【《电催化裂解水的催化剂种类及研究进展文献综述》1600字】

电催化裂解水的催化剂种类及研究进展文献综述1贵金属催化剂根据Sabatier原理ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>144</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">23</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>144</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620583987">144</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><HydrogenationandDehydrogenationbyCatalysis.pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>23，我们知道催化剂和反应中间体之间应该具有适当的相互作用，这个原理同样会适用于HER反应，在理想条件下ΔGH*为零时，HER反应的j0具有最高值，Parsons等人建立了火山类型图，成功将j0值与ΔGH*联系起来。ZhiWeiSeh等人通过DFT理论成功地计算出了各种催化剂的ΔGH*值，得到了不同种催化剂在HER反应上交换电流密度与氢吸附自由能之间的关系ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Seh</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>143</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">24</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620583033">143</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Seh,Z.W.</author><author>Kibsgaard,J.</author><author>Dickens,C.F.</author><author>Chorkendorff,I.</author><author>Norskov,J.K.</author><author>Jaramillo,T.F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SUNCATCenterforInterfaceScienceandCatalysis,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305,USA. SUNCATCenterforInterfaceScienceandCatalysis,SLACNationalAcceleratorLaboratory,MenloPark,CA94025,USA. InstituteofMaterialsResearchandEngineering,AgencyforScience,TechnologyandResearch(A*STAR),Innovis,138634Singapore. DepartmentofPhysics,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,DK-2800KongensLyngby,Denmark. SUNCATCenterforInterfaceScienceandCatalysis,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305,USA.jaramillo@.</auth-address><titles><title>Combiningtheoryandexperimentinelectrocatalysis:Insightsintomaterialsdesign</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title></periodical><volume>355</volume><number>6321</number><edition>2017/01/14</edition><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Jan13</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1095-9203(Electronic) 0036-8075(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28082532</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/28082532</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/science.aad4998</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>24。如图1.1的火山曲线所示，铂族金属如Pt、Pd、Ru、Ir和Rh位于火山曲线顶点附近，ΔGH*接近于零，对HER反应展现出了优异的催化性能。Pt位于火山图的顶点，被认为是最有效的HER电催化剂，具有准零起始过电位和较小的Tafel斜率ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Greeley</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>45</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">25</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>45</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620032359">45</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Greeley,J.</author><author>Jaramillo,T.F.</author><author>Bonde,J.</author><author>Chorkendorff,I.B.</author><author>Norskov,J.K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CenterforAtomic-scaleMaterialsDesign,NanoDTU,DepartmentofPhysics,TechnicalUniv.ofDenmark,DK-2800KongensLyngby,Denmark.</auth-address><titles><title>Computationalhigh-throughputscreeningofelectrocatalyticmaterialsforhydrogenevolution</title><secondary-title>NatMater</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NatMater</full-title></periodical><pages>909-13</pages><volume>5</volume><number>11</number><edition>2006/10/17</edition><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1476-1122(Print) 1476-1122(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17041585</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/17041585</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/nmat1752</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>25。虽然pt等贵金属基电催化剂具有优异的催化活性，但其稀缺性和昂贵的价格阻碍了其大规模的实际应用。图1.1（a）在Langmuir吸附模型假设下j0与ΔGH*的关系，（b）在酸性介质中，材料表面上HER的j0对ΔGH*的依赖性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Seh</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>143</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">24</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620583033">143</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Seh,Z.W.</author><author>Kibsgaard,J.</author><author>Dickens,C.F.</author><author>Chorkendorff,I.</author><author>Norskov,J.K.</author><author>Jaramillo,T.F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SUNCATCenterforInterfaceScienceandCatalysis,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305,USA. SUNCATCenterforInterfaceScienceandCatalysis,SLACNationalAcceleratorLaboratory,MenloPark,CA94025,USA. InstituteofMaterialsResearchandEngineering,AgencyforScience,TechnologyandResearch(A*STAR),Innovis,138634Singapore. DepartmentofPhysics,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,DK-2800KongensLyngby,Denmark. SUNCATCenterforInterfaceScienceandCatalysis,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305,USA.jaramillo@.</auth-address><titles><title>Combiningtheoryandexperimentinelectrocatalysis:Insightsintomaterialsdesign</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title></periodical><volume>355</volume><number>6321</number><edition>2017/01/14</edition><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Jan13</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1095-9203(Electronic) 0036-8075(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>28082532</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/28082532</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/science.aad4998</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>24。2非贵金属催化剂根据多项理论计算和实验结果，在所有的非贵金属之中，Ni具有最小的氢吸附自由能ΔGH*和最大的HER交换电流密度j0。Miles和Thomason等人利用伏安法研究了不同非贵金属的催化性能，发现Ni>Mo>Co>W>Fe>CuADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>145</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">26</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>145</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620619905">145</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><PeriodicVariationsof__OvervoltagesforWaterElectrolysisinAcidSolutionsfromCyclic__VoltammetricStudies..pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>26，这也证明了Ni在所有的非贵金属间具有优秀的电催化电解水性能。3过渡金属催化剂（1）过渡金属氧化物(TMOs)过渡金属氧化物（TMOs）因为廉价、成分稳定、环保等特点被广泛应用于在电催化领域。然而，由于大多数TMOs的导电性比较差、反应速率较慢、H吸附位点数量较少、H束缚能不合适是催化性能较差的主要原因ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA27,28。为了TMOs基电催化剂的HER性能，人们提出了减小TMOs结构尺寸、在TMOs上形成多孔结构、将TMOs与导电性良好的碳载体结合，在TMOs引入表面缺陷或氧空位或者掺杂其他原子ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA29-34。CuYi等人在镍泡沫（NF）上通过湿化学方法直接生长出超薄多孔MoO2纳米片，，然后进行退火处理，其对HER的活性远远高于传统致密MoO2ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA35，这主要是因为超薄多孔MoO2纳米片的表面积较大，活性位点数量更多。（2）过渡金属磷化物(TMPs)过渡金属磷化物（TMPs,TM=Fe,Co,Ni,Mo,W,Cu）近年来作为HER催化剂引起了广泛的关注ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA3,36,37。Liu和Rodriguez等人通过DFT计算，预测Ni2P的（001）可能具有非常好的HER催化性能，甚至优于pt基催化剂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>158</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">38</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>158</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620635219">158</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><CatalystsforHydrogenEvolutionfromthe[NiFe]HydrogenasetotheNi2P(001)Surface_ TheImportanceofEnsembleEffect.pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>38，这主要是因为Ni2P（001）表面暴露的质子受体和氢化物受体中心之间具有协同效应。众所周知的是通过DFT计算，贵金属作为HER催化剂，具有一个以电流密度作为氢吸附自由能的函数的火山图，在火山图峰上的贵金属具有优异的HER催化性能，实验数据也证实了这一点，金属靠近峰值位置越近，HER性能越高。同样，Jaramillo小组也研究了TMPs中类似的火山图ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kibsgaard</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>161</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">39</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>161</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620670191">161</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kibsgaard,Jakob</author><author>Tsai,Charlie</author><author>Chan,Karen</author><author>Benck,JesseD.</author><author>Nørskov,JensK.</author><author>Abild-Pedersen,Frank</author><author>Jaramillo,ThomasF.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Designinganimprovedtransitionmetalphosphidecatalystforhydrogenevolutionusingexperimentalandtheoreticaltrends</title><secondary-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</full-title></periodical><pages>3022-3029</pages><volume>8</volume><number>10</number><section>3022</section><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1754-5692 1754-5706</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5ee02179k</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>39，越靠近火山图峰值上的TMPs基催化剂电催化电解水的性能越高。图1.2（a）不同TMPs基催化剂归一化为电化学活性表面积（ECSA）的Lsv曲线，（b）不同TMPs基催化剂表面上HER的j0对ΔGH*的依赖关系ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kibsgaard</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>161</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">39</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>161</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620670191">161</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kibsgaard,Jakob</author><author>Tsai,Charlie</author><author>Chan,Karen</author><author>Benck,JesseD.</author><author>Nørskov,JensK.</author><author>Abild-Pedersen,Frank</author><author>Jaramillo,ThomasF.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Designinganimprovedtransitionmetalphosphidecatalystforhydrogenevolutionusingexperimentalandtheoreticaltrends</title><secondary-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Energy&EnvironmentalScience</full-title></periodical><pages>3022-3029</pages><volume>8</volume><number>10</number><section>3022</section><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1754-5692 1754-5706</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5ee02179k</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>39。（3）过渡金属硫化物（TMDs）是一种新型催化材料，比贵金属催化剂的价格要便宜，在地球上的丰度也更高，是一种很有前途的催化剂，然而TMDs的催化活性比较差，这主要是因为1、TMDs的边缘活性位点的数量稀缺，对于大多数TMDs材料来说，边缘活性位点唯一具有催化活性的部分，2、大多数TMDs材料的导电性都不好ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Turner</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>48</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">20</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>48</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"timestamp="1620032442">48</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Turner,J.A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,Golden,CO80401-3393,USA.jturner@</auth-address><titles><title>Sustainablehydrogenproduction</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title></periodical><pages>972-4</pages><volume>305</volume><number>5686</number><edition>2004/08/18</edition><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug13</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1095-9203(Electronic) 0036-8075(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15310892</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/15310892</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/science.1103197</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>20，尤其是多层TMDs材料的层与层之间的电子迁移效率比较差ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yu</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>164</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">40</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>164</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="r5zxvrzvvsdxr4es0zppspfywrfszr0efep9"