TOEFL阅读理解真题

TOEFL阅读理解真题精选

为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真

题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读真题1

Pheromonesaresubstancesthatserveaschemicalsignals

betweenmembersofthesamespecies.Theyaresecretedtothe

outsideofthebodyandcauseotherindividualsofthespecies

tohavespecificreactions.Pheromones,whicharesometimes

calledsocialhormones,affectagroupofindividualssomewhat

likehormonesdoanindividualanimal.Pheromonesarethe

predominantmediumofcommunicationamonginsects(butrarely

thesolemethod).Somespecieshavesimplepheromonesystems

andproduceonlyafewpheromones,butothersproducemanywith

variousfunctions.Pheromonesystemsarethemostcomplexin

someoftheso-calledsocialinsects,insectsthatlivein

organizedgroups.

Chemicalcommunicationdiffersfromthatbysightorscund

inseveralways.Transmissionisrelativelyslow(thechemical

signalsareusuallyairborne),butthesignalcanbepersistent,

dependinguponthevolatilityofthechemical,andissometimes

effectiveoveraverylongrange.Localizationofthesignal

isgenerallypoorerthanlocalizationofasoundorvisual

stimulusandisusuallyeffectedbytheanimalsmovingupwind

inresponsetothestimulus.Theabilitytomodulateachemical

signalislimited,comparedwithcommunicationbyvisualor

acousticmeans,butsomepheromonesmayconveydifferent

千里之行，始于足下。

meaningsandconsequentlyresultindifferentbehavioralor

physiologicalresponses,dependingontheirconcentrationor

whenpresentedincombination.Themodulationofchemical

signalsoccursviatheelaborationofthenumberofexocrine

glandsthatproducepheromones.Somespecies,suchasants,

seemtobeveryarticulatecreatures,buttheirmediumof

communicationisdifficultforhumanstostudyandappreciate

becauseofourownolfactory,insensitivityandthe

technologicaldifficultiesindetectingandanalyzingthese

pheromones.Phercmonesplaynumerousrolesintheactivities

ofinsects.Theymayactasalarmsubstances,playarolein

individualandgrouprecognition,serveasattractantsbetween

sexes,mediatetheformationofaggregations,identify

foragingtrails,andbeinvolvedincastedetermination.For

example,pheromonesinvolvedincastedeterminationinclude

thequeensubstanceproducedbyqueenhoneybees.Aphids,which

areparticularlyvulnerabletopredatorsbecauseoftheir

gregarioushabitsandsedentarynature,secreteanalarm

pheromonewhenattackedthatcausesnearbyaphidstorespond

bymovingaway.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Howinsectsusepheromonestocommunicate

(B)Howpheromonesareproducedbyinsects

(C)Whyanalyzinginsectpheromonesisdifficult

(D)Thedifferentusesofpheromonesamongvariousinsect

species

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2.Thewordserveinline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)improve

(B)function

(C)begin

(D)rely

3.Thepurposeofthesecondmentionofhormonesinline

4istopointout

(A)chemicalsignalsthatarecommonamonginsects

(B)specificresponsesofvariousspeciestochemical

signals

(C)similaritiesbetweentwochemicalsubstances

(D)howinsectsproducedifferentchemicalsubstances

4.Thewordsoleinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)obvious

(B)best

(C)only

千里之行，始于足下。

(D)final

5.Thepassagesuggeststhatthespeedatwhich

communicationthroughpheromonesoccursis

dependentonhowquicklythey

(A)losetheireffectiveness

(B)evaporateintheair

(C)travelthroughtheair

(D)areproducedbythebody

6.Accordingtothepassage,themeaningofamessage

coimnunicatedthroughapheromone

mayvarywhenthe

(A)chemicalstructureofthepheromoneischanged

(B)pheromoneisexcretedwhileotherpheromonesarealso

beingexcreted

(C)exocrineglandsdonotproducethepheromone

(D)pheromoneisreleasednearcertainspecificorganisms

7.Theworddetectinginline23isclosestinmeaningto

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(A)controlling

(B)storing

(C)questioning

(D)finding

8.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowinghasir.ade

thestudyofpheromonesdifficult?

(A)Pheromonescannotbeeasilyreproducedinchemical

laboratories.

(B)Existingtechnologycannotfullyexplorethe

propertiesofpheromones.

(C)Pheromonesarehighlyvolatile.

(D)Pheromonesignalsareconstantlychanging.

9.ThewordTheyinline24refersto

(A)pheromones

(B)roles

(C)activities

(D)insects

千里之行，始于足下。

10.Thewordsedentaryinline29isclosestinmeaningto

(A)inactive

(B)inefficient

(C)unchangeable

(D)unbalanced

11.Pheromonesystemsarerelativelycomplexininsects

that

(A)alsocommunicateusingsightandsound

(B)liveunderground

(C)preyonotherinsects

(D)liveinorganizedgroups

PASSAGE95ABCCBADBAAD

托福阅读真题2

TheHomesteadActof1862gaveheadsoffamiliesor

individualsagedtwenty-oneoroldertherighttoown160acres

ofpubliclandinthewesternUnitedStatesafterfiveyears

ofresidenceandimprovement.Thislawwasintendedtoprovide

landforsmallfarmersandtopreventlandfrombeingbought

forresaleataprofitorbeingownedbylargelandholders.An

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earlyamendmenttotheactevenpreventedhusbandsandwives

fromfilingseparateclaims.TheWest,landreformershad

assumed,wouldsooncontainmany160-acrefamilyfarms.

Theyweredoomedtodisappointment.Mostlandless

Americansweretoopoortobecomefarmersevenwhentheycculd

obtainlandwithoutcost.Theexpenseofmovingafamilytothe

ever-recedingfrontierexceededthemeansofmany,andthecost

oftools,draftanimals,awagon,awell,fencing,andof

buildingthesimplesthouse,mightcometo$1,000一a

formidablebarrier.Asfortheindustrialworkersforwhomthe

freelandwassupposedtoprovideasafetyvalve,theyhad

neithertheskillsnortheinclinationtobecomefarmers.

Homesteadersusuallycamefromdistrictsnotfarremovedfrom

frontierconditions.Anddespitetheintentofthelaw,

speculatorsoftenmanagedtoobtainlargetracts.Theyhired

peopletostakeoutclaims,falselyswearthattheyhad

fulfilledtheconditionslaiddowninthelawforobtaining

legaltitle,andthendeedthelandovertotheiremployers.

Furthermore,160acreswerenotenoughforraising

livestockorforthekindofcommercialagriculturethatwas

developingwestoftheMississippi.Thenationalgovernment

madeafeebleattempttomakelargerholdingsavailableto

homesteadersbypassingtheTimberCultureActof1873,which

permittedindividualstoclaimanadditional160acresifthey

wouldagreetoplantaquarterofitintreeswithintenyears.

Thislawprovedhelpfultosomefarmersinthelargelytreeless

statesofKansas,Nebraska,andtheDakotas.Nevertheless,

fewerthan25percentofthe245,000whotookuplandunderthe

Actobtainedfinaltitletotheproperty.

千里之行，始于足下。

1.WhichaspectoftheHomesteadActof1862doesthe

passagemainlydiscuss?

(A)HowittransformedthewesternUnitedStatesintoa

placeofsmallfarms

(B)Whyitwasanimprovementoverpreviousattemptsatland

reform

(C)Whyitdidnotachieveitsaimtoprovidelandforsmall

farmers

(D)HowitfailedinthelargelytreelessstatesofKansas,

Nebraska,andtheDakotas

2.AnamendmentaddedtotheHomesteadActof1862specified

that

(A)fiveyearsofresidencewasrequiredforlandownership

(B)husbandsandwivescouldnotfileseparateclaims

(C)thepriceof160acresoflandwas$1,000

(D)landcouldnotberesoldforaprofit

3.Thewordformidableinline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)obvious

第8页/共17页

(B)predictable

(C)difficult

(D)manageable

4.Itcanbeinferredthatthesafetyvalveinline13refers

to

(A)anewkindofmachinery

(B)analternativeforurbanworkers

(C)anareainafactory

(D)aproceduredesignedtoprotectworkers

5.Thewordintentinline15isclosestinmeaningto

(A)purpose

(B)power

(C)effect

(D)invention

6.Accordingtothepassage,whydidthegovernmentpass

theTimberCultureActof1873?

(A)tomakelargertractsoflandavailabletosmallfarn.ers

千里之行，始于足下。

(B)tosettleKansas,Nebraska,andtheDakotas

(C)toencouragelandspeculationwestoftheMississippi

(D)toincreasethevarietyoftreesgrowinginthewestern

states

7.Thewordtheyinline23refersto

(A)largerhoidings

(B)individuals

(C)160acres

(D)trees

8.Accordingtothepassage,howmanyofthefarmerswho

settledlandundertheTimber

CultureActof1873receivedfinaltitletotheproperty?

(A)fewerthen25%

(B)morethan160

(C)10%peryear

(D)245,000

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9.Thepassagementionsallofthefollowingasreasonsthe

HomesteadActof1862didnot

achieveitsaimsEXCEPT:

(A)MostlandlessAmericanscouldnotaffordthenecessary

toolsandprovisions.

(B)Industrialworkerslackedthenecessaryfarmingskills.

(C)Thefarmsweretoolargeforsinglefamiliestooperate

successfully.

(D)Homesteadersusuallycamefromareasrelativelyclose

tothefrontier.

10.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage

abouttheTimberCultureActof

1873?

(A)Itespeciallyhelpedfarmerswithlargeholdingsof

land.

(B)Itwasmostimportanttofarmerslivinginstatesthat

hadplentyoftrees.

(C)Themajorityoffarmersdidnotbenefitsignificantly

fromit.

(D)Themajorityoffarmersdidnotneedtheextra160acres

千里之行，始于足下。

itprovided.

PASSAGE96CBCDAABACC

托福阅读真题3

TheMoon,whichhasundergoneadistinctandcomplex

geologicalhistory,presentsastrikingappearance.Their.oon

maybedividedintotwomajorterrains:theMaria(darklowlands)

andtheTerrace(brighthighlands).Thecontrastinthe

reflectivity(thecapabilityofreflectinglight)ofthesetwo

terrainssuggestedtomanyearlyobserversthatthetwo

terrainsmighthavedifferentcompositions,andthis

suppositionwasconfirmedbymissionstotheMoonsuchas

SurveyorandApollo.Oneofthemostobviousdifferences

betweentheterrainsisthesmoothnessoftheMariaincontrast

totheroughnessofthehighlands.Thisroughnessismostly

causedbytheabundanceofcraters:thehighlandsare

completelycoveredby1argecraters(greaterthan40-50kmin

diameter),whilethecratersoftheMariatendtobemuch

smaller.ItisnowknownthatthevastmajorityoftheMcons

craterswereformedbytheimpactofsolidbodieswiththelunar

surface.

MostofthenearsideoftheMoonwasthoroughlymappedand

studiedfromtelescopicpicturesyearsbeforetheageofspace

exploration.Earth-basedtelescopescanresolveobjectsas

smallasafewhundredmetersonthelunarsurface.Close

observationofcraters,combinedwiththewaytheMoon

diffuselyreflectssunlight,ledtotheunderstandingthatthe

Mooniscoveredbyasurfacelayer,orregolith,thatoverlies

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thesolidrockoftheMoon.Telescopicimagespermittedthe

catalogingofabewilderingarrayoflandforms.Craterswere

studiedforcluestotheirorigin;thelargewispymarkswere

seen.Strange,sinuousfeatureswereobservedintheMaria.

Althoughvariouslandformswerecatalogued,themajorityof

astronomersattentionwasfixedoncratersandtheirorigins.

Astronomershaveknownforafairlylongtimethattheshape

ofcraterschangesastheyincreaseinsize.Smallcraterswith

diametersoflessthan10-15kmhaverelativelysimpleshapes.

Theyhaverimcreststhatareelevatedabovethesurrounding

terrain,smooth,bowl-shapedinteriors,anddepthsthatare

aboutone-sixththeirdiameters.Thecomplexityofshape

increasesforlargercraters.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)WhatastronomerslearnedfromtheSurveyorandApcllo

spacemissions.

(B)CharacteristicsofthemajorterrainsoftheMoon.

(C)TheoriginoftheMoonscraters.

(D)TechniquesusedtocataloguetheMoonslandforms.

2.Thewordundergoneinline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)altered

(B)substituted

千里之行，始于足下。

(C)experienced

(D)preserved

3.Accordingtothepassage,theMariadifferfromthe

Terracemainlyintermsof

(A)age

(B)mannerofcreation

(C)size

(D)composition

4.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements

abouttheSurveyorandApollomissions

(A)TheyconfirmedearliertheoriesabouttheMoonssurface.

(B)TheyrevealedthatpreviousideasabouttheMoons

craterswereincorrect.

(C)Theywereunabletoprovidedetailedinformationabout

theMoonssurface.

(D)TheywereunabletoidentifyhowtheMoonscraterswere

made.

5.Thewordvastinline11isclosest