2025年1月1388国开电大本科《理工英语4》期末考试试题及答案

2025年1月1388国开电大本科《理工英语4》期末考试试题及答案PartIVocabularyandStructure（每题1分，共20分）Directions:ChoosetheONEwordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachsentence.1.Thenewalloycan________itstensilestrengthattemperaturesupto800°C,makingitidealforturbineblades.A.retainB.sustainC.maintainD.obtainAnswer:A2.Whenthemagneticfluxthroughacoilchanges,anelectromotiveforceis________inaccordancewithFaraday’slaw.A.inducedB.deducedC.reducedD.producedAnswer:A3.Theresearchershadto________therawdatatoeliminatesystematicerrorsbeforecurvefitting.A.filterB.refineC.screenD.polishAnswer:B4.Thedrone’sflightcontrollercontinuously________theattitudeanglesbyfusinggyroscopeandaccelerometeroutputs.A.estimatesB.calculatesC.integratesD.differentiatesAnswer:A5.Siliconcarbideis________usedinhigh-voltagepowerelectronicsbecauseofitswidebandgap.A.abundantlyB.increasinglyC.scarcelyD.nominallyAnswer:B6.Theprojectmilestonewas________bytwoweeksowingtounexpectedfirmwarebugs.A.postponedB.procrastinatedC.delayedD.deferredAnswer:C7.Theintegralofaprobabilitydensityfunctionovertheentirespacemust________unity.A.equalB.amountC.comeD.arriveAnswer:A8.Thetechnicianworeanantistaticwriststraptopreventelectrostatic________thatcoulddamagetheGPU.A.dischargeB.disturbanceC.disruptionD.distortionAnswer:A9.TheMATLABscript________generatesa3-Dsurfaceplotofthetransienttemperaturefield.A.automaticallyB.manuallyC.intermittentlyD.randomlyAnswer:A10.Thecentrifugalpump’shead-flowcurvebecomes________athigherviscosities.A.steeperB.flatterC.linearD.asymptoticAnswer:B11.Thecontrolalgorithmadoptsa(n)________structuresothatgainschedulingcanbeimplementedinrealtime.A.adaptiveB.passiveC.rigidD.invariantAnswer:A12.Thecorrosionratewas________byelectrochemicalimpedancespectroscopyevery24hours.A.monitoredB.watchedC.observedD.surveyedAnswer:A13.Thefinite-elementmeshwas________inregionswherestressconcentrationwasanticipated.A.coarsenedB.refinedC.distortedD.skewedAnswer:B14.Thelaserbeamwas________throughabeamexpandertoreducedivergence.A.collimatedB.focusedC.diffractedD.refractedAnswer:A15.Theentropyofanisolatedsystemcannever________;thisisonestatementofthesecondlaw.A.decreaseB.increaseC.fluctuateD.stabilizeAnswer:A16.Thefirmwareupdatemustbe________beforethenextpowercycle;otherwisethebootloaderwillreverttothefactoryimage.A.committedB.savedC.uploadedD.flashedAnswer:A17.TheNyquistcriterionprovidesa________conditionforclosed-loopstability.A.sufficientB.necessaryC.necessaryandsufficientD.redundantAnswer:C18.Therobotarm’send-effectorpathwas________injointspacetoavoidsingularities.A.interpolatedB.extrapolatedC.regressedD.fittedAnswer:A19.Thethermalcameraoperatesinthe________infraredrange,roughly8–14µm.A.long-waveB.short-waveC.mid-waveD.nearAnswer:A20.Thedifferentialequationis________becausethehighestderivativeisofsecondorder.A.quadraticB.linearC.homogeneousD.second-orderAnswer:DPartIIClozeTest（每题1分，共15分）Directions:Fillineachblankwiththemostappropriateword.Thefirstletterisgiven.PassageGraphene,asinglelayerofcarbonatomsarrangedinahoneycomblattice,hasattractedintenseinterestsinceitsisolationin2004.Itschargecarriersexhibitultrahighmobility,21.e_________200000cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹atroomtemperature,enablingballistictransportonasub-micrometrescale.22.M_________,thematerial’sintrinsicstrengthreaches130GPa,whileitsYoung’smodulusiscloseto1TPa.These23.o_________propertiesstemfromthestrongsp²carbon–carbonbonds.However,theabsenceofabandgap24.l_________itsdirectapplicationindigitallogic.Toovercomethis,researchershave25.e_________variousstrategiessuchashydrogenation,substrate-inducedsymmetrybreaking,andthecreationofgraphenenanoribbons.Eachmethod26.t_________withdrawbacks:forinstance,nanoribbonsnarrowerthan5nmsufferfromedgeroughnessthat27.s_________carriermobility.AnalternativerouteisvanderWaalsheterostructures,wheregrapheneis28.s_________betweenatomicallythinlayersofhexagonalboronnitride.Theresultingmoirésuperlatticecan29.o_________atunablebandgapwithoutdegradingmobility.Recentexperiments30.d_________thataperpendicularelectricfieldcaninduceatopologicalphasetransition,openingthedoortovalleytronicdevices.31.F_________scale-up,chemical-vapourdepositiononcopperfoilsremainsthemosteconomicaltechnique,although32.t_________nucleationleadstopolycrystallinefilmswithgrainboundariesthatactasscatteringcentres.Post-growthannealinginhydrogen33.r_________thesedefectsandimprovessheetresistance.Lookingforward,theintegrationofgraphenewithsiliconphotonics34.p_________torevolutioniseon-chipopticalinterconnects,providedthatcouplinglossescanbe35.k_________below1dBperinterface.Answers21.exceeding22.Mechanically23.outstanding24.limits25.explored26.trades27.suppresses28.sandwiched29.open30.demonstrate31.For32.twin33.reduces34.promises35.keptPartIIIReadingComprehension（每题2分，共30分）SectionAMultipleChoicePassage1Quantumerrorcorrection(QEC)isessentialforfault-tolerantquantumcomputing.Surfacecodes,definedona2-Dlatticeofqubits,currentlyofferthehighestthresholderrorrate,approximately1%.Thecodedistanceddeterminesthenumberofphysicalqubitsrequired:n=2d²–1.Alogicalqubitispreservedaslongasfewerthan(d–1)/2errorsoccur.Recentexperimentsusingsuperconductingtransmonshaveachievedd=5,entailing49dataqubitsand48ancillaqubitsforstabilisermeasurements.Cycletimeis1µs,andgatefidelityexceeds99.9%.Errorsyndromesaredecodedusingminimum-weightperfectmatching(MWPM)runningonanFPGAwithin500ns,wellbelowthequbitcoherencetimeof100µs.Thenextmilestoneisd=7,whichwillconsume97qubitsandsuppresslogicalerrorrateto10⁻⁸peroperation.36.ThethresholderrorrateofsurfacecodesisclosesttoA.0.1%B.1%C.5%D.10%Answer:B37.Ford=5,thetotalnumberofphysicalqubitsisA.49B.48C.97D.97Answer:C(49data+48ancilla)38.MWPMisexecutedonA.CPUB.GPUC.FPGAD.ASICAnswer:C39.ThecoherencetimementionedisA.1µsB.500nsC.100µsD.10msAnswer:C40.Increasingdfrom5to7reducesthelogicalerrorratebyroughlyA.oneorderB.twoordersC.threeordersD.fourordersAnswer:BPassage2Perovskitesolarcells(PSCs)havesurgedfrom3.8%efficiencyin2009to25.7%in2023.Theactivelayeristypicallyamethylammoniumleadiodide(MAPbI₃)film300nmthick.Keylossesarenon-radiativerecombinationatgrainboundariesandinterfaces.Passivationusingalkylammoniumhalidesreducesinterfacetrapdensityfrom10¹²to10¹⁰cm⁻³eV⁻¹.Stabilityremainsachallenge:85°C/85%RHdamp-heattestsshow20%degradationafter1000h.Encapsulationwithatomic-layer-depositedAl₂O₃lowerswater-vapourtransmissionrateto5×10⁻⁵gm⁻²day⁻¹.Module-levelresultslagbehindsmall-areacells:225cm²mini-modulesreach20.4%,primarilybecauseofseriesresistanceinlaser-scribedinterconnects.Life-cycleanalysisindicatesenergypaybacktimeof3monthsforPSCsversus12monthsforsilicon.41.ThehighestcertifiedefficiencyofPSCsisA.3.8%B.20.4%C.25.7%D.300%Answer:C42.InterfacetrapdensityafterpassivationisA.10¹²B.10¹¹C.10¹⁰D.10⁹Answer:C43.Al₂O₃encapsulationdecreaseswateringressbyA.oneorderB.twoordersC.threeordersD.fourordersAnswer:C44.Themainlossinmini-modulesisA.shuntresistanceB.seriesresistanceC.opticalreflectionD.thermalisationAnswer:B45.EnergypaybacktimeforPSCsisA.3monthsB.6monthsC.9monthsD.12monthsAnswer:ASectionBShortAnswerPassage3Solid-statebatteriesreplaceliquidelectrolyteswithceramicorpolymermembranes,eliminatingflammabilityandenablinglithium-metalanodes.A30µmLi₆PS₅Clsulfideelectrolyteexhibitsionicconductivity10mScm⁻¹at25°C,comparabletoorganicliquids.Criticalbarriersareinterfacialchemo-mechanicaldegradation:thecathode–electrolytecontactloses30%ofitsareaafter100cyclesduetolatticemismatchandvolumeexpansionofNMC-811particles.A3-DconformalAl₂O₃interlayerdepositedbyspatialALDimprovesadhesionandlowersinterfacialresistancefrom120to20Ωcm².Fullcellswithcompositecathodes(NMC-811:Li₆PS₅Cl=70:30wt%)deliver190mAhg⁻¹at0.1Candretain88%after500cyclesat45°C.Arealcapacityis5mAhcm⁻²,doublethatofconventionalLi-ion.Manufacturingusesroll-to-rollcalendaringat200MPa,compatiblewithexistingpouch-lineinfrastructure.46.StatetheionicconductivityofLi₆PS₅Clatroomtemperature.Answer:10mScm⁻¹47.HowmuchistheinterfacialresistancereducedafterAl₂O₃coating?Answer:from120to20Ωcm²,i.e.by100Ωcm²48.Calculatethecapacityretentionafter500cycles.Answer:88%49.ComparethearealcapacitywiththatofLi-ion.Answer:double(5vs≈2.5mAhcm⁻²)50.Identifythemanufacturingpressureusedinroll-to-rollcalendaring.Answer:200MPaPartIVTranslation（共20分）SectionAEnglish→Chinese（每题3分，共9分）51.Theentanglemententropyofatopologicalquantumcodescaleslinearlywiththelengthoftheboundary,revealingthearealawcharacteristicofmany-bodylocalizedphases.拓扑量子码的纠缠熵随边界长度线性增长，揭示多体局域相的面积律特征。52.Bymodulatingthedutycycleofthegatepulse,theinverterachievessoft-switchingacrosstheentireloadrange,therebycurbingswitchinglossestobelow0.3%ofthetransmittedpower.通过调制门极脉冲的占空比，逆变器在整个负载范围内实现软开关，从而将开关损耗抑制在传输功率的0.3%以下。53.Thehyperspectralimagercaptures270spectralbandsbetween400nmand1000nmwithafull-width-at-half-maximumof2.5nm,enablingmineralmappingatsub-pixelresolution.高光谱成像仪在400nm至1000nm之间捕获270个光谱波段，半高宽2.5nm，可在亚像素分辨率下实现矿物填图。SectionBChinese→English（每题3分，共6分）54.采用原子层沉积技术生长的氧化铝薄膜可将钙钛矿太阳能电池的湿热稳定性提高一个数量级。Analuminafilmgrownbyatomiclayerdepositioncanenhancethedamp-heatstabilityofperovskitesolarcellsbyoneorderofmagnitude.55.通过引入梯度孔隙率，金属有机框架的氢气储存容量在77K和70bar条件下达到12.5wt%。Byintroducinggradientporosity,thehydrogenstoragecapacityofthemetal-organicframeworkreaches12.5wt%at77Kand70bar.SectionCParagraphTranslation（5分）56.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.基于数字孪生的预测性维护框架融合了有限元模拟与实时传感器数据，通过卡尔曼滤波器持续更新材料疲劳模型，从而在裂纹萌生48小时前发出预警，将非计划停机时间减少了70%。Thepredictive-maintenanceframeworkbasedondigitaltwinsintegratesfinite-elementsimulationswithreal-timesensordata.AKalmanfiltercontinuouslyupdatesthematerial-fatiguemodel,issuinganalert48hoursbeforecrackinitiationandcuttingunplanneddowntimeby70%.PartVWriting（15分）Directions:Writea200-wordabstractofaconferencepaperononeofthefollowingtopics:A.AI-accelerateddiscoveryofsolid-stateelectrolytesB.Closed-loopcontrolofquantumerrorcorrect