《湿法冶金过程及设备培训》课件-萃取的原理及过程

萃取的原理及过程Principleandprocessofextraction萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction课程导入

Courseguide有机溶剂液相

Liquidphaseoforganicsolvent液相

Liquidphase提取

Withdrawal液萃取法

Liquidextractionmethod萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction课程导入

Courseguide液相

Liquidphase液相

Liquidphase萃取在冶金工业的应用

ApplicationofExtractioninMetallurgicalIndustry在冶金过程中，着重研究无机物溶剂萃取的基本规律及其应用。Inmetallurgicalprocess,thebasiclawandapplicationofsolventextractionofinorganicsubstancesarestudiedemphatically.萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction21世纪中叶：萃取在冶金工业上获得大规模应用。Bymid-21stcentury:Extractiongainedlarge-scaleapplicationinthemetallurgicalindustry.21世纪30年代：由于原子能工业上发展的需要，溶剂萃取在核燃料的富集提纯方面获得了广泛应用。In2030s:Duetothedevelopmentneedsoftheatomicenergyindustry,solventextractionhasbeenwidelyusedintheenrichmentandpurificationofnuclearfuel.萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取在冶金工业的应用

ApplicationofExtractioninMetallurgicalIndustry由于新技术发展，对稀有金属的纯度要求愈来愈高，而稀有金属化合物是很难用一般的普通化学方法提纯的，于是在稀有金属大规模工业生产中也广泛地应用萃取法。Duetothedevelopmentofnewtechnologies,thepurityrequirementsofraremetalsaregettinghigherandhigher,andraremetalcompoundsaredifficulttopurifybycommonchemicalmethods,soextractionmethodsarewidelyusedinlarge-scaleindustrialproductionofraremetals.稀有金属

Raremetals萃取在冶金工业的应用

ApplicationofExtractioninMetallurgicalIndustry萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction核燃料工业、稀有金属冶金工业

Nuclearfuelindustry,raremetalmetallurgyindustry分离有色金属

Separatingnon-ferrousmetals

富集

Enrichment

提纯

Purification回收

Recover

萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取在冶金工业的应用

ApplicationofExtractioninMetallurgicalIndustry萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

萃取技术

Extractiontechniques萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownas

liquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.原理

Principle萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

萃取的相关概念

Relatedconceptsofextraction原溶液

Rawsolution

萃取技术

Extractiontechniques原溶液：欲分离的原料溶液。Rawsolution:therawmaterialsolutiontobeseparated.萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

萃取的相关概念

Relatedconceptsofextraction

稀释剂B

DiluentB

溶质A

SoluteA

碘水

Iodinewater加入

Joined四氯化碳

Carbontetrachloride摇匀

Evenlyshake静置

Letitstand萃取技术

Extractiontechniques原溶液：欲分离的原料溶液。Rawsolution:therawmaterialsolutiontobeseparated.萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction碘水

Iodinewater原溶液

Rawsolution

溶质

Solute

碘

Iodine

水

Water稀释剂

Thinner

萃取过程

Extractionprocess溶剂

Solvents

四氯化碳

Carbontetrachloride萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

原溶液：欲分离的原料溶液。Rawsolution:therawmaterialsolutiontobeseparated.萃取的相关概念

Relatedconceptsofextraction碘水

Iodinewater原溶液

Rawsolution

溶质

Solute

碘

Iodine

水

water稀释剂

Thinner

萃取技术

Extractiontechniques萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

萃取的相关概念

Relatedconceptsofextraction溶剂S：为萃取A而加入的溶剂，也称萃取剂。SolventS:AsolventaddedtoextractA,alsocalledanextractant.萃取相：原溶剂和稀释剂混合萃取后，分成两相，含溶剂S较多的一相。Extractate:Aftertheoriginalsolventanddiluentaremixedandextracted,itispartitionedintotwophases.ExtractatereferstothephasecontainingmoresolventS.萃取技术

Extractiontechniques萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

萃余相：主含稀释剂的一相。Raffinatephase:Aphasemainlycontainingadiluent.萃取的相关概念

Relatedconceptsofextraction萃取液：萃取相脱溶剂后的溶液。Extract:Thesolutionafterdesolvationoftheextractate.萃余液：萃余相脱溶剂后的溶液。Raffinate:Thesolutionaftertheraffinatephasehasbeendesolvated.萃取技术

Extractiontechniques萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

分配比：当萃取体系平衡时，被萃取物在萃取相中的总浓度与萃余相中总浓度之比。Partitionratio:theratioofthetotalconcentrationofthetargetsubstanceintheextractatetothetotalconcentrationintheraffinatewhentheextractionsystemisinequilibrium.萃取的相关概念

Relatedconceptsofextraction萃取率：萃入萃取相中的被萃取物的量占被萃取物的原始总量的百分比。Extractionyield:theamountof‌thetargetsubstancetransferredintotheextractateasapercentageoftheinitialtotalamountofthetargetsubstance.萃取技术

Extractiontechniques萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

萃取的相关概念

Relatedconceptsofextraction相比：在萃取过程中萃取相与萃余相的体积之比成为相比R。Ratio:ThevolumeratiooftheextractatephasetotheraffinatephaseduringtheextractionprocessbecomesRatioR.分离系数：如在同一体系中有两种溶质A和B，它们的分配比分别为DA和DB，分配系数为两者之比，表明两种溶质的分离效率。Separationcoefficient:IftherearetwosolutesAandBinthesamesystem,theirpartitionratiosareDAandDBrespectively,andthepartitioncoefficientistheratioofthetwo,indicatingtheseparationefficiencyoftwosolutes.萃取技术

Extractiontechniques萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

水相：被萃取物质的水溶液Aqueousphase:aqueoussolutionofthematerialtobeextracted有机相：具有萃取能力的有机溶剂Organicphase:organicsolventwithextractiveability

澄清分层，被萃取物质转移到有机相，达到萃质与其他物质分离的目的。Clarifyandstratify,andtransfertheextractedsubstancetotheorganicphasetoachieve

thepurposeofseparatingtheextractedsubstancefromothersubstances.萃取过程

Extractionprocess互不相溶的两个液相

Twomutuallyimmiscibleliquidphases水相

Aqueousphase有机相

Organicphase充分搅拌

Stirwell密度不同

Differentdensity萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

两个接触的液相完全不互溶或部分互溶Twocontactingliquidphasesarecompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscible溶质组分和稀释剂在两相中分配比不同Thepartitionratioofsolutecomponentanddiluentinthetwophasesisdifferent两相接触混合和分相Two-phasecontactmixingandphaseseparation萃取过程

Extractionprocess萃取过程的条件

ConditionsofExtractionProcess萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

萃取过程

Extractionprocess溶剂S对A和B的溶解能力不一样，溶剂具有选择性，即：SolventShasdifferentsolubilityforAandB,andthesolventisselective,thatis:y：萃取相内组分浓度y:Concentrationofcomponentsintheextractatephase上式表明：萃取相中A／B的浓度比值应大于萃余相中A／B的浓度比值。TheaboveformulashowsthattheconcentrationratioofA/Bintheextractionphaseshouldbegreaterthanthatintheraffinatephase.萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextractionx：萃余相内组分浓度x:componentconcentrationinraffinatephase萃取过程的条件

ConditionsofExtractionProcess萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

选取萃取剂的要求

Requirementsforselectingextractant选择性好

Goodselectivity萃取容量大

Largeextractioncapacity化学稳定性好

Goodchemicalstability分相好

Goodphaseseparation易于反萃取或精馏分离

Easybackextractionorrectificationseparation操作安全、经济、毒性小

Safeoperation,economicalandlowtoxicity萃取的原理及过程

Principleandprocessofextraction萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

常用的工业萃取剂

Commonlyusedindustrialextractants醇类：包括异戊醇、仲辛醇、取代伯醇Alcohols:includingisoamylalcohol,secondaryocta