测绘工程专业英语复习资料1

UnitlWhatisGeomatics?

Geomatic.:Wher.doe.th.wor.G.from.GEODES.+GEOINFORMATIC..GEOMATIC.o.GEO.fo.ear

t.an.-MATIC.fo.mathematica.o.GEO.fo.Geoscienc.an.-MATIC.rmatic..No.th.ter.include.th.tra

ditiona.surveyin.definitio.alon.wit.surveyin.steadil.increase.importanc.wit.th.developmen.o.ne.te

rmation.particular!.i.measuri

n.an.monitorin.ou.environmen..Geomatic.bridge.wid.arc.fro.th.geoscience.throug.variou.enginee

pute.science.t.spatia.planning.lan.developmen.an.th.environmenta.science..

ISO::heInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)

surveyo.:Th.ter.^surveyor.i.traditionall.use.t.collectivel.describ.thos.engage.i.th.abov.activitie..

Unit2GeodeticSurveyingandPlaneSurveying

Geodeti.Surveyin..T.accoun.th.tru.shap.o.th.eart.i.calle.geodeti.surveyin..

Thi.typ.o.surve.i.suite.fo.larg.area.an.lon.line.an.i.use.t.fin.th.precis.locatio.o.basi.point.neede.fo.est

ablishin.contro.fo.othe.survey..

I.geodeti.surveys.th.station.ar.nor.all.Ion.distance.apart.an.mor.precis.instrument.an.surveyin.method.ar

.require.fo.thi.typ.o.surveyin.tha.fo.plan.surveyin..

Geodeti.contro.sun/e.points.Wputin.length.an

.distance.betwee.relativ.position..Thes.basi.point.wit.permanen.monument.ar.calle.geodeti.contro.s

ject..

Plan.Surveyin..Th.typ.o.surveyin.i.whic.th.mea.surfac.o.th.eart.i.considere..plane.o.i.whic.th.curvatur.

o.th.eart.ca.b.disregarde.withou.significan.error.generall.i.calle.plan.surveyin..

Thetermisusedtodesignatesurveyworkinwhichthedistances

o.area.involve.ar.o.limite.exten..

thecurvatureoftheearthmustbetakenintoconsiderationonlyirprecise

survev.o.larg.area..

Survey.fo.th.locatio.an.constructio.o.hig.ways.railroads.canals.an.i.general.th.survey.necessar.fo.th.work

.o.huma.being.ar.plan.surveys.a.ar.th.survey.mad.t.establis.boundaries.excep.stat.an.nationa..

Teratio.betwee.geodeti.surveyin.an.plan.surveyin..Th.geodeti.surve.adopt.th.parameter.d

etermine.b.measurement.o.th.eart..an.it.ow.result.ar.availabl.t.thos.wh.measur.th.eart..Th.plan.surve

ys.i.tur..ar.generall.tie.t.th.contro.point.o.th.geodeti.survey.an.serv.particularl.i.th.developmen.o.nati

ona.ma.serie.an.i.th.formatio.o.rea.estat.cadastre..

Unit3DistanceMeasurement

Electroni.Distanc.Measuremen.(EDM).ED.instrument.refe.t.th.distanc.measuremen.equipment.usin.li

gh.an.radi.wave..Bot.ligh.wave.an.radi.wave.ar.electromagneti..Th.adven.o.ED.plet

cedures.resultin.i..chang.o.emphasi.an.technique..

优点：Distanc.ca.no.b.measure.easil..quickl.an.wit.grea.accurac..regardles.o.terrai.condition..

分类：

Th.ED.instrument.ma.b.classifie.accordin.t.th.typ.an.wavelengt.o.th.electromagnet!.energ.generate.o

.accordin.t.thei.operationa.rang..ED.instrument.us.thre.differen.wavelengt.bands..l.Microwav.system

.wit.rang.u.t.l5.k..wavelengt..c..no.limite.t.lin.o.sigh.an.unaffecte.b.visibility.(..Ligh.wav.system.wit.ra

ng.u.t..k.(fo.smal.machines..visibl.light.laser.an.distanc.reduce.b.visibility..3.Infrare.system.wit.rang.u.

t..k.Jimite.tJin.o.sigh.anJimite.b.rai..fo..othe.airborn.particle..

两种方法：

T.tw.classificatio.a.

electro-optica.(ligh.waves.an.microwave..radi.waves.instrument..Tl.th.pu

Is.metho.an.mor.popula.phas.differen.metho..The.functio.b.sendin.ligh.wave.o.microwave.alon.th.pa

t.t.b.measure.an.measurin.th.tim.difference.betwee.transmitte.an.receive.signals.o.i.measurin.th.ph

as.difference.betwee.transmitte.an.receive.signal.i.returnin.th.reflectin.ligh.wav.t.sourc..

Unit4AngleandDirectionMeasurement

.vertica.line..vertica.lin.a.an.poin.o.th.earth'.surfac.i.th.lin.tha.follow.th.directio.o.gravit.a.tha.poin.

.I.i.th.directio.tha..strin.wil.assum.i..weigh.i.attache.a.tha.poin.an.th.strin.i.suspende.freel.a.th.poin..

A..give.poin.ther.i.onl.on.vertica.lin..

.horizonta.line..horizonta.lin.a..poin.i.an.lin.tha.i.perpendicula.t.th.vertica.lin.a.th.poin..A.an.poin.the

r.ar.a.unlimite.numbe.o.horizonta.line..

.horizonta.plane..horizonta.plan.a..poin.i.th.plan.tha.i.perpendicula.t.th.vertica.lin.a.th.poin..Ther.i.o

nl.on.horizonta.plan.throug..give.poin..

.vertica.plane..vertica.plan.a..poin.i.an.plan.tha.contain.th.vertica.lin.a.th.poin...her.ar.a.unlimite.nu

mbe.o.vertica.plane.a..give.poin..

.ersectin.vertica.planes.o..ho

jection.o.th.line.ont..horizonta.plan..

.vertica.angle..vertica.angl.i.a.angl.measure.i..vertica.plan.whic.i.reference.1..horizonta.lin.b.plu.(up.o

.minu..dow..angles.o.t..vertica.lin.fro.th.zenit.directio..

Zenith.Zenit.i.th.ter.describin.point.o..celestia.spher.tha.i..spher.o.infinitel.larg.radiu.wit.it.cente.a.th.

cente.o.th.eart..

Azimuth.Azimut.i.th.horizonta.angl.measure.!..cloc.wis.directio.fro.th.plan.o.th.meridia..whic.i..lin.o.t

h.mea.surfac.o.th.eart.joinin.th.nort.an.sout.pole..

Bearing.Bearin.i.th.traditiona.wa.o.statin.th.orientatio.o.th.lin..l.i.actuall.th.angl.measure.fro.th.nort.

o.sout..

Unit5Traversing

Traversin...surve.travers.i..sequenc.o.length.an.direction.o.line.betwee.point.o.th.earth.obtaine.b.o.fr

..fiel.angl.an.distanc.measurement.an.use.i.dete.minin.position.o.th.point..1.general..travers.i.alway.c

lassifie.a.eithe.a.ope.travers.o..close.traverse.

A.ope.traverse.A.ope.travers.originate.eithe.a..poin.o.know.horizonta.positio.wit.respec.t..horizonta.

datu.o.a.a.assume.horizonta.positio..an.terminate.a..statio.whos.relativ.positioJ.no.previous!.know..

.close.traverse..close.travers.ca.b.describe.i.an.on.o.th.followin.tw.ways..l..close.Ioo.travers..a.th.na

m.irriplies.form..continuou.loo..enclosin.a.are..Thi.typ.o.close.travers.start.a.assume.horizonta.positi

o.o.a..know.horizonta.positio.wit.respec.t..horizonta.datu.an.end.a.th.sam.poin..

比较：

Tvide.n.chec.agains.mistake.an.larg.error.fo.it.terminatio.a.a.unknow.horizonta.positio.

an.lac.o.geometri.closur..Thi.lac.o.geometri.closur.mean.tha.ther.i.n.geometri.verificatio.possibl.wit.resp

ec.t.th.actua.positionin.o.th.travers.station..Tvid.fo.fiel.verif

icatio..A..minimu..distance.ar.measure.twic.an.angle.ar.double..Ope.traverse.ar.ofte.use.fo.preliminar.su

rve.fo..roa.o.railroa..

Cvid.check.o.th.measure.angle.an.distance..I.b

ot.cases.th.angle.ca.b.close.geometricalL.an.th.positio.closur.ca.b.determine.mathematical!..Therefor.th

e.ar.mor.desirabl.an.use.extensive!.pert..an.topographi.survey..

angula.closure.Terio.angle.i.calle.angula.cl

osur..

latitude.B.ponen.o..lin.an.departur.i.th.east.wes.r

ponen.o.Jin..

Unit6MethodsofElevationDetermination

Elevation.A.elevatio.i..vertica.distanc.abov.o.belo..referenc.datu..

MS..mea.sea.leve.(MSL..MS.i.assigne..vertica.valu.(elevation.o...OO.f.o...OO...

Direc.o.spiri.leveling.Direc.o.spiri.leveling.b.measurin.vertica.distance.directl..Direc.levelin.i.mos.prec

monl.use..

I.direc.o.trigonometri.leveling.l.direc.o.trigonometri.leveling.b.measurin.vertica.angle.an.horizonta.o.

slop.distance..

....i.calle.Backsigh.(BS.whic.i..ro.readin.take.o..poin.o.know.elevatio.i.orde.t.establis.th.elevatio.o.th.i

nstrumen.lin.o.sigh..

....i.calle.Foresigh.(FS.whic.i..ro.readin.take.o..turnin.point.benchmar..o.temporar.benchmar.i.orde.t.d

etermin.it.elevatio..

比较:

Spiri.Levelin.:Tmonl.use.metho..Trigonometri.Ie

velin.i.use.wher.difficul.terrai..suc.a.mountainou.areas.preclude.th.us.o.conventiona.differentia.leveling.

Th.importan.note.shoul.b.mentione.her.i.tha.surveyor.use.t.workin.wit.spiri.level.hav.reference.orthom

etri.height.(H.t.th.

“average.surfac.o.th.eart..a.depicte.b.MS..However.th.elevatio.coordinat.(h.give.b.GP.solution.refer.t.t

h.heigh.fro.th.surfac.o.th.ellipsoi.t.th.groun.statio..

Unit7RoboticTotalStation

Tota.S..singl.instrumen..Tota.station.contai.bui

It-i.microprocessor.tha.calculat.an.displa.th.horizonta.distanc.fro.th.measure.slop.distanc.an.vertica.h

eigh..

.egrate.instrument

egrate.th.functi

on.o.a.electroni.theodolit.fo.measurin.angles.a.ED.fo.measurin.distances.digita.dat.an..dat.recorde..

Tota.station.allo.th.measuremen.o..an.point.o..surfac.bein.observe.withi..ver.shor.tim.rang..

Roboti.Tota.Station.特

点.Whe.thos.tota.station.hav.bee.designe.wit.automati.targe.recognitio..AT..functio..the.allo.th.use.t.

automaticall.trac..measur.an.recor.target..Cvide.roboti.(motorized.tota.station.th

a.ar.abl.t.measur.angle.wit.a.accurac.o.±..5"an.distance.wit.a.accurac.o.

±.m...pp.t..rang.o.3500..Lates.model.ar.capabl.o.searchin.automaticall.fo.target.an.the.lockin.ont.th

e.precisel..turnin.angle.automaticall.t.designate.point.usin.th.uploade.coordinate.o.thos.point..repea

tin.angle.b.automaticall.double-centerin..an.eve.equippe.wit.automati.dat.transfe.system..Thes.instr

cee.wit..reduce,

nee.fo.personne..Al.thes.characteristic.mak.th.roboti.tota.station.ver.usefu.fo.geomatic.engineerin.ta

sk..

Tak.advantag.o.th.measurin.spee.an.hav.multipl.ro.peopl.o.large.job..Roboti.tota.station.ar.alread.bein.

cesses.

Unit8ErrorsinMeasurement

.direc.measurement..direc.measuremen.i.on.wher.th.readin.observe.represent.th.quantit.measure..

put.th.valu.desire..

A.indirec.measurement.A.indirec.measuremen.require.calculatio.an.ca.b.determine.fro.it.mathemati

ca.relationshi.t.direc.measurement..he.i.i.no.possibl.o.practica.t.mak.direc.measurement..

error.B.definitio..a.erro.i.th.differenc.betwee..measure.valu.fo.an.quantit.an.it.tru.valu..Th.source.o.e

.thre.broa.categories.

Instrumenta.Error.Jhes.error.ar.cause.b.imperfection.i.instrumen.constructio.o.adjustmen..Fo.examp

le.th.division.o..theodolit.o.tota.statio.instrumen.ma.no.b.space.uniform!..Thes.erro.source.ar.presen

.whethe.th.equipmen.i.rea.manuall.o.digital!..

Natura.Error..Thes.error.ar.cause.b.variatio.i.th.surroundin.environmen.conditions.suc.a.atmospheri.

pressure.temperature.win..gravitationa.fields.an.magneti.field..et..

Perso.a.Error..Thes.error.aris.du.t.limitation.i.hu.a.senses.suc.a.th.abilit.t.rea..micromete.o.t.cente..le

ve.bubbl...h.size.o.thes.error.ar.affecte.b.persona.abilit.t.se.an.b.manua.dexterit..

Mistake..M

pare.t.th.othe.tw.type.o.error..Carelessness.inattentio..imprope.trainin..badhabits.poo.judgment.adv

mo.rea

son.fo.mistake..

Systemati.Error..Systemati.Error.ar.define.a.thos.error.whos.magnitud.an.algebrai.sig.ca.b.calculate.a

n.applie.a..correctio.t.th.measure.quantit..o.thes.error.follo.som.physicalla.an.thu.ca.b.predicte..

Scedure.(..…balancin.backsigh.an.foresigh.

distance.!.pensat.fo.eart.curvatur.an.refractio...Other.ar.remove.b.derivin.correc

tion.base.o.th.physica.condition.tha.wer.responsibl.fo.thei.creatio.(.….pute.correctio.fo.ear

t.curvatur.an.refractio.o..trigonometri.levelin.observation..Surveyor.shoul.kno.ho.t.dea.wit.systemati.err

or..Th.firs.requiremen.i.t.recogniz.an.accep.th.possibl.existenc.o.error..Next.identif.th.variou.source.tha.

migh.b.affectin..readin.systematicalI..the..determin.wha.th.

**system.i..One.systemati.error.discovere.an.quantifie..th.error.ca.b.essential!.c

esse.o.measurin.o.correcte.t.reduc.thei.effec..

Rando.Error..Rando.(.eac.measuremen.mainl.becaus.o.hum

a.an.instrumen.imperfection.a..el.a.uncertaintie.i.determinin.th.effect.o.th.environmen.o.measurem

ent..Example.o.rando.error.ar.(a.imperfec.centerin.ove..groun.poin.durin.distanc.measuremen.wit.a.

ED.instrument.(b.bubbl.no.centere.a.th.instan..leve.ro.i.rea..an.(c.smal.error.i.readin.graduate.scale..

Unit9BasicStatisticalAnalysisofRandomErrors

Randomerrors:Randomerrorsarethosevariablesthatremainaftermistakesaredetectedand

eliminatedandallsystematicerrorshavebeenremovedorcorrectedfromthemeasuredvalues.

randomerrorsfollowthefollowingempiricalrules:

(...rando.erro.wil.no.excee..certai.amoun..

(..Positiv.an.negativ.rando.error.ma.occu.a.th.sam.frequenc..

(..Error.tha.ar.smal.i.magnitud.ar.mor.likel.t.occu.tha.thos.tha.ar.large.i.magnitud..

(..Th.mea.o.rando.error.tend.t.zer.a.th.sampl.siz.tend.t.infinit..

Mean.T.onl.use.measur.o.centra.tendenc.i.th.mea.o..se.o.dat.(.sample..Th.concep.o.mea.r

babl.valu.o.th.rando.variabl..

Themeanisdefinedasx=xi

wher.

0

0.ar.th.observations..i.th.sampl.siz..o.tota.numbe.o.observation.i.th.sampl..an.

babl.valu..MP...

Standar.deviation.Standar.deviatio.i..numerica.valu.indicatin.th.amoun.o.variatio.abou..centra.valu..

Propagatio.o.error.(pagation).Epagatio.i.on.o.th.man.aspect.o.analyzin.error..l.i.th.

pute.o.indirectl.measure.quantit..cau

se.b.on.o.mor.identifie.an.estimate.rando.error.i.on.o.mor.identifie.variable.tha.influenc.th.precisio.o

.th.quantit..

Unit10AccuracyandPrecision

Precision.Th.degre.o.refinemen.i.th.performanc.o.a.operatio..o.th.degre.o.perfectio.i.th.instrument.a

n.method.use.t.obtai..result.o.a.indicatio.o.th.uniformit.o.reproducibilit.o..resul..Precisio.relate.t.th.

qualit.o.a.operatio.b.whic..resul.i.obtaine..an.i.distinguishe.fro.accurac..whic.relate.t.th.qualit.o.th.re

sul..

Accuracy.Th.degre.o.conformit.o..fina.measure.valu..wit.respec.t.th.tru.valu.a.define.b.accepte.stand

ar.(th.atruth...

区另U：

S.fro.th.analysi.o.precisio.an.accurac..severa.importan.fact.shoul.b.mentione.a.follow..(l.Scatte.i.a..indic

ato.o.precision”.pare.wit.result

.havin..smal.scatte..(2.Precisio.mus.no.b.confuse.wit.accuracy.th.forme.i..relativ.groupin.withou.regar.t.t

h.nearnes.t.th.trut..whils.th.latte.denote.absolut.nearnes.t.th.trut..(3,Precisio.ma.b.regarde.a.a.inde.o.a

ccurac.onl.whe.al.source.o.error.othe.tha.rando.errors.hav.bee.eliminate..

A.exampl.tha.explain.th.differenc.betwee.precisio.an.accurac.bette.tha.an.othe.i.surveyin.ha.t.d.wit.err

o.o.closur.i.traversin..Man.surveyor.see.t.thin.tha.erro.o.closur.check.th.accurac.o.th.wor..Wron..Erro.o.c

losurprimaril.check.th.precisio..no.th.accurac..I.check.accurac.onl.i.tha.i.ca.fin.blunder..But.sine.i.canno.

detec.systemati.error.i.th.distances.i.canno.full.chec.accurac..

Unit31InterferometricSAR(InSAR)

Rerferometry.Rrmatio.o.th.Ear

th'.ple.ra

da.dat..

SAR.Syntheti.Apertur.Rada.i.a.activ.senso.transmittin.an.receivin.microwav.signal.J.e.measurin.dista

nee.betwee.th.senso.an.th.poin.o.th.Earth'.surface.wher.th.signa.i.backscattere..Th.senso.emit.elec

tromagneti.radiatio.(EMR.duc.image.o.t

h.groun..

Theinterferometricdataprocessingschemeincludesingeneral(1)registrationofthecompleximages,

(2)theformationoftheinterferograms,(3)thephaseunwrapping,and(4)thedigitalelevationmodel

reconstruction.

l.ToDEFINEthebackgrQundanda侬mentofthepresentstudy:

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A(Th.researc.subject)---.however.(blem).remain.unsolved.

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A(Problemsincertainresearcharea)are...,yet(thepresentsolution)hasfrequentlybeen

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Whil.(th.debat.o.certai.researc.subject.seem.to,**.(th.presen.agreement.i.stil.problematic.

2.ToSTATEthepurposeofthepresentstudy:

>Thispaperadvancestheviewthat...

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