2015年考研英语真题

2015年考研英语练习题2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）练习题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenomewideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.”Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13than“functionalkinship”ofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s18tobefriendthoseofsimilarethnicbackgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento19thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.Inthearticle,theauthorswritethat“Anindividual’sgeneshaveinfluenceonhisorhersocialenvironment,and20,socialenvironmentshaveaprofoundinfluenceonanindividual’sgenes.”1.[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by4.[A]separated[B]sought[C]compared[D]connected5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[D]missions15.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]understand17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive18.[A]tendency[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]endeavor19.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell20.[A]inturn[B]incontrast[C]inparticular[D]inconsequenceSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirbeds.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuroelectionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs’continuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarchinfestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanoncontroversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshavedayjobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwellheeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice—asnoncontroversialandnonpoliticalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain______.[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly______.[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?[A]Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles______.[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsText2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernible,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphoneissimilartosearchingthroughasuspect’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon’tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn’teasethechallengeoflinedrawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbefairforpolicetoobtainawarrantonlyaftersearchingthephone’scontents.Theycouldstilltrumpupchargesagainstsomeoneiftheyfoundsomething—eveniftherewasnorighttosearch.Butthejusticescanbestaddressthisdilemmabydirectingpolicetoobtainwarrantsbeforesearchingaphone.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt’srulingshouldharmonizetheneedsofthepolicewiththeinterestsofprivacyconsciousAmericans.26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto______.[A]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents[B]searchforsuspects’mobilephoneswithoutawarrant[C]checksuspects’phonecontentswithoutawarrant[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones27.Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneof______.[A]tolerance[B]indifference[C]disapproval[D]cautiousness28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparableto______.[A]gettingintoone’sresidence[B]handlingone’shistoricalrecords[C]scanningone’scorrespondences[D]goingthroughone’swallet29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat______.[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation[D]citizens’privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected30.Orarulingonthiscase,theSupremeCourtshould______.[A]allowgreaterflexibilityinlawenforcement[B]resolvethedilemmabetweenpoliceandsuspects[C]maintainthebalancebetweenlawandprivacy[D]permitthepolicetocheckphonecontentswithoutawarrantText3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeerreviewprocess,editorinchiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptswillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal’sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.Science’sideatoappointSBoREcomesfromthefactthat,despiteeffortsmadebythejournal’seditors,statisticalerrorsarestillcommoninpublishedresearch.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,andprovidedetailededitingandproofreadingservices.McNuttandherteamaretryingtoaddresstheproblemthatmostjournalsdon’thaveamechanismtofilteroutstatisticalerrors.“Werecognizethatthecurrentpeerreviewprocessisfarfromperfect,”shesays.“Butwe’rewillingasajournaltoleadtheway.”Theimpactofthenewpolicyisalsolikelytobelimited.ItisnotyetclearwhetherstatisticsexpertswillregardSBoREasakindofintrusivebureaucracy,orwhethertheywillbewillingtoserveonit.Itisalsonotclearwhethertheselfselectedgroupofexternalstatisticianswillhavetheexpertisetoreviewalltypesofscientificmanuscripts.Anotherproblemisthatthenewpolicymaybackfire.StatisticsexpertsmaycomplainthatjournalsareshiftingresponsibilityforstatisticalchecksfromthemselvestoSBoRE.Butthepolicyisstillastepintherightdirection.Asmorejournalsadoptsimilarpolicies,itmayhelptoaddresstheproblemofstatisticalerrorsinscientificresearch,andthusimprovetheoverallqualityofscientificpublications.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that______.[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeerreviewprocess[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects32.Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto______.[A]found[B]marked[C]revised[D]stored33.WhatcanbelearnedaboutSBoRE?[A]Itwillmainlyreviewmanuscriptssubmittedbyoutsidepeerreviewers.[B]ItwillbeestablishedtoserveasanalternativetotheexistingBoard.[C]Itwillcontributetothereductionofstatisticalerrors.[D]Itwillbecomposedofexternalstatisticiansandthejournal’seditors.34.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthenewpolicyisoneof______.[A]reservation[B]enthusiasm[C]disapproval[D]appreciation35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenOutStatisticalErrors[B]ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors’Desks[D]StatisticsBoardsStruggleforCredibilityText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortofworthwhilecareer”wasonethatenabledyouto“sellyoursoulformoney.”Thisallseemssolongagointheworldofthenewsmedia.In2010,ahackingscandalbrokeoutattheNewsoftheWorld,aBritishtabloidnewspaperownedbyNewsCorporation.Thepaper’seditor,AndyCoulson,wasarrestedin2011andconvictedofphonehackingin2014.ThescandalalsoinvolvedtheNewsoftheWorld’sparentcompany,NewsCorporation,andothermediaorganizations.Inmanyrespects,thehackingscandalrepresentsanewphaseinthedeclineoftheintegrityoftheBritishpress.Thehackingofphoneswasillegal,butitwasalsosymptomaticofabroaderproblem:thelackofaproperregulatoryframeworkintheBritishmedia.ThefirstattempttoaddressthisproblemwastheLevesonInquiry,whichwasestablishedin2011toinvestigatethephonehackingscandalandthestateoftheBritishpress.Theinquiryfoundthatthemediahadtoomuchpowerandtoolittleaccountability.Itrecommendedanewregulatorysystem,basedonaroyalcharter,whichwouldgiveaselfregulatorybodythepowertoimposesanctionsonnewspapersthatbreachedthecodeofconduct.However,thegovernmenthasbeenreluctanttoimplementtheLevesonrecommendations.TheConservatives,whoareinpower,havebeenopposedtotheideaofaroyalcharterbasedregulatorysystem,arguingthatitwouldbetoorestrictiveonthepress.Thehackingscandalhasalsohadanimpactontherelationshipbetwe