【《析氧反应（OER）基本机理文献综述》1400字】

析氧反应（OER）基本机理文献综述OER是水分解反应的阳极半反应，其实质是电子/质子耦合产生氧气的过程(Conway,etal.,1990,Li,etal.,2022)。在酸性条件下，反应是两个水分子(H2O)总共失去4个电子氧化成四个质子(H+)和一个氧分子(O2)。在碱性条件下，羟基(OH-)的氧化是主要反应，羟基失去4个电子转化为H2O分子和O2分子。反应均涉及四个电子的转移过程，如图1-1所示。由于OER是一个动力学比较缓慢的过程，因此需要输入外部能量（施加电流）来驱动该反应的进行。在pH为0，H+浓度为1M时(如公式1所示)，与普通氢电极(NHE)相比，OER的标准电位为1.23V。当反应涉及H+或OH-时，根据Nernst方程，每增加一个pH单位，电位就移动59mV。(1)式中，E是电池电势，EO是标准条件下的电池电势，R是理想气体常数，T是开尔文温度，n是反应涉及的摩尔浓度，F是法拉第常数，[Red]是还原分子的浓度，[Ox]是氧化分子的浓度。图1-1OER反应机理示意图（红/蓝线分别代表碱/酸性环境。黑线表示O的演化涉及中间体M-OOH的形成，绿线表示两个相邻的M-O直接反应生成氧气的过程）Fig.1-1TheredandbluelinesrepresenttheOERreactionmechanisminalkaline/acidicenvironments.TheblacklinedepictstheevolutionofOduringtheformationprocessofintermediateM-OOH,andthegreenlinerepresentsthedirectreactionoftwoadjacentM-O'stoformoxygen.为了消除pH对实际外加电压的影响，研究者们引入了可逆氢电极(RHE)。可逆氢电极对氢离子活度没有要求，因此在所有pH下，OER所需的理论电位保持不变(1.23VvsRHE)。产生一个O2分子需要转移四个电子，且动力学上不利于多个电子一次性转移。实际上OER反应通常分为四个步骤转移电子，每个步骤转移一个电子，每一步的能垒累加在一起导致了总体OER反应的动力学缓慢，需要克服很大的势垒才能促使反应发生(McCrory,etal.,2013)。因此，我们需要设计性能优异的催化剂来改善反应的动力学，减少过电位，以加速反应。然而，大多数的OER催化剂都是基于Ru和Ir的，它们的稀缺性和高昂的价格阻碍了它们的大规模商业化(DiBlasi,etal.,2009,Lee,etal.,2012)。近年来，因成本低、储量丰富、氧化还原活性高而使研究热点逐渐向非贵金属催化剂(Gong,etal.,2021,Jamesh,etal.,2018,Wu,etal.,2020)转移，包括非贵金属合金(Chen,etal.,2020,Wang,etal.,2019)、磷化物(Khalafallah,etal.,2019,Zhao,etal.,2017)、硫系化合物(Xia,etal.,2020,Yin,etal.,2020)、钙钛矿(Han,etal.,2015,Suntivich,etal.,2011)、尖晶石(Liu,etal.,2020,Prabu,etal.,2014)、二维材料(Fang,etal.,2020,Feng,etal.,2017,Zhang,etal.,2016)、碳材料(Chen,etal.,2021,Jiang,etal.,2019,Peng,etal.,2019)等。其中，属于二维材料的层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)以其独特的结构和优异的催化性能而成为引人注目的OER催化剂。参考文献[1]AlexeffI,AndersonT,ParameswaranS,etal.Experimentalandtheoreticalresultswithplasmaantennas[J].IEEETransactionsonPlasmaScience,2006,34(2):166-72.[2]AshokB,HariramN,SiengchinS,etal.Modificationoftamarindfruitshellpowderwithinsitugeneratedcoppernanoparticlesbysinglestephydrothermalmethod[J].JournalofBioresourcesandBioproducts,2020,5(3):180-5.[3]BorgGG,HarrisJH,MartinNM,etal.Plasmasasantennas:Theory,experimentandapplications[J].2000,7(5):2198-202.[4]ChenG,XuY,HuangL,etal.Continuousnitrogen-dopedcarbonnanotubematrixforboostingoxygenelectrocatalysisinrechargeableZn-airbatteries[J].JournalofEnergyChemistry,2021,55183-9.[5]ChenL,XuZ,HanW,etal.BimetallicCoNiAlloyNanoparticlesEmbeddedinPomegranate-likeNitrogen-DopedCarbonSpheresforElectrocatalyticOxygenReductionandEvolution[J].ACSAppliedNanoMaterials,2020,3(2):1354-62.[6]ChuS,MajumdarA.Opportunitiesandchallengesforasustainableenergyfuture[J].Nature,2012,488(7411):294-303.[7]ConwayBE,LiuTC.Characterizationofelectrocatalysisintheoxygenevolutionreactionatplatinumbyevaluationofbehaviorofsurfaceintermediatestatesattheoxidefilm[J].Langmuir,1990,6(1):268-76.[8]DiBlasiA,D’UrsoC,BaglioV,etal.PreparationandevaluationofRuO2–IrO2,IrO2–PtandIrO2–Ta2O5catalystsfortheoxygenevolutionreactioninanSPEelectrolyzer[J].JournalofAppliedElectrochemistry,2009,39(2):191-6.[9]DrespS,DionigiF,KlingenhofM,etal.DirectElectrolyticSplittingofSeawater:OpportunitiesandChallenges[J].ACSEnergyLetters,2019,4(4):933-42.[10]FangW,HuangL,ZamanS,etal.RecentProgressonTwo-dimensionalElectrocatalysis[J].ChemicalResearchinChineseUniversities,2020,36(4):611-21.[11]FengL,LiA,LiY,etal.AHighlyActiveCoFeLayeredDoubleHydroxideforWaterSplitting[J].2017,82(3):483-8.[12]FengX,JiaoQ,ChenW,etal.Cactus-likeNiCo2S4@NiFeLDHhollowspheresasaneffectiveoxygenbifunctionalelectrocatalystinalkalinesolution[J].AppliedCatalysisB:Environmental,2021,286.[13]GongL,YangH,DoukaAI,etal.RecentProgressonNiFe-BasedElectrocatalystsforAlkalineOxygenEvolution[J].2021,5(1):2000136.[14]GuanBY,LuY,WangY,etal.PorousIron–CobaltAlloy/Nitrogen-DopedCarbonCagesSynthesizedviaPyrolysisofComplexMetal–OrganicFrameworkHybridsforOxygenReduction[J].2018,28(10):1706738.[15]HanB,RischM,LeeY-L,etal.ActivityandstabilitytrendsofperovskiteoxidesforoxygenevolutioncatalysisatneutralpH[J].PhysicalChemistryChemicalPhysics,2015,17(35):22576-80.[16]HeG-Y,WangY-T,ChenX-M,etal.LaserinsitusynthesisofNiFe2O4nanoparticle-anchoredNiFe(OH)xnanosheetsasadvancedelectrocatalystsfortheoxygenevolutionandureaoxidationreactions[J].ElectrochimicaActa,2022,411.[17]HolländerA,WilkenR,BehnischJ.Subsurfacechemistryintheplasmatreatmentofpolymers[J].SurfaceandCoatingsTechnology,1999,116-119788-91.[18]HuangG,LiY,ChenR,etal.ElectrochemicallyformedPtFeNialloynanoparticlesondefectiveNiFeLDHswithchargetransferfore