《工业分析 Industrial Analysis》课件-项目八：常规物理常数与性能分析

项目八：常规物理常数与性能分析任务一：粒径的测定粒径的测定课程：工业分析中文Scenario8:PhysicalconstantsandperformancetestingTask1:DeterminationofparticlesizeDeterminationofparticlesizeCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish定义：粒径是指固体物质颗粒的大小

。粒径的测定方法有多种，根据测定要求的不同，可选择不同的方法，一般有筛分法、微粒度测定法等。

只能测定粒径范围可以测粒径分布和平均粒径中文Definition:Particlesizereferstothesizeofsolidmaterialparticles.Therearevariousmethodsformeasuringparticlesize,anddifferentmethodscanbeselectedaccordingtodifferentmeasurementrequirements,generallyincludingsievingmethod,particlesizemeasurementmethod,etc.CanonlymeasureparticlesizerangeCanmeasureparticlesizedistributionandaverageparticlesizeEglish1、方法原理利用系列筛孔尺寸不同的筛网来测定颗粒粒度的分布，将筛网按孔径大小依次叠好，把被测试样从顶上倒入，盖好筛盖，置于振筛器上振荡（或人工振筛），使试样通过一系列的筛网，然后在各层筛网上收集，通过称量各筛网中留存的试样的质量，以粒度来表示一定的粒径范围的颗粒质量占总试样质量的百分数。一、筛分法测定粒径中文1、MethodprincipleThesievingmethodusesscreenswithdifferentmeshsizestodeterminethedistributionofparticlesize.Whenmeasuring,stackthesievemeshinorderofporesize,pourthetestedsamplefromthetop,coverthesievecover,andplaceitonthevibratingscreentoshake(ormanuallyshake),sothatthesamplepassesthroughaseriesofsievemeshes,andthencollectoneachlayerofsievemesh.Byweighingthemassoftheretainedsampleineachsievemesh,thepercentageofparticlemasswithinacertainparticlesizerangetothetotalsamplemassisrepresentedbyparticlesize.一、DeterminationofparticlesizebysievingmethodEglish2、仪器孔径分别为1.0mm、2.0mm、2.8mm、4.0mm等的筛网一套，并附有筛盖和底盘，如图所示，振筛器（没有振筛器则采用人工振筛）及托盘天平。筛网筛盖和底盘中文2、InstrumentAsetofscreenswithaperturesof1.0mm,2.0mm,2.8mm,4.0mm,etc.,equippedwithscreencoversandchassis,asshowninthefigure.Thevibratingscreen(ifthereisnovibratingscreen,manualvibratingscreenwillbeused)andatraybalancewillbeused.screenmeshscreencoverandchassisEglish3、筛网目数与尺寸对应关系

中文3、TherelationshipbetweenthenumberofsievemeshanditssizeMeshcountmicronEglish4、测定步骤称取试样适量（一般200g），精确到1g。将筛网按孔径大小依次叠好（若仅测定规定粒度范围的测定，只在用两个确定孔径的筛网），孔径大（4.0mm）的在上层，小的在下层。试样置于孔径最大的筛网上，盖好筛盖。将筛网置于振筛器上，夹紧，振荡5min。称量未通过4.0mm孔径筛网的试样及底盘上的试样（通过所有筛网的小颗粒物），精确到1g。

中文4、MeasurementstepsWeighanappropriateamountofthesample(usually200g),accurateto1g.Stackthesievesinorderofporesize(ifonlymeasuringthespecifiedparticlesizerange,onlytwosieveswithdeterminedporesizesareused),withthelargerporesize(e.g.4.0mm)ontheupperlayerandthesmalleroneonthelowerlayer.Placethesampleonthesievewiththelargestporesizeandcoveritwiththesievecover.Placethesieveontheshaker,clampit,andoscillatefor5minutes.Weighthesamplethatdidnotpassthe4.0mmaperturesieveandthesampleonthechassis(smallparticlespassingthroughallsieves),accurateto1g.Eglish5、数据处理

中文5、Resultcalculation

Theparticlesizeofthesampleisexpressedasthefractionofparticleswithamassof1-4mmtothetotalmassofthesample：D--Theparticlesizeofthesample；m--Massofthesample,g；m’--Thesumofthelargeparticlesamplethatdidnotpassthe4mmaperturesieveandthesmallparticlesamplethatpassedallsieves,gEglish1、方法原理

固体质点在液体介质中的沉降速度因质点直径大小不同而不同，通过离心力的作用，加速固体质点的沉降速度，固体质点按粒径大小先后到达仪器的光束位置而被检测器检测。二、微粒度仪法（离心沉降法）中文1、Methodprinciple

Thesettlingspeedofsolidparticlesinliquidmediavariesdependingontheparticlediameter.Throughtheactionofcentrifugalforce,thesettlingspeedofsolidparticlesisaccelerated.Solidparticlesreachthebeampositionoftheinstrumentinorderofparticlesizeandaredetectedbythedetector.二、Particlesizeanalyzermethod(centrifugalsedimentationmethod)Eglish2、操作要点（1）试样的分散选择合适分散剂如乳化剂制成稳定的悬浮液（2）沉降液的选择密度、黏度合适，密度应低于固体密度且不使固体颗粒溶胀，常用水、甘油水、蔗糖水为沉降液中文2、Operationpoint(1)DispersionofsamplesChooseappropriatedispersantssuchasemulsifierstocreatestablesuspensions(2)SelectionofsettlingsolutionThedensityandviscosityofthesettlingsolutionareappropriate,andthedensityshouldbelowerthanthesoliddensitywithoutcausingthesolidparticlestoswell.Water,glycerolwater,andsucrosewaterarecommonlyusedassettlingsolutionsEglish（3）缓冲液的选择缓冲液是为了使沉降液产生适当的密度梯度常用甲醇水溶液、乙醇水溶液、蒸馏水中文(3)SelectionofbuffersolutionBuffersolutionisusedtocreateanappropriatedensitygradientinthesettlingsolutionMethanolaqueoussolution,ethanolaqueoussolution,anddistilledwaterareoftenusedasbuffersolutionsEglish项目八：常规物理常数与性能分析任务二：熔点的测定熔点概念及测定方法课程：工业分析中文Scenario8:PhysicalconstantsandperformancetestingTask2:DeterminationofmeltingpointTheconceptandmeasurementmethodofmeltingpointCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish熔点：指一种物质由固体熔化成液体的温度，用Tmp表示。熔程：初熔温度与全熔温度的间距纯净的固体有机物熔程一般不超过0.5～1℃一、熔点的基本知识物质熔化过程中文Meltingpoint:referstothetemperatureatwhichasubstancemeltsfromasolidtoaliquid,expressedinTmp.Meltingprocess:thedistancebetweentheinitialmeltingtemperatureandthefullmeltingtemperatureThemeltingrangeofpuresolidorganicmattergenerallydoesnotexceed0.5-1℃一、BasicknowledgeofmeltingpointTheprocessofmaterialmeltingbescaredsamplecontractdropletsappearclearEglish注意：在鉴定某未知物时，如测得其熔点和已知物的熔点相同或相近时，不能认为它们为同一物质。还需把它们混合，测该混合物的熔点，若熔点仍不变，才能认为它们为同一物质。1、测定熔点的意义熔点是固体化合物在1个标准大气压下固—液两相处于平衡时的温度。含有杂质时，会使其熔点下降，熔程延长。中文payattentionto：Whenidentifyinganunknownsubstance,ifthemeltingpointoftheunknownsubstanceisthesameorsimilartothatoftheknownsubstance,theycannotbeconsideredasthesamesubstance.Itisnecessarytomixthemandmeasurethemeltingpointofthemixture.Ifthemeltingpointremainsunchanged,theycanbeconsideredasthesamesubstance.1、ThesignificanceofmeasuringmeltingpointThemeltingpointisthetemperatureatwhichasolidcompoundisinequilibriumbetweenthesolidandliquidphases(atstandardatmosphericpressure).Whenasolidcontainsimpurities,theimpuritieswillloweritsmeltingpointandprolongitsmeltingrange.Eglish2、熔点与物质本质的关系同系物中熔点随相对分子质量的增大而增高。分子中引入能形成氢键的官能团后，熔点也会升高，形成氢键的机会越多，熔点越高。

m.p=-83℃m.p=-117℃

中文2、TherelationshipbetweenmeltingpointandtheessenceofmatterThemeltingpointinhomologouscompoundsincreaseswiththeincreaseofrelativemolecularweight.Afterintroducingfunctionalgroupsthatcanformhydrogenbondsintothemolecule,themeltingpointalsoincreases,andthemoreopportunitiesforhydrogenbonding,thehigherthemeltingpoint.

m.p=-83℃m.p=-117℃

Eglish分子结构越对称，越有利排成规则的晶格，有更大的晶格力，所以熔点越高。m.p=-56℃m.p=104℃中文Themoresymmetricalthemolecularstructureis,themorefavorableitistoformaregularlatticewithgreaterlatticeforce,resultinginahighermeltingpoint.m.p=-56℃m.p=104℃Eglish二、熔点的测定方法中文二、DeterminationmethodofmeltingpointCapillarytubemethod(Tillertubehotbath)Capillarytube

method(dualbathhotbath)Microscopicmeltingpointdeterminationmethod.ObservingthedissolutionofthesamplewiththehumaneyeandreadingthethermometerEquippedwithamagnifyingglassobservationwindow,capableofdisplayingtemperaturedigitallyEglish1、毛细管法测定装置提勒管法中文1、CapillarymethodmeasuringdeviceTillertubemethodWoodenstopperswithnotchesLiquidlevelofheatcarrierat200℃LiquidlevelofheatcarrieratroomtemperaturecapillaryRubberbandRubberbandcapillaryheatcarrierthermometersamplelampEglish1-圆底烧瓶，2-试管，3、4-胶塞，5-温度计，6-辅助温度计，7-熔点管双浴式热浴法中文1-Roundbottomflask;2-Testtube;3,4-Rubberstopper;5-Thermometer;6-Auxiliarythermometer;7-MeltingpointtubeDoublebathhotbathmethodEglish2、显微熔点测定装置原理图中文原理:加热毛细管中的样品，观查其相变过程或相变时透光率的变化以确定熔点。优点:使用数字熔点仪进行测定，方便、准确、易于操作。熔点仪采用光电检测，数字温度显示等技术，具有初熔、全熔自动显示，可与记录仪配合使用，可进行熔化曲线自动记录。通过设定升温程序达到不同阶段升温速率不同。中文2、MicroscopicmeltingpointdeterminationmethodPrinciple:Heatthesampleinthecapillarytube,observeitsphasetransitionprocessorthechangeintransmittanceduringphasetransitiontodeterminethemeltingpoint.Advantages:Theuseofadigitalmeltingpointmeterformeasurementisconvenient,accurate,andeasytooperate.Themeltingpointmeteradoptstechnologiessuchasphotoelectricdetectionanddigitaltemperaturedisplay,withautomaticdisplayofinitialandfullmelting.Itcanbeusedinconjunctionwitharecordertoautomaticallyrecordthemeltingcurve.Bysettingtheheatingprogram,differentheatingratescanbeachievedatdifferentstages.Eglish项目八：常规物理常数与性能分析任务三：沸点和沸程的测定

沸点和沸程概念及测定方法课程：工业分析中文Scenario8:PhysicalconstantsandperformancetestingTask3：DeterminationofboilingpointandboilingrangeTheconceptsandmeasurementmethodsofboilingpointandboilingrangeCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish

沸腾：当液体受热后温度升高，它的蒸气压也随之上升，当液体的蒸气压与大气压相等时，称为沸腾。沸点：在标准状态下，液体沸腾时的温度。标示为Tbp。沸程：挥发性有机液体样品，在标准规定下蒸馏，第一滴馏出物从冷凝管末端落下的瞬间温度（初馏点）至蒸馏瓶底最后一滴液体蒸发的瞬间温度（终馏点）之间的温度间隔。一、基本概念中文

Boiling:Whenaliquidisheatedanditstemperaturerises,itsvaporpressurealsoincreases.Whenthevaporpressureoftheliquidisequaltoatmosphericpressure,itiscalledboiling.Boilingpoint:Thetemperatureatwhichaliquidboilsunderstandardconditions.MarkedasTbp.Boilingrange:Thetemperatureintervalbetweentheinstanttemperature(initialboilingpoint)atwhichthefirstdropofdistillatefallsfromtheendofthecondensertubeandtheinstanttemperature(finalboilingpoint)atwhichthelastdropofliquidevaporatesatthebottomofthedistillationflask,whenavolatileorganicliquidsampleisdistilledunderstandardspecifications.一、BasicconceptsEglish

初馏点：是指油品在规定的条件下进行馏程的测定中，当冷凝管中流出第一滴冷凝液时的气相温度，以℃表示。

终馏点：是指油品在规定的条件下进行馏程的测定，蒸馏过程中的最高气相温度，以℃表示。

馏分：是指在某一温度范围蒸出的馏出物。如汽油馏分、煤油馏分、柴油馏分及润滑油馏分等。温度范围窄的称为窄馏分，温度范围宽的称为宽馏分。

干点：蒸馏烧瓶底部最后一滴液体汽化的瞬间所测得的气相温度，以℃表示。中文Initialboilingpoint:referstothegasphasetemperatureofanoilproductwhenthefirstdropofcondensateflowsoutofthecondensertubeduringdistillationunderspecifiedconditions,expressedin℃.Finalboilingpoint:referstothehighestgasphasetemperatureduringthedistillationprocessofanoilproductunderspecifiedconditions,expressedin℃.Distillate:referstothedistillatedistilledwithinacertaintemperaturerange.Suchasgasolinefraction,kerosenefraction,dieselfraction,andlubricatingoilfraction.Anarrowtemperaturerangeiscalledanarrowfraction,whileawidetemperaturerangeiscalledawidefraction.Drypoint:Thegasphasetemperaturemeasuredatthemomentwhenthelastdropofliquidatthebottomofthedistillationflaskvaporizes,expressedin℃.Eglish

馏出温度：油品在规定的条件下进行馏程的测定中，量筒内回收的冷凝液达到某一规定体积（mL）时所同时观察的温度，以℃表示。50%馏出温度：是指油品在规定的条件下进行馏程的测定中，当馏出物体积为装入试样的50%时，蒸馏瓶内的气相温度，以℃表示。中文Distillationtemperature:Thetemperatureobservedwhentherecoveredcondensateinthegraduatedcylinderreachesaspecifiedvolume(mL)duringdistillationofanoilproductunderspecifiedconditions,expressedin℃.50%DistillationTemperature:referstothegasphasetemperatureinsidethedistillationbottlewhenthevolumeofthedistillateis50%ofthesamplewhentheoilisdistilledunderspecifiedconditions,expressedin℃.Eglish

回收百分数：是指油品在规定的条件下进行馏程的测定中，观察到的最大回收体积所占加入试样的百分数。

残留物百分数：是指油品在规定的条件下进行馏程的测定中，用总回收百分数减回收百分数之差，或者直接测定残留物体积（mL）所占加入试样的百分数。

总回收百分数：指油品在规定的条件下进行馏程的测定中，所得烧瓶里残留物百分数和回收百分数之和。损失百分数：指油品在规定条件下进行馏程的测定中，用100减总回收百分数之差。中文

Recoverypercentage:Thepercentageofthemaximumrecoveryvolumeobservedwhentheoilisdistilledunderspecifiedconditionstothevolumeoftheaddedsample.Residuepercentage:Thepercentageofresidualvolume(mL)intheflasktothevolumeofthesampleaddedwhentheoilisdistilledunderspecifiedconditions.Totalrecoverypercentage:Thesumofthepercentageofresidueintheflaskandtherecoverypercentagewhentheoilisdistilledunderspecifiedconditions.Losspercentage:Whentheoilisdistilledunderspecifiedconditions,thedifferencebetween100andthetotalrecoverypercentageisthelosspercentage.Eglish在脂肪族化合物的异构体中，直链异构体比有侧链的异构体的沸点高。侧链越多，沸点越低。在醇、卤代物、硝基化合物的异构体中，伯异构体沸点最高，仲异构体次之，叔异构体最低。

在顺反异构体中，顺式异构体沸点比反式高。

在多双键的化合物中，有共轭双键的化合物有较高的沸点。

卤代烃、醇、醛、酮、酸的沸点比相应的烃高。

在同系列中，相对分子量增大，沸点增高，但递增值逐渐减小。二、沸点（或沸程）与分子结构的关系中文Intheisomersofaliphaticcompounds,straightchainisomershaveahigherboilingpointthanthosewithsidechains.Themoresidechainsthereare,thelowertheboilingpoint.Amongtheisomersofalcohols,halogenatedcompounds,andnitrocompounds,theprimaryisomerhasthehighestboilingpoint,followedbythesecondaryisomer,andthetertiaryisomerhasthelowestboilingpoint.Incistransisomers,theboilingpointofcisisomersishigherthanthatoftransisomers.Incompoundswithmultipledoublebonds,compoundswithconjugateddoublebondshavehigherboilingpoints.Halogenatedhydrocarbons,alcohols,aldehydes,ketones,andacidshavehigherboilingpointsthantheircorrespondinghydrocarbons.Inthesameseries,therelativemolecularweightincreases,theboilingpointincreases,buttheincrementgraduallydecreases.二、Therelationshipbetweenboilingpoint(orboilingrange)andmolecularstructureEglish1、沸点测定方法三、沸点和沸程测定方法标准方法毛细管法中文1、Methodfordeterminingboilingpoint三、MethodfordeterminingboilingpointandboilingrangestandardmethodcapillarymethodEglish（1）标准方法

在标准状况下，液体的沸腾温度即为该液体的沸点。当液体温度升高时，其蒸气压上升，当蒸气压与大气压力相等时，开始沸腾，温度不再上升，此时温度即为沸点标准方法测定装置1-烧瓶，2-试管，3、4胶塞，5-主温度计，6-辅助温度计，7-侧孔，8-温度计中文（1）Standardmethod

Understandardconditions,theboilingtemperatureofaliquidisitsboilingpoint.

Whenthetemperatureofaliquidrises,itsvaporpressurerises.Whenthevaporpressureisequaltotheatmosphericpressure,boilingbeginsandthetemperaturenolongerrises.Atthispoint,thetemperatureistheboilingpointDevicediagramformeasuringboilingpointusingstandardmethods1-flask;2-testtube;3,4-rubberplugs;5-mainthermometer;6-auxiliarythermometer;7-sidehole;8-ThermometerEglish（2）毛细管法样品量很少或样品珍贵时用该法。测定时将少量样品装入沸点管，内插一支上端封口的毛细管作内管。加热至有连续气泡从内管逸出，停止加热，当气泡停止逸出而液体刚要进入内管时的温度为沸点。中文（2）CapillarymethodThismethodisusedwhenthesamplesizeissmallorthesampleisprecious.Duringthemeasurement,asmallamountofsampleisloadedintoaboilingpointtube,andacapillarytubewithanupperendsealedisinsertedastheinnertube.Heatuntilcontinuousbubblesescapefromtheinnertube,stopheating,andthetemperatureatwhichthebubblesstopescapingandtheliquidisabouttoentertheinnertubeistheboilingpoint.boilingpointtubeinnertubethermometerEglish2、沸程的测定对100mL试样进行蒸馏，观察初馏温度和终馏温度，或观察一定馏出体积时对应的温度范围，或在规定温度范围内馏出的体积1-冷凝管，2-冷凝器，3-进水管，4-排水，5-蒸馏烧瓶，6-接收器，7-温度计，8-石棉垫，9-上罩，10-加热器，11-下罩沸程测定装置中文2、DeterminationofboilingrangeDistill100mLofthesample,observetheinitialandfinaldistillationtemperatures,orobservethetemperaturerangecorrespondingtoacertaindistillationvolume,orobservethevolumeofdistillationwithinthespecifiedtemperaturerange1-condensingtube,2-condenser,3-inletpipe,4-drainagepipe,5-distillationflask,6-receiver,7-thermometer,8-asbestospad,9-uppercover,10-heater,11-lowercoverDevicediagramforboilingrangemeasurementEglish项目八：常规物理常数与性能分析任务三：沸点和沸程的测定煤油沸程的测定课程：工业分析中文Scenario8:PhysicalconstantsandperformancetestingTask3DeterminationofboilingpointandboilingrangeDeterminationofboilingrangeofkeroseneCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、煤油沸程测定装置沸程测定装置图中文一、DeviceformeasuringtheboilingrangeofkeroseneEglish装好仪器后，先记录大气压力，后开始对蒸馏瓶均匀加热。第一滴馏出液从冷凝管滴入量筒时，记录此时的温度作为初馏点(经过的时间为10～15min)。初馏点后，移动量筒，使其内壁接触冷凝管末端，让馏出液沿着量筒内壁流下。此后蒸馏速度要均匀，每分钟馏出4－5毫升，这速度一般应相当于每10秒馏出20－25滴。在收集到10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、95毫升馏出液时，要记录蒸馏温度计上的读数。二、测定方法中文Afterinstallingtheinstrument,recordtheatmosphericpressurefirst,andthenstartheatingthedistillationflaskevenly.Whenthefirstdropofdistillateisdroppedfromthecondenserintothegraduatedcylinder,recordthetemperatureatthistimeastheinitialboilingpoint(thetimeelapsedis10-15minutes).Aftertheinitialboilingpoint,movethegraduatedcylindersothatitsinnerwallcontactstheendofthecondensertube,allowingthedistillatetoflowdownalongtheinnerwallofthegraduatedcylinder.Afterwards,thedistillationspeedshouldbeuniform,distilling4-5millilitersperminute,whichisgenerallyequivalenttodistilling20-25dropsevery10seconds.Whencollecting10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,and95millili二、MeasurementmethodEglish当量筒中馏出液达到90mL时，如蒸馏汽油，允许对加热强度作适当调整，要求在3－5分钟内达到干点。在蒸馏喷气燃料、煤油或轻柴油的过程，当量筒中的馏出液达到95mL时,不要改变加热强度，从95mL到终点所经过的时间不超过3min。当不能测到干点时，记录蒸馏温度计上观测到的最高温度作为终点三、注意事项中文Whenthedistillateintheequivalentcylinderreaches90mL,ifgasolineisbeingdistilled,appropriateadjustmentstotheheatingintensityareallowed,anditisrequiredtoreachthedrypointwithin3-5minutes.Whendistillingjetfuel,kerosene,orlightdiesel,donotchangetheheatingintensitywhenthedistillateintheequivalentcylinderreaches95mL,andthedistillationtimefrom95mLtotheendpointshouldnotexceed3minutes.Whenthedrypointcannotbemeasured,recordthehighesttemperatureobservedonthedistillationthermometerastheendpoint三、NoteEglish当遇到活性分解时，通常在蒸汽和浓烟雾迅速放出后蒸馏温度逐渐下降。如不出现预期的温度下降，则在达到95％之后5分钟，记下蒸馏温度计上观测到的最高温度。并记录为“终点，5min”。这表示真正的终点未能在给定的时间范围内达到。无论如何，终点不应超过95％以后5分钟。中文Whenencounteringthedecompositionofactivesubstances,thedistillationtemperatureusuallygraduallydecreasesaftertherapidreleaseofsteamandconcentratedsmoke.Ifthereisnoexpectedtemperaturedrop,recordthehighesttemperatureobservedonthedistillationthermometer5minutesafterthedistillationvolumereaches95%.Andrecordas"Endpoint,5minutes".Thisindicatesthatthetrueendpointhasnotbeenreachedwithinthegiventimeframe.Anyway,theendpointshouldnotexceed5minutesafterthe95%fraction.Eglish四、分析数据的收集及处理记录初馏点，收集到5、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、95毫升馏出液时温度计最高温度，终馏点，蒸馏出的液体体积，残留的液体体积计算回收百分数、残留百分数、损失百分数中文四、Collectionandcalculationofanalyticaldatarecord:Initialboilingpoint,maximumtemperatureofthermometerwhencollecting5,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,and95millilitersofdistillate,finalboilingpoint,volumeofdistilledliquid,andvolumeofresidualliquidcount:Recoverypercentage,residualpercentage,losspercentageEglish项目八：常规物理常数与性能分析任务三：沸点和沸程的测定乙醇沸点的测定课程：工业分析中文Scenario8:PhysicalconstantsandperformancetestingTask3DeterminationofboilingpointandboilingrangeDeterminationofboilingpointofethanolCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、标准方法测定乙醇沸点1-烧瓶，2-试管，3、4胶塞，5-主温度计，6-辅助温度计，7-侧孔，8-温度计1、搭建实验装置载热体为甘油，加入量为烧瓶体积一半试管内液面低于加热体液面主温度计在被测液体上20mm中文一、Standardmethodfordeterminingtheboilingpointofethanol1、ConstructionofexperimentalequipmentTheheatcarrierisglycerol,andtheamountaddedishalfofthevolumeoftheflaskTheliquidlevelinthetesttubeislowerthantheliquidleveloftheheatcarrierThemainthermometeris20mmabovethemeasuredliquidDevicediagramformeasuringboilingpointusingstandardmethods1-flask;2-testtube;3,4-rubberplugs;5-mainthermometer;6-auxiliarythermometer;7-sidehole;8-ThermometerEglish2、实验步骤

缓慢加热，当温度上升到某一数值并在相当时间内保持不变时，记录此时的温度计读数，此温度即为试样的沸点。同时记录辅助温度计读数。记录室温及大气压。中文2、ProcedureSlowlyheatup,andwhenthetemperaturerisestoacertainvalueandremainsconstantforaconsiderableperiodoftime,recordthethermometerreadingatthistime,whichistheboilingpointofthesample.Simultaneouslyrecordtheauxiliarythermometerreading.Recordroomtemperatureandatmosphericpressure.Eglish3、结果计算T1：试样沸点（沸程）的测定值；ΔT1：温度计示值校正值；ΔT2：温度计水银柱外露段校正值；ΔTp：沸点（沸程）随气压的变化值。中文3、ResultcalculationT1：Determinationvalueofboilingpoint(boilingrange)ofthesample；ΔT1：Thermometerreadingcorrectionvalue；ΔT2：Correctionvalueofexposedsectionofmercurycolumninthermometer；ΔTp：Thechangeinboilingpoint(boilingrange)withpressure.Eglish气压对沸点（沸程）的校正：

ΔTp：沸点（沸程）随气压的变化值；Cv：沸点（沸程）随气压的校正值（查表获得）；

p：经校正的气压值。pt：室温时的气压，×100pa；Δp1：气压计读数校正值（查表获得），×100pa；Δp2：纬度校正值（查表获得），×100pa。中文Theeffectofairpressureonboilingpoint(boilingrange):

ΔTp：Thechangeinboilingpoint(boilingrange)withpressure;Cv：Thecorrectionvalueofboilingpoint(boilingrange)withairpressure(obtainedbylooking

upthetable);

p：Correctedairpressurevalue.pt：Airpressureatroomtemperature,×100pa;Δp1：Barometerreadingcorrectionvalue(obtainedbylookingupthetable),×100pa;Δp2：Latitudecorrectionvalue(obtainedfromtable),×100pa.Eglish温度计水银柱外露段的校正：T2：辅助温度计读数h：内标式水银温度计外露段的高度，以温度值为单位中文Correctionofexposedsectionofmercurycolumninthermometer:T2：Auxiliarythermometerreading;h：Theheightoftheexposedsectionofaninternalstandardmercurythermometer,measuredintemperaturevaluesEglish二、毛细管法测定乙醇沸点内管，内径1mm外管，内径3-4mm数据处理同标准法装样倒扣内管固定外管固定温度计加热到连串气泡从内管逸出观察记录最后一个气泡刚要缩进内管时的温度制备内管中文二、CapillarytubemethodfordeterminingtheboilingpointofethanolInnertube,innerdiameter1mmOutertube,innerdiameter3-4mmDataprocessingisthesameasthestandardmethodLoadsamplesandinnertubesFixedoutertubeFixedthermometerHeatuntilaseriesofbubblesscapefromtheinnertubeObserveandrecordthetemperatureatwhichthelastbubbleisabouttoretractintotheinnertubePreparationofinnertubeEglish项目八：常规物理常数与性能分析任务四：液体密度的测定

韦氏天平法和密度计法测定乙醇密度课程：工业分析中文Scenario8:PhysicalconstantsandperformancetestingTask4:DeterminationofliquiddensityDeterminationofethanoldensityusingWechslerbalancemethodanddensitometermethodCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish1、测定原理一、韦氏天平法测定乙醇密度中文1、Measurementprinciple一、DeterminationofethanoldensityusingWechslerbalancemethod

ArchimedeslawAnobjectimmersedinaliquid(orgas)issubjectedtoupwardbuoyancy,whichisequaltotheweightoftheliquiddisplacedbytheobjectThecalculationformulais:Fbuoyancy=ρliquid·g·Vliquid=mliquid·gEglish韦氏天平法测定液体密度时是在一定温度下，分别测定同一物体-浮锤在水及试样中的浮力。当浮锤完全浸没在液体中时，由于浮锤排开水和试样的体积相同，而浮锤排开水和试液的体积为：

V排水=F水/（gρ水）=m水/ρ水V排试液=F水/（gρ试液）=m试液/ρ试液所以中文

TheWechslerbalancemethodisusedtomeasurethebuoyancyofthesameobject-afloatinghammer-inwaterandasampleatacertaintemperature.Whenthefloathammeriscompletelysubmergedintheliquid,asthevolumeofwaterdischargedbythefloathammeristhesameasthatofthesample,thevolumeofwaterdischargedbythefloathammerandthevolumeoftestliquidis:Vwater=Fwater/（gρwater）=mwater/ρwaterVdrainagesolution=Fwater/（gρdrainagesolution）=mdrainagesolution/ρdrainagesolutiontherefore:

Eglish2、仪器：韦氏天平中文2、Instrument:Websterbalance1.Supportbracket;2-regulator;3-pointer;4-Crossbeam;5-Knifeedge;6-Gamecode;7-Smallstructure;8-Finewhitegoldwire;9-Floathammer;10-Glasscylinder;11-AdjustingscrewsEglish3、测定方法（1）安装韦氏天平

（2）用等重砝码调节平衡（3）向玻璃筒中注入煮沸30min并冷却至20℃的水，将浮锤浸入水中，玻璃筒置于20℃的恒温水浴中，将游码挂在横梁相应位置使天平平衡，记录读数。中文3、Measurementmethod(1)

InstallingaWechslerbalance(2)Adjustingbalancewithequalweightweights(3)Injectwaterthathasboiledfor30minutesandcooledto20℃intotheglasscylinder,immersethefloathammerinwater,placetheglasscylinderinaconstanttemperaturewaterbathat20℃,hangthefloatcodeatthecorrespondingpositiononthecrossbeamtobalancethebalance,andrecordthereading.Eglish（4）将玻璃筒中水倾出，玻璃筒及浮锤先用乙醇，再用乙醚洗涤数次，吹干。注入预先调整至20℃的乙醇，同样置于20℃的恒温水浴中。调节游码都放在刻度上，如果在同一刻度上，需要放两个游码，则将小的游码挂在大游码的脚钩上。如果样品的相对密度大于1，则单位游码挂在小钩上，待天平保持平衡，记录读数。中文(4)Pouroutthewaterfromtheglasscylinder,washtheglasscylinderandfloathammerwithethanolfirst,andthenrinseseveraltimeswithether,andblowdry.Injectethanolpreadjustedto20℃andplaceitinaconstanttemperaturewaterbathat20℃.Adjustthegamecodesandplacetheminthecorrespondingpositionsformeasurement.Iftwogamecodesneedtobeplacedinthesameposition,hangthesmallergamecodeonthefoothookofthelargergamecode.Trythebiggamecodefirst,MiddleinterceptionprincipleEglish4、读数方法

1号2号3号4号放在第十位10.10.010.001放在第九位0.90.090.0090.0009放在第八位0.80.080.0080.0008……………放在第一位0.10.010.0010.0001四个骑码在各个位置的读数

每台天平有两组骑码，每组有大小不同的四个骑码。与天平配套使用。最大骑码的质量等于玻璃浮锤在20℃水中所排开水的质量。其它骑码各为最大骑码的1/10、1/100、1/1000

中文4、Readingmethod

1号2号3号4号放在第十位10.10.010.001放在第九位0.90.090.0090.0009放在第八位0.80.080.0080.0008……………放在第一位0.10.010.0010.0001Thereadingsoffourgamecodesatvariouspositions

Eachbalancehastwosetsofgamecodes,eachwithfourgamecodesofdifferentsizes,tobeusedinconjunctionwiththebalance.Themaximummassofthegamecodeisequaltothemassofwaterdischargedbytheglassfloathammerinwaterat20℃.Othergamecodesare1/10,1/100,and1/1000ofthemaximumgamecodeEglish举例密度为0.8755中文example:Thereadingis

0.8755Eglish中文5.PrecautionsThebalanceshouldbeadjustedtobalancebeforeuse.Firstusethelargegamecode,thenusethesmallgamecodeAfterthemeasurementiscompleted,allthetravelcodesontheV-shapedgrooveandsmallhookofthecrossbeamshouldberemovedandcannotbeleftontheV-shapedgrooveandsmallhookofthecrossbeam.Whenthebalanceneedstobemoved,easilyseparableparts,components,andcrossbeamsshouldbedisassembledandseparatedtoavoiddamagingtheblade.Eglish1、仪器二、密度计法测定乙醇密度普通密度计附有温度计的糖锤度计密度计是一支中空的玻璃浮柱，上部有标线，下部为一重锤，内装铅粒。中文1、Instrument二、DeterminationofethanoldensityusingdensitymetermethodOrdinarydensitymeterDensitymeterwiththermometerattachedAdensitometerisahollowglassfloatcolumnwithmarkingsonthetopandaheavyhammeronthebottom,containingleadparticles.Eglish2、测定原理-阿基米德定律3、测定方法

将乙醇倾入清洁干燥的玻璃圆筒中，然后将密度计轻轻插入，勿使试样产生气泡，密度计不能碰壁、碰底。待密度计摆动停止后，视线从水平位置观察读数。中文2、Principleofmea