ˌrekləˈmeɪʃn]n.再利用analogous[əˈnæləɡəs]a.类似的NewWordsandExpressionsdeaerate[di'ɛret]v.使除去空气；从液体中除去气泡atmospheric[ˌætməsˈferɪk]a.大气的，大气层的boosterpump

增压泵，升压泵injectionpump

喷射泵，注射泵combustion[kəmˈbʌstʃən]n.燃烧atomization[,ætəʊmaɪ'zeɪʃən]n.雾化Thecomplexityofmotor-shiplubricatingoil(LO)systemsistheresultofthenumberofdifferentgradesofoilrequired.Ageared,mediumspeeddieselplantwillusuallyrequiredifferentgradesofoilforthemainandauxiliaryengines,andothergradesforgearingandmiscellaneoususes.ALOsystemforalowspeeddieselplantwillbeequallycomplex.Involvingatleasttwogradesofoilforthemainengine(oneforthecirculatingsystemandtheotherforthecylinders)andathirdfortheauxiliaryengines.Itisimportanttonotethatmosttrunkpistonenginesdonotuseaseparategradeofoilforcylinderlubrication.5.1Fillingandtransfersystems6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemAtypicalcirculatingoilsystemappearsinFig.6-1.Oildrainingfrombearingsandcoolingpassagestothebottomofthecrankcasepassesintoadraintank(orremotesump)builtintothedoublebottombelowtheengine,fromwhichitisdrawnbytheLOcirculatingpumpforredistributionviaacoolerandafilter.Althoughthedraintankisshownasanintegralpartofthedoublebottomstructure,insomecasesindependenttankshavebeeninstalled.Insmallerenginestheadditionalcostandcomplexityofadraintankareofteneliminatedinfavorofawetsumpformedbythecrankcasebottom（虽然泄放柜可以作为双层底的组成部分，但在某些情况下，已经安装了独立的油柜。在较小的柴油机中，采用湿式油底壳可以消除额外的成本和安装泄放柜的复杂性）。6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemThesuctionbellmouthsclearthebottombyabout100mmtoavoidingestingwaterorsediment,andmayincorporateafootvalvetokeepthesuctionlinefullwhenthepumpisstopped.Thedraintankorwetsumpmustbesodesignedthatsuctionwillbemaintainedatthemostextremeconditionsoflist,trim,andsloshing.6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemTheLOcirculatingpumpsaremostoftenpositivedisplacementrotarypumps,andinlargerplantsarefittedinduplicate.Bothpumpsaremotordrivenininstallationswithlowspeeddiesels,buthigherspeedenginesareoftenfittedwithanengine-drivenpump,relyingonthemotor-drivenpumpforstandbyservice.Eachpumpwillhaveacoarsesuctionstrainerforitsownprotection.Providingeachpumpwithitsownsuctionlineisanadvisableprecaution.滑油循环泵通常是容积式旋转泵，大型柴油机上是成对安装的。在低速柴油机装置中，这两个泵都是由电动机驱动的，但高速柴油机通常配备发动机驱动的泵，依靠电动机驱动的泵作为备用。每个泵都有一个粗的吸入过滤器来保护自己。为每个泵提供单独的吸油管道是明智的预防措施6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemAfullflowfilterisprovidedinthepumpdischargelinebeforeorafterthecooler.Itmaybeoftheduplex,baskettype,butbetterfiltrationwillbeprovidedbyadisposable-elementorself-cleaningsimplexunit,withastandbyfilterinabypass.Filteredoilisdistributedtoenginebearings,forgoverningandcontrolservice,tovalvegear,and,ontrunkpistonenginesaswellassomecrossheadengines,topistonsforcooling.Someoftheseservicesmayrequirehigherpressureoil,whichcanbeobtainedbyfittingboosterpumpsintheline.Inothercasessomeequipmentisservedbyindependentcirculatingsystemsthatarescaled,downversionsofthemainsystem(这些应用中的一些可能需要更高的压力油，可以通过在管路中安装增压泵来获得。在其他情况下，一些设备由独立的循环系统提供，这些循环系统是主机(滑油)系统的缩小版).6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemUsuallyoilisalsosuppliedtoturbochargerbearingsfromthecirculatingoilpumps,butsometurbochargersareprovidedwiththeirownself-containedLOsystem.IneithercasetheturbochargersmustbeprovidedwithanemergencysupplyofLO,astheywillcontinuetospinathighspeedfollowingaLOfailure.ThesystemofFig.6-1includesagravitytankforthispurpose.通常也通过循环油泵向涡轮增压器轴承供油，但有些涡轮增压器有自己独立的滑油系统。在任何一种情况下，必须为涡轮增压器提供一个紧急备用的滑油供应，因为它们将在供油故障后继续高速旋转。图6-1的系统中包括为此目的设置的重力油柜。6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemIncrossheadengines,thecrankcase,andthereforethecirculatingoil,isprotectedbythepistonrodpackingfromcontaminationbycombustionproductsblowingbythepistonrings,whereasthiskindofcontaminationintrunkpistonenginesisusuallyinevitable.Consequently,whileastraightmineraloilwithcorrosionandoxidationinhibitorsisusuallyrecommendedforthecirculatingoilofmostcrossheadenginesregardlessofthefuelinuse,manufacturersoftrunkpistonenginesgenerallyrecommendadetergentoilwithalkalineadditives(measuredastotalbasenumberorTBN)matchedtothelikelysulfurcontentofthefueltobeburned.6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemWhilethecirculatingLOinacrossheadenginerarelyrequiresreplacementinthenormalcourseofevents,thisisnotusuallythecasewithtrunkpistonengines,where,inmostcases,theLOmustberenewedperiodically.ThelifeoftrunkpistonengineLOalreadyextendedbytheregularadditionoffreshmakeupoiltocompensateforoilburnedincylinderlubrication.Itcanbefurtherextendedbytakingsuchextrameasuresasthefittingofadditionalextra-finefiltrationloopsand,ifnecessary,theoccasionaladditionofchemicaladditivepackagestotheoil.筒形活塞式柴油机的滑油寿命已经通过定期添加新鲜的补充油以弥补在气缸润滑中燃烧的油得到延长。如果采取额外的措施，如安装额外的超细过滤回路，必要时还可以在油中临时添加一些化学添加剂，则可进一步延长其使用寿命。6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemThereisthepossibilityofacrankcaseoverpressureconditionorexplosioninanydieselengine.Acommonpatternbeginswhenanoverheatingbearingvaporizesoil,creatinganexplosivemixturewhichcanthenbeignitedbyfurtheroverheatingofthebearingor,intrunkpistonengines,byblowby.Togivewarningofoverheatingbearings,alarmsystemsoflargeenginesincludetemperatureprobesatmajorbearingswithinthecrankcase,whilephotoelectricoilmistdetectorscontinuouslysampletheairdrawnfromlikelyaccumulationpointswithinthecrankcase.Shouldanignitionoccur,aninitialriseincrankcasepressurewillbelimitedbyavailabilitywithinthecrankcase.6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemButifthisisfollowedbyaninfluxofair,amuchlargersecondaryexplosioncanoccur.Tominimizethepossibilityofthecrankcasebeingbreachedbyaprimarypressureriseandofairenteringtocauseasecondaryexplosion,largeenginesarefittedwithspring-loadedpressurereliefvalves(usuallymountedonthecrankcasedoors)whichopentorelieveanoverpressureandthensnapshut.Inaddition,thecrankcaseventpipeisrestrictedinsizetolimittheingressofair.6.1MainengineLOcirculatingsystemTheextentofadditionalautomationofthesystemwillvary,butwilltypicallyincludeautomaticchangeoverforthepumps,lowpressurealarms,alowLOpressuretrip,andadifferentialpressurealarmatthefilter.LOtemperatureisusuallycontrolledbyathree-waythermostaticallycontrolledvalveontheoilsideofthecooler.6.2MainenginecylinderoilsystemCrossheadenginesarefittedwithanindependentcylinderoilsystemforlubricationofthepistonrings.AtypicalsystemisincludedinFig.6-1.Thecylinderoilisstoredinoneor,preferably,twotanksandistransferreddailytoasmallcapacitymeasuringtank,fromwhichitpassesbygravitytothecylinderlubricatorsontheengine.十字头式柴油机装有独立的气缸油系统用于活塞环的润滑。图6-1中包含了一个典型的系统。气缸油储存在一个或两个(最好是两个)油箱中，每天被转移到一个小容量的计量油柜中，通过重力将其传递到发动机的气缸注油器中。6.2MainenginecylinderoilsystemThelubricatorsarepreciselycalibratedinjectors,mechanicallydrivenbytheengineandtimedtoinjectameteredquantityoftheoilintothecylinderasthepistonringpackrisespasttheinjectionpoints.Theoilisultimatelyconsumed.Incrossheadenginesingoodconditionthecylinderoilconsumptionmayrangefrombelow0.5g/hp-hrtobelow1.0g/hp-hr.Becausethequantitiesofoilinjectedperstrokearesmall,themeasuringtankprovidesforconsumptiontobedeterminedaccuratelyasadropinleveloveranelapsedtimeperiod.6.2MainenginecylinderoilsystemCylinderoilisahighviscositymineraloil,withaTBNmatchedtotheanticipatedsulfurcontentofthefuel.TwocylinderoilstoragetanksprovideflexibilityinthisregardbyenablingcylinderoilofdifferentTBNtobecarried.Cylinderoilstoragetanksarefilledfromdeckbygravity,afactwhichmayprecludefillingthemeasuringtankfromthestoragetanksbygravityaswell,necessitatingasmallhand-ormotor-driventransferpump.6.2MainenginecylinderoilsystemIntrunkpistonenginesingoodcondition,cylinderlubricationconsumesupto1g/hp-hrormoreofcirculatingoil,whichusuallyreachestheringpackandcylinderlinerwallsbyacontrolledleakagefromthewristpinbearing.Insomeofthelargermediumspeedengines,circulatingoilisinjectedforcylinderlubricationinthesamemannerasdescribedaboveforcylinderoilinlowspeedengines.Intheseenginestheoilisusuallytakenfromthecirculatingsystem,butseparateoiltanksandpipingcanbearrangedtobringonlyclean,unuseddetergentoilofhighTBNtotheinjectors.Thearrangementwillstillfallshortofwhatcanbeachievedinacrossheadengine,sinceanunburnedportionoftheinjectedoil,cardingentrainedcontaminants,willdraintothecrankcase.6.3LOstorage,transfer,andpurificationsystem6.3LOstorage,transfer,andpurificationsystemWhilesmallerhighspeedmainenginesmayrelysolelyonfiltrationandoccasionaloilchangestomaintainthequalityofthecirculatingoil,mostlargermainenginesarearrangedforcontinuousbypasspurificationusingcentrifugalpurifiers,asshowninFig.6-2.较小的高速主机可能仅依靠过滤和偶尔的换油来维持循环油的质量，而多数较大的主机则采用离心式分油机进行连续旁路净化，如图6-2所示。6.3LOstorage,transfer,andpurificationsystemTwopurifiersareshown,althoughoneisastandbyunit,anditisoftenpossible,bymeansofblankedcrossconnectionsorsharedcomponents,torelyonareserveFOpurifierforstandby.Normally,thepurifierdrawsfromabellmouthinthesuctionwellofthemainenginedraintankandreturnstheoiltotheforwardendofthesametank,therebyavoidingshort-circuiting.Thepurifiersuctionwillgenerallybelocatedaftofthecircuitingpumpsuction,andlowerabout50mmabovethetankbottomtodrawwaterbeforeitreachesthecirculatingpumpsuctions.6.3LOstorage,transfer,andpurificationsystemThemainLOstoragetank,withacapacityequaltoatleastonechargeforeachengineitservesplussufficientmargintomeetmiscellaneousneeds,isfilledfromdeckbygravity,whilethesettlingtankisnormallyempty.Shouldanengine’scirculatingoilbemassivelycontaminated,forexamplebywater,itcanbetransferredtothesettlerusingthetransferpump,andfreshoilbroughtdownfromthestoragetank.Iftheoilcannotthenberedeemedbyacombinationofsettlingandpurification,itcanbedischargedashoreortoabargeforreclamation.如果柴油机的循环油被大量污染，例如被水污染，它可以通过输送泵输送到沉淀柜，并从储存柜中取出新鲜的油。如果油不能通过沉淀和净化的组合进行恢复性能，则可以将其排放到岸上或驳船上进行回收。6.3LOstorage,transfer,andpurificationsystemModernpurifierstendtobeselfcleaningandfullyautomated.Generally,purifierfeedpumpsareattached,positivedisplacementunits,requiringtheLOpurifierstobelocatedonthefloorplatestominimizethesuctionliftrequiredfromthemainenginedraintank.Analternativearrangementwouldplaceamotor-drivenpurifierfeedpumponthefloorplates,toprovidemoreflexibilityinpurifierlocation.现代分油机往往是自我清洁和完全自动化。一般情况下分油机给油泵是附加的，容积式单元，要求滑油分油机位于地板上，以减少从主机储存柜所需的吸引压头。另一种替换布置是在地板上放置一个电动分油机给油泵，以提供更灵活的分油机位置。6.3LOstorage,transfer,andpurificationsystemInmostinstallations,oilleavesthepurifiersundersufficientheadtoreachthesettlingtank,butwherethisisnotthecase,adischargepumpmustbefitted.Eachpurifierisnormallysizedtocirculatethemainenginedraintankthreetofivetimesperday.PurifierconnectionscanbeprovidedforbatchpurificationofauxiliaryengineLObutareunlikelytobeused,sincerelativelysmallquantitiesareinvolved,sincethealkaline-additivedetergentoilwillrequirerenewalatintervalsinanyevent,andsincethereispotentialforcontaminationofthemainengineoil.Whenauxiliaryenginesofsubstantialsizeareinvolved,however,aseparatepurifiermaybejustified.Thefixedpipingshownforfillinganddrainingtheauxiliaryenginesumpsmaynotbeprovidedforsmallerinstallations.6.3LOstorage,transfer,andpurificationsystemAnanalogousproblemexistsinmediumspeeddieselplants,wherethereductiongearcontainsastraightmineraloilthatissubjecttowatercontaminationfromcondensationwithinthegearcase,butwhichwouldotherwiselastindefinitely.Againbecauseofthedangerofcontamination,inthiscaseofthegearoilbythealkalinemainengineoil,evenwhenpurifierconnectionsarefittedtheyareunlikelytobeused.Someoperatorsfitwater-absorbingfiltersinthegearlubricationsystem,whileotheronoccasionalbatchpurificationusingaportablepurifierorfilter.一些操作人员在齿轮润滑系统中安装了吸水过滤器，而其他操作人员则偶尔使用便携式分油机或过滤器进行批量净化。

Exercises1.What’sthefunctionofthecharacterTBNaboutcylinderoil?A.Increasingtheviscosity B.DecreasetheviscosityC.Neutralizetheacidingredient D.Evaluatetheflashpoint2.Whichofthefollowingmethodsisnormallyusedtolubricatebearingsinasmallhigh-speeddieselengine?A.Splashlubrication B.PressurelubricationC.Sightfeedlubricators D.MechanicallubricatorsCA

Exercises3.Itisimportanttonotethatmost_____donotuseaseparategradeofoilforcylinderlubrication.A.trunkpistonengines B.crossheadengines