《工业分析 Industrial Analysis》课件-磷肥制样方法（双语）

项目四：肥料分析任务二：磷肥分析肥料种类及磷肥制样方法课程：工业分析中文Scenario4:FertilizerAnalysisTask2:PhosphatefertilizeranalysisFertilizertypesandphosphorusfertilizersamplingmethodsCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、肥料种类及取样方法

植物生长，几乎需要所有的化学元素，但最主要的是N、P、K三要素。肥料的作用？肥料是促进植物生长，提高农作物产量的重要物质之一。

N、P、K由何而来呢？植物生长的三要素？肥料中文一、Fertilizertypesandsamplingmethods

Plantgrowthrequiresalmostallchemicalelements,butthemostimportantonesareN,P,andK.Whatisthefunctionoffertilizer?Fertilizerisoneoftheimportantsubstancesthatpromoteplantgrowthandincreasecropyield.

N、P、KWherediditcomefrom?Whatarethethreeelementsofplantgrowth?fertilizerEglish磷肥的作用促进籽粒饱满；促使棉花、瓜类、茄果类蔬菜及果树的开花结果，提高结果率；增加甜菜、甘蔗、西瓜等的糖分；油菜籽的含油量。近年来世界磷肥工业逐渐复苏，生产能力增长较快，中国、美国及印度成为世界三大磷肥生产国。中文TheroleofphosphatefertilizerPhosphatefertilizercanpromoteplumpgrains;Promotethefloweringandfruitingofcotton,melons,eggplantvegetables,andfruittrees,andimprovethefruitingrate;Increasethesugarcontentofsugarbeets,sugarcane,watermelons,etc;Increasetheoilcontentofrapeseed.Inrecentyears,theworld'sphosphatefertilizerindustryhasgraduallyrecoveredandproductioncapacityhasgrownrapidly.China,theUnitedStates,andIndiahavebecometheworld'sthreelargestphosphatefertilizerproducingcountries.Eglish

以矿物、空气、海水等为原料，经化学和机械加工方法制造，能供给农作物营养及提高土壤肥力的化学物质。肥料包括自然肥料和化学肥料。中文

Chemicalfertilizersarechemicalsmadefromminerals,air,seawater,andotherrawmaterialsthroughchemicalandmechanicalprocessingmethods,whichcanprovidenutrientstocropsandimprovesoilfertility.Fertilizersincludenaturalfertilizersandchemicalfertilizers.ClassificationofchemicalfertilizersDividedbynutritionalelementsnitrogenfertilizerphosphatefertilizerpotashfertilizerCompoundfertilizerTraceelementfertilizerEglish

有效成分含量，磷肥以有效五氧化二磷的质量分数表示。氮肥以氮元素的质量分数表示。钾肥以氧化钾的质量分数表示。微量元素以该元素的质量分数表示。

化学肥料的分析项目包括水分含量，有效成分含量和杂质含量等分析。化学性质酸性肥料:硫酸铵中性肥料:尿素碱性肥料:碳酸氢铵中文Theeffectiveingredientcontentisexpressedasthemassfractionofeffectivephosphoruspentoxideinphosphorusfertilizer.Nitrogenfertilizerisexpressedasthemassfractionofnitrogenelement.Potassiumfertilizerisexpressedasthemassfractionofpotassiumoxide.Traceelementsarerepresentedbytheirmassfraction.Theanalysisitemsofchemicalfertilizersincludemoisturecontent,activeingredientcontent,andimpuritycontent.化学性质Acidfertilizer:ammoniumsulfateNeutralfertilizer:ureaAlkalinefertilizer:ammoniumbicarbonate

ClassifiedbychemicalpropertiesEglish

取样时，将取样探子由袋口的一角沿对角线插入袋内的1/3～3/4处，旋转180°后抽出，刮出钻槽中物料作为一个子样。取样探子

对于袋装化肥，通常规定50件以内抽取5件；51～100件，每增10件，加取1件；101～500件，每增50件，加取2件；501～1000件以内，每增100件，加取2件；1001～5000件以内，每增100件，加取1件。将子样均匀地分布该批物料中，然后用采样工具进行采集。二、肥料的取样中文Whensampling,insertthesamplingprobediagonallyfromonecornerofthebagopeninginto1/3to3/4ofthebag,rotate180°,andthenextractit.Scrapeoutthematerialinthedrillinggrooveasasubsample.samplingprobe

Forbaggedfertilizers,itisusuallyrequiredtoextract5pieceswithin50pieces;51-100pieces,foreveryadditional10pieces,anadditionalpiecewillbetaken;101-500pieces,foreveryadditional50pieces,anadditional2pieceswillbetaken;Within501-1000pieces,foreveryadditional100pieces,anadditional2pieceswillbetaken;Within1001-5000pieces,foreveryadditional100pieces,anadditionalpiecewillbetaken.Distributethesubsamplesevenlyamongthebatchofmaterials,andthencollectthemusingsamplingtools.二、SamplingoffertilizersEglish

在分析之前，应将所采的一瓶样品粉碎至规定粒度(一般要求不超过1~2mm)，混合均匀，用四分法缩分至100g左右，置于洁净、干燥瓶中，作质量分析之用。

将每批所选取的样品合并在一起充分混匀，然后用四分法缩分至不少于500g，分装在两个清洁、干燥并具有磨口塞的广口瓶或带盖聚乙烯瓶中，贴上标签。注明生产厂家、产品名称、批号、采样日期和采样人姓名。一瓶供试样制备，一瓶密封保存2个月以备。中文

Beforeanalysis,thecollectedsamplesshouldbecrushedtothespecifiedparticlesize(generallynotexceeding1-2mm),mixedevenly,andreducedtoabout100gusingthequarteringmethod.Theyshouldbeplacedinacleananddrybottleforqualityanalysis.

Combinetheselectedsamplesfromeachbatchandmixthoroughly.Then,usethequarteringmethodtoreducethemtonolessthan500g.Dividethemintotwoclean,drywidemouthedbottlesorcappedpolyethylenebottleswithgroundstoppers,andlabelthem.Indicatethemanufacturer,productname,batchnumber,samplingdate,andnameofthesampler.Onebottleisforsamplepreparation,andonebottleissealedandstoredfor2monthsforpreparation.Eglish三、磷肥制样方法1、磷肥分类分类

自然磷肥：磷矿石、骨粉及骨灰等化学磷肥：以自然矿石为原料，经化学加工处理的含磷肥料中文三、Samplepreparationmethodforphosphatefertilizer1、ClassificationofphosphatefertilizersClassificationNaturalphosphatefertilizer:phosphaterock,bonemeal,andboneash,etcChemicalphosphorusfertilizer:afertilizercontainingphosphorusobtainedthroughchemicalprocessingusingnaturaloresasrawmaterialsEglish

酸法磷肥(速效磷肥)：用无机酸加工处理磷矿石所制造的，如过磷酸钙，重过磷酸钙，因其中含有易溶于水的磷化物，植物易吸收，故又称为“速效磷肥”。

热法磷肥(迟效磷肥)：磷矿石和其他配料(如白云石、滑石等)或不加配料，经高温煅烧分解所制造的磷肥。如钙镁磷肥、钢渣磷肥等。因其所含磷化物难溶于水，施用后经长时间后可被土壤中有机弱酸缓慢溶解而被植物吸收，故又称为“迟效磷肥”。化学磷肥根据加工方法不同可以分为：中文Acidbasedphosphatefertilizer:Fertilizermadebyprocessingphosphaterockwithinorganicacids,suchascalciumsuperphosphateandheavysuperphosphate,isalsoknownas"quickactingphosphatefertilizer"becauseitcontainswater-solublephosphidesthatareeasilyabsorbedbyplants.Thermalphosphatefertilizer:phosphaterockandotheringredients(suchasdolomite,talc,etc.)orphosphatefertilizerproducedbyhigh-temperaturecalcinationanddecompositionwithoutingredients.Suchascalciummagnesiumphosphatefertilizer,steelslagphosphatefertilizer,etc.Duetoitsinsolublephosphidesinwater,itcanbeslowlydissolvedbyorganicweakacidsinthesoilandabsorbedbyplantsafterlong-termapplication,henceitisalsoknownas"delayedactingphosphatefertilizer".Chemicalphosphorusfertilizercanbedividedinto:Eglish

磷肥的组成较为复杂，往往一种磷肥中同时含有几种不同性质的含磷化合物。磷肥的主要成分是磷酸的钙盐，有的还含有游离的磷酸。磷肥组成不一样，溶解性不一样，制样方法也是有差异的。中文

Thecompositionofphosphorusfertilizerisrelativelycomplex,oftencontainingseveralphosphoruscontainingcompoundswithdifferentpropertiesinonetypeofphosphorusfertilizer.Themaincomponentofphosphatefertilizeristhecalciumsaltofphosphate,someofwhichalsocontainfreephosphate.

Thecompositionofphosphorusfertilizervaries,andthesolubilityandsamplepreparationmethodsalsovary.Eglish

检验中是指被柠檬酸铵溶液或2%柠檬酸溶液溶解的含磷化合物。中文WatersolublephosphoruscompoundsPhosphoricacid,calciumdihydrogenphosphate(alsoknownasmonocalciumphosphate)[Ca(H2PO4)2]Calciumsuperphosphateandheavysuperphosphatemainlycontainwater-solublephosphoruscompounds,sotheyarealsocalledwater-solublephosphorusfertilizers.CitricacidsolublephosphoruscompoundsThephosphoruscompoundsthatcanbedissolvedbyacidicsubstancessecretedbyplantrootsandabsorbedandutilizedbyplantsarecalledlemonsolublephosphoruscompounds.Suchascrystallinecalciumhydrogenphosphate,alsoknownasdicalciumphosphate(CaHPO4

·2H2O)ortetracalciumphosphate(Ca4P2O9

or4CaO·P2O5).Citricacidsolublephosphoruscompoundsrefertophosphoruscontainingcompoundsdissolvedinammoniumcitratesolutionor2%citricacidsolutionduringtesting.Eglish全磷：磷肥中所有含磷化合物中含磷量的总和。

不论是全磷还是有效磷仅是制备试液的方法不同，其测定方法相同。有效磷：水溶性磷化物和柠檬酸溶性磷化合物中的磷。中文Totalphosphorus:Thetotalphosphoruscontentofallphosphoruscontainingcompoundsinphosphorusfertilizer.Whetheritistotalphosphorusoreffectivephosphorus,themethodofpreparingthetestsolutionisdifferent,andthedeterminationmethodisthesame.Effectivephosphorus:phosphorusinwater-solublephosphidesandcitricacidsolublephosphoruscompounds.InsolublephosphoruscompoundsPhosphoruscontainingcompoundsthatareinsolubleinorganicweakacids,suchastricalciumphosphate[Ca3(PO4)2],ironphosphate,aluminumphosphate,etc.,arecalledinsolublephosphoruscompoundsEglish

称取过磷酸钙约1.5g或重过磷酸钙约0.8g（含P2O5约200-300毫克）于小乳钵中，加水约25mL，小心研磨5-10分钟，静置待澄清。以慢速滤纸倾泻过滤于已经预先注有1：1硝酸5mL的250mL容量瓶中。向乳钵内的残渣中，再加水约25mL，继续研磨、澄清、过滤，共三次。最后一次，将残渣全部转移于滤纸上。充分洗涤至容量瓶内溶液的体积约230mL左右。稀释至刻度，混合均匀，供测定水溶性磷。例如：（1）水溶性磷的提取2、磷肥制样方法中文

Weighabout1.5gofcalciumsuperphosphateorabout0.8gofheavycalciumsuperphosphate(containingabout200-300milligramsofP2O5)inasmallbowl,addabout25mLofwater,carefullygrindfor5-10minutes,andletitstandforclarification.Pourandfilterslowlywithfilterpaperintoa250mLvolumetricflaskprefilledwith5mLof1:1nitricacid.Addabout25mLofwatertotheresidueinthebowl,continuegrinding,clarifying,andfilteringthreetimes.Forthelasttime,transferalltheresidueontothefilterpaper.Washthoroughlyuntilthevolumeofthesolutioninthevolumetricflaskisabout230mL.Dilutetothemark,mixevenly,andusethissolutionformeasuringwater-solublephosphorus.example：（