高考英语一轮复习词法之名词详解学案

词法之名词详解+近十年高考真题+答案名词的分类1.专有名词(ProperNouns)1）定义：表示特定的人、地方、机构、组织、节日等独一无二的事物的名称.2）特点：首字母必须大写3）举例:①人名：Alice,Mr.Smith,Einstein②地名：China,Beijing,theYellowRiver③机构、组织：theUnitedNations,HarvardUniversity④节日、品牌：Christmas,CocaCola用法：一般没有复数形式，前面通常不加冠词（the除外，如theUnitedStates）。普通名词(monNouns)1）定义：表示一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名称2）特点：首字母通常小写（除非在句首）3）分类：普通名词又可以进一步分为可数与不可数名词）A.可数名词（CountableNouns)a.个体名词:定义：表示单个的人或事物。举例：ateacher（老师），acity（城市），anapple（苹果），acar（汽车）考点：有明确的单复数变化：规则（如加s,es,变y为i再加es等）不规则变化（如child→children,foot→feet）b.集体名词：定义：表示一群人或一类事物的集合体。举例：family（家人），team（团队），class（班级），government（政府），audience（观众）考点：主谓一致不可数名词（UncountableNouns）a.物质名词:定义：表示无法分为个体的物质、材料、液体、气体等。举例：water（水），air（空气），paper（纸），wood（木头），rice（米），money（钱）考点：没有复数形式，不能与a/an连用。表达数量时需加量词：abottleofwater,twopiecesofpaper。b.抽象名词:定义：表示性质、状态、情感、概念等抽象事物。举例：love（爱），happiness（幸福），information（信息），advice（建议），knowledge（知识），time（时间）考点：没有复数形式,不能与a/an连用。这类词是完形填空高频考点，因为中文里很多词是可数的，但英语里不可数注意：抽象名词具体化：当抽象名词具体指一个人或一件事时，抽象名词可数。例如：asuccess:一个成功的人/一件成功的事二，高考核心考点与易错点1.名词单数转复数：规则和不规则1）规则：①一般情况加s：mapmaps;bookbooks;bagbags;carcars②以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加es：busbuses;watchwatches;dishdishes;boxboxes③以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i再加es:元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数:babybabies;boyboys④以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,去f或fe加veshalfhalvesknifeknivesleafleaveswolfwolveslifelivesthiefthieves※roofroofs;beliefbeliefs⑤以o结尾的名词变复数：有生命的加es【黑人（negro）英雄（hero）爱吃土豆（potato)和西红柿(tomato)】无生命的加s：photo→photos巧记：黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆2）不规则：①childchildren（孩子)footfeet(脚）toothteeth(牙齿)mousemice(老鼠）manmen（人，男士)womanwomen(女士)注意：与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是men和women②单复同形如：deer(鹿);sheep（绵羊);Chinese（中国人);Japanese（日本人）③集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：peoplepolicecattle等本身就是复数，不能说apeople，apolice，acattle④以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a.maths(数学);politics(政治);physics(物理)等学科名词，为不可数名词，表单数。(主谓一致)b.news(新闻)是不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates(美国);theUnitedNations(联合国)应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。“TheArabianNights”isaveryinterestingstorybook.

<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。⑤表示由两部分构成的东西如：glasses(眼镜);trousers(裤子);pants(长裤);shorts(短裤)⑥另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思如：goods(货物);fishes(各种鱼)papers(报纸，稿件);works(工厂，作品)times(时代;次数;倍数)；drinks(饮料);manners(礼貌)⑦外来名词mediummedia（媒体，媒介）;phenomenonphenomena（现象）;analysisanalyses（分析）注意：有些名词只有复数形式。例如。goods(货物)glasses(眼镜)passes(圆规)thanks(感谢)clothes(衣服)remains(遗物，遗体)trousers(裤子)2.常见的不可数名词advice:建议；fun:乐趣；trouble：问题；information:信息；work：工作tea:茶equipment：设备；furniture：家具；homework:家庭作业；housework:家务活；happiness：快乐；truth：真理，事实;health:健康;money:钱;milk:牛奶；air:空气progress:进展；进步注意：不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数3.修饰不可数名词的词:alittle(一点)/little;much;some;agreatdealof;lotsof=alotof+不可数名词修饰可数名词复数的词:afew/few;many;anumberof;thenumberof;lotsof=alotof;some;plentyof;several;oneof+n.(复数)可数名词复数真题再现1.(2025年新课标1卷)Youtrytoleadtheopponentintoyourtrapandforcethemtofollowyour59._______________(guide)tilltheylose2.(2025年新课标2卷)ThesundriedclothessmellespeciallypleasantwhereIlive,thankstothe43._________(absent)ofsmogandplentyofbluesky44._________(afternoon)withlotsoffreshair.3.(2024年新课标1卷)TheseplantsincludedmodernWestern62.__________(favourite)suchasrosemary,lavenderandfennel.4.(2024年新课标1卷)SilkRoutebroughttheplantsfromtheirnativehabitatinAsiatoetodefinemuchofthe65.___(rich)ofgardeninginEngland.5.(2024年新课标2卷)Althoughtheycouldneverhavemet,therearemon57.___(theme)intheirworks.6.(2024年新课标2卷)ThoseculturalelementshaveincreasedStratford’sinternational62.___(visible)7.(2024年全国甲卷)Theyallagreedandvowed(承诺)topromotetheideaatthe48._________(plete)oftheirjourney.8.(2024年全国甲卷)Theyare42._______(treasure)ofAmericanheritage(遗产).9.(2024年北京卷)Takingthetimetorestallowsustodevelopadeepersenseof12.__________(selfaware).10.(2024年北京卷)Topractisethis,weneedtoestablishclear14._________(boundary)inourpersonalandprofessionallife.11.(2023年全国乙卷)Beijingisalsoaplacewhichwelesthefastpaceddevelopmentofmodernlife,with21stcenturyarchitectural59.________(wonder)standingsidebysidewithhistoricalbuildingsofthepast.12.(2023年新课标2卷)SinceJune2017,rightbeforethe56.________(arrive)ofthetwonewpandas,MengMengandJiaoQing,Ihavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorefortableand57._________(confidence)speakingEnglish.13.(2023年新课标2卷)Theyalsoneedtobereadytogive61._________61._________(interview)inEnglishwithinternationaljournalists.14.(2023年浙江一月卷)...almosteveryhutonghasitsstories,andsomeareevenassociatedwithhistoric64.______(event).15.(2023年北京卷)Mangrovescanhelpsoftenwavesandprotect15.________(city)fromcoastalwinds.16.(2023年浙江1月卷)Thehutongstheyformedwereorderly,linedby61.___(space)homesandwalledgardens.17.(2022年全国甲卷)CaoandWualsocollectgarbagealongtheroadinordertopromoteenvironmental60._________(protect).18.(2022年全国乙卷)Chinahasa60._________(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.19.(2022年新高考2卷)“Hesavedmy64.___(son)life,”saidMrs.Brown.20.(2022新高考1卷)TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate62.__________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas.21.(2022年浙江1月卷)Whentheanswer,wasno,she,declinedthe64.___(invite).22.(2021新高考1卷)Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe2.________(human)are.23.(2021课标全国乙卷)Itoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe2._____(develop)ofthelocalareas.24.(2021课标全国乙卷)_________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足).25.(2021课标全国甲卷)Westoppedatthedifferentgatesand9._______(watchtower)totakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir10._____(day)routines.26.(2020新课标全国1卷)Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular4.______(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山)27.(2020新课标全国2卷)ChineseNewYearisa1.______(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.28.(2020新课标全国3卷)Filledwith4.________(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.29.(2019新课标全国3卷)Theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting6._______(pete)towatch.30.(2018新课标全国1卷)Itshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall7.____(cause).31.(2018新课标全国2卷)Thisswitchhasdecreased6._________(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.32.(2018新课标全国3卷)MynameisMireyaMayor.I’ma6.________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.33.(2017新课标全国1卷)Thistrendhashadsomeunintendedside2.________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalmunitywastryingtofight.34.(2017年全国2卷)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe9.__________(introduce)ofelectricpoweredenginesandlifts.35.(2017年全国3卷)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher6.___________(educate)36.(2017年全国3卷)Shehasturneddownseveral7._________(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.37.(2016新课标全国1卷)Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop1.__________(attract).38.(2016新课标全国1卷)Thenurseryteam