《工业分析》课件-项目一：认识工业分析（双语）

项目一：认识工业分析任务一：认识工业分析工业分析的任务、特点、方法分类课程：工业分析中文Scenario1:UnderstandingIndustrialAnalysisTask1:UnderstandindustrialanalysisThetasks,characteristics,andmethodsofindustrialanalysisCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、工业分析的任务

它是研究各种物料（原料，辅助材料，半成品，副产品，成品）组成的分析方法和有关理论的一门学科。实践性强，分析结果评判产品质量能指导、促进生产，对生产具有把关作用分析对象涵盖工业生产所有领域中文一、ThetaskofindustrialanalysisIndustrialanalysisisadisciplinethatstudiestheanalyticalmethodsandrelatedtheoriesofthecompositionofvariousmaterials(rawmaterials,auxiliarymaterials,semi-finishedproducts,by-products,finishedproducts).Hasstrongpracticality,andtheanalysisresultsareusedtoevaluateproductqualityCanguideandpromoteproduction,andhaveagatekeepereffectonproductionTheanalysisobjectcoversallfieldsofindustrialproductionEglish任务重大，对分析方法有要求：1、速度要快2、准确度要好3、灵敏度要高4、选择性要好5、分析方法尽可能简便中文Thetaskofindustrialanalysisissignificant,andtheanalyticalmethodsusedhavethefollowingrequirements:1.Fast

speed2.Goodaccuracy3.Highsensitivity4.Goodselectivity5.TheanalysismethodshouldbeassimpleaspossibleEglish二、工业分析的特点1、分析对象的物料量大决定取样要有代表性2、分析对象的组成复杂决定分析方法要有选择性，要能消除干扰3、分析任务广，包括中控分析、产品质量检验、仲裁分析决定同一项目可选不同分析方法4、分析试样的处理复杂决定选择合适的溶样方法，防止损失及引入杂质中文二、Characteristicsofindustrialanalysis1.ThematerialvolumeoftheanalysisobjectislargedeterminesSamplingshouldberepresentative2.ThecompositionoftheanalysisobjectiscomplexdeterminesTheanalysismethodshouldbeselectiveandabletoeliminateinterference3.Widerangeofanalysistasks,includingcentralcontrolanalysis,productqualityinspection,andarbitrationanalysisdeterminesDifferentanalysismethodsareavailableforthesameproject4.TheprocessingofanalyticalsamplesiscomplexdeterminesChooseanappropriatesampledissolutionmethodtopreventlossandintroductionofimpuritiesEglish例：

pH的测定，在中控分析中不要求很准确但要快速，所以可用pH试纸测定，但成品pH的测量，常用pH计测定。

NaCl＋Na2CO3，用水溶解，而不用盐酸溶解，防止引入Cl-

AgNO3试样溶解，用水溶解，但要加入少量HNO3，防止Ag+水解中文Example：ThedeterminationofpHisnotrequiredtobeveryaccuratebutfastincentralcontrolanalysis,sopHteststripscanbeusedformeasurement.However,forthemeasurementoffinishedproductpH,pHmetersarecommonlyused.

NaCl＋Na2CO3，DissolvewithwaterinsteadofhydrochloricacidtopreventtheintroductionofCl-.

DissolveAgNO3sampleinwater,butaddasmallamountofHNO3topreventAg+hydrolysis.Eglish三、工业分析方法分类按分析原理化学分析法：滴定分析、重量分析物理分析法：熔点、沸点、闪点、密度、黏度、旋光度、

折光率测定等物理化学分析法：分光光度法、色谱法等中文三、ClassificationofindustrialanalysismethodsClassifyaccordingtoanalyticalprinciplesChemicalanalysismethods:titrationanalysis,gravimetricanalysisPhysicalanalysismethod:determinationofmeltingpoint,boilingpoint,flashpoint,density,viscosity,opticalrotation,refractiveindex,etcPhysicalandchemicalanalysismethods:spectrophotometry,chromatography,etcEglish按分析任务标准分析法：准确度要高快速分析法：速度快，但误差较大随着科学技术的进一步提高，快速分析法准确度越来越高，标准分析法速度越来越快，它们之间的差异也越来越小。中文Standardanalysismethod:highaccuracyRapidanalysismethod:fastspeed,butwithlargeerrorsWiththefurtherimprovementofscienceandtechnology,theaccuracyofrapidanalysismethodsisgettinghigherandthespeedofstandardanalysismethodsisgettingfaster,andthedifferencesbetweenthemarealsogettingsmaller.ClassifyaccordingtoanalysistaskUsedforarbitrationanalysis,qualityinspectionofrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsUsedforworkshopcontrolanalysis,controllingkeyprocessparametersintheproductionprocessEglishScenario1:UnderstandingIndustrialAnalysisTask1:UnderstandindustrialanalysisStandardizationofindustrialanalysismethodsandrequirementsforworkersCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish特点：由公认机构批准对分析条件有严格规定注明允差或公差：分析方法所允许平行测定间的绝对偏差。

一般工业分析只做两次平行测定，若两次平行测定的绝对偏差超出允许差的绝对值两倍，则必须重新测定。为了在一定范围内获得最佳秩序，对活动或其结果规定共同的和重复使用的规则、导则或特性的文件。一、工业分析方法的标准化1、标准中文Features:ApprovedbyrecognizedinstitutionsTherearestrictregulationsontheanalysisconditionsIndicatetolerance:theabsolutedeviationbetweenparallelmeasurementsallowedbytheanalyticalmethod.Generally,industrialanalysisonlyinvolvestwoparallelmeasurements.Iftheabsolutedeviationofthetwoparallelmeasurementsexceedstwicetheallowableabsolutevalue,itmustberemeasured.Adocumentthatestablishescommonandreusablerules,guidelines,orcharacteristicsforactivitiesortheiroutcomesinordertoachieveoptimalorderwithinacertainrange.一、StandardizationofIndustrialAnalysisMethods1、StandardEglish允许误差分类－室内允许差和室间允许差室内允许差:

在同一实验室内，用同一种分析方法，对同一试样，独立地进行两次分析，所得两次分析结果之间在95%置信度下可允许的最大差值。如果两个分析结果之差的绝对值不超过相应的允许误差，则认为室内的分析精度达到了要求，可取两个分析结果的平均值报出；否则，即为超差，认为其中至少有一个分析结果不准确。中文Classificationofallowableerrors－IndoorallowabledeviationandinterroomallowabledeviationIndoorallowabledeviation:Indoorallowabledifferencereferstothemaximumallowabledifferencebetweentwoindependentanalysesofthesamesampleusingthesameanalyticalmethodinthesamelaboratory,witha95%confidencelevel.

Iftheabsolutedifferencebetweenthetwoanalysisresultsdoesnotexceedthecorrespondingallowableerror,itisconsideredthattheindooranalysisaccuracyhasmettherequirements,andtheaverageofthetwoanalysisresultscanbereported;Otherwise,itisconsideredoutoftoleranceandatleastoneoftheanalysisresultsisconsideredinaccurate.Eglish室间允许差

两个实验室，采用同一种分析方法，对同一试样各自独立地进行分析时，所得两个平均值之间在95%置信度下可允许的最大差值。两个结果的平均值之差符合允许差规定，则认为两个实验室的分析精度达到了要求；否则就叫作超差，认为其中至少有一个平均值不准确。

中文Interroomallowabledeviation:Theallowabledifferencebetweentwolaboratoriesisthemaximumallowabledifferenceata95%confidencelevelbetweenthetwoaveragevaluesobtainedwhenanalyzingthesamesampleindependentlyusingthesameanalyticalmethod.

Ifthedifferencebetweentheaveragevaluesoftworesultsmeetstheallowabledeviationrequirements,itisconsideredthattheanalyticalaccuracyofthetwolaboratorieshasmettherequirements;Otherwise,itiscalledoutoftolerance,anditisconsideredthatatleastoneofthemeanvaluesisinaccurate.Eglish为在一定范围内获得最佳秩序，对实际的或潜在的问题制定共同的和重复使用的规则的活动2、标准化中文Interroomallowabledeviation:Theallowabledifferencebetweentwolaboratoriesisthemaximumallowabledifferenceata95%confidencelevelbetweenthetwoaveragevaluesobtainedwhenanalyzingthesamesampleindependentlyusingthesameanalyticalmethod.

Ifthedifferencebetweentheaveragevaluesoftworesultsmeetstheallowabledeviationrequirements,itisconsideredthattheanalyticalaccuracyofthetwolaboratorieshasmettherequirements;Otherwise,itiscalledoutoftolerance,anditisconsideredthatatleastoneofthemeanvaluesisinaccurate.Eglish3、标准化的对象和基本特性中文3、StandardizedobjectsandbasiccharacteristicsobjectsSpecificproducts,plans,requirements,methods,concepts,etcBasiccharacteristicsAbstract,technical,economic,continuous,restrictive,policyorientedEglishGBQB有效期一般为5年4、标准分级国家标准由国务院标准化行政主管部门制定行业标准由国务院有关行政主管部门制定地方标准由省、自治区、直辖市标准化行政主管部门制定企业标准由企业自己制定中文GBQBThevalidityperiodisgenerally5years4、StandardclassificationnationalstandardFormulatedbythestandardizationadministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncilIndustrystandardsFormulatedbytherelevantadministrativeauthoritiesoftheStateCouncilLocalstandardsFormulatedbythestandardizationadministrativeauthoritiesofprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernmentEnterprisestandardsDevelopedbytheenterpriseitselfEglish

标准编号：字母代号+数字编号+年份号标准分强制性和推荐性，推荐性标准在名称后加“/T”例：GB/T223.5-1997还原性硅钼酸盐光度法测定酸溶性硅JB/T8840-2013电热器具用电源开关YY91037-1999电热恒温水浴锅中文

Standardnumber:lettercode+numericalnumber+yearnumberThestandardisdividedintomandatoryandrecommendatorystandards,witha"/T"addedafterthenameforrecommendatorystandardsExample：GB/T223.5-1997DeterminationofacidsolublesiliconbyreducingmolybdosilicatephotometricmethodJB/T8840-2013PowerswitchesforelectricheatingappliancesYY91037-1999Electro-ThermostaticWaterBathEglish二、标准物质

标准物质是具有一种或多种足够均匀和很好确定了的特性值，用以校准设备、评价测量方法或给材料赋值的材料或物质．按技术特性分3类1.化学成分和纯度标准物质，如钢铁、合金、矿石、炉渣和基准试剂等标准物质；2.物理化学特性标准物质，如燃烧热、pH值、高聚物分子量等标准物质；3.工程类标准物质，如橡胶、工程塑料的机械性能、电性能的标准物质。中文二、Standardsubstances

Astandardsubstanceisamaterialorsubstancethathasoneormoresufficientlyuniformandwell-definedcharacteristicvalues,usedforcalibratingequipment,evaluatingmeasurementmethods,orassigningvaluestomaterialsStandardmaterialsareclassifiedintothreecategoriesbasedontheirtechnicalcharacteristics:1.Chemicalcompositionandpuritystandardsubstances,suchassteel,alloys,ores,slag,andreferencereagents;2.Physicalandchemicalcharacteristicreferencematerials,suchascombustionheat,pHvalue,polymermolecularweight,andotherreferencematerials;3.Engineeringstandardmaterials,suchasmechanicalandelectricalpropertiesofrubberandengineeringplastics.Eglish

一级标准物质、二级标准物质或工作标准物质，其中一级水平最高，二级次之，工作标准物质最低，可由科研部门和企业根据规定要求自己制备。我国对标准物质分类中文

Standardmaterialsaredividedintoprimarystandardmaterials,secondarystandardmaterials,orworkingstandardmaterials.Thefirstlevelstandardsubstancehasthehighestaccuracy,followedbythesecondlevel,andtheworkingstandardsubstancehasthelowestaccuracy.Itcanbepreparedbyscientificresearchdepartmentsandenterprisesaccordingtoregulatoryrequirements.ClassificationofreferencematerialsinChinaThereferencematerialnumberofourcountryisGBWEglish

（二）标准物质用于定标仪器或标定标准滴定溶液(基准试剂还可直接法配制标准滴定溶液，即基准溶液)。仪器在使用前或使用中，须用标准物质定标或制作校正曲线，才能给出正确的分析结果。

（三）作为已知试样用以发展新的测量技术和新的仪器。当采用不同方法或不同仪器进行测量时，标准物质帮助我们判断测量结果的可靠程度。

（一）作为参照物质，检验测定结果的可靠性。标准物质与试样进行平行分析，比较测定值与标准值之间的差异，是检验结果可靠性的最好方法之一。标准物质在工业分析中的作用中文（2）Standardsubstancesareusedtocalibrateinstrumentsorstandardsolutions(referencereagentscanalsobeusedtodirectlypreparestandardsolutions).Beforeorduringuse,theinstrumentmustbecalibratedwithastandardsubstanceoracalibrationcurvemustbecreatedtoprovideaccurateanalyticalresults.（3）Asknownsamples,theycanbeusedtodevelopnewmeasurementtechniquesandinstruments.Whenusingdifferentmethodsorinstrumentsformeasurement,standardsubstanceshelpusdeterminethereliabilityofthemeasurementresults.

（1）Asareferencematerial,standardmaterials