2025年纽约大学考试题目及答案

2025年纽约大学考试题目及答案

一、单项选择题（每题2分）1.TheprimaryfunctionoftheFederalReserveSystemisto:A.regulateinterstatecommerceB.conductmonetarypolicyC.overseefederalagenciesD.managenationaldebtAnswer:B2.Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofmoney?A.ItmustbemadeofmetalB.ItmustbeissuedbythegovernmentC.ItmustbedurableandportableD.ItmustbeusedininternationaltradeAnswer:C3.Theprocessofincreasingthemoneysupplybyafractionofthenewdepositsisknownas:A.fractionalreservebankingB.monetaryinflationC.quantitativeeasingD.openmarketoperationsAnswer:A4.Inflationcanbedefinedas:A.adecreaseinthemoneysupplyB.anincreaseinthepricelevelC.adecreaseinthepricelevelD.anincreaseinthequantityofmoneyAnswer:B5.ThePhillipscurveillustratestherelationshipbetween:A.moneysupplyandinflationB.unemploymentandinflationC.interestratesandeconomicgrowthD.governmentspendingandeconomicgrowthAnswer:B6.Theterm"crowdingout"refersto:A.increasedgovernmentspendingleadingtohigherinterestratesB.decreasedgovernmentspendingleadingtolowerinterestratesC.increasedprivateinvestmentduetogovernmentspendingD.decreasedprivateinvestmentduetogovernmentspendingAnswer:A7.Theprimarygoaloffiscalpolicyisto:A.stabilizetheeconomyB.increasegovernmentrevenueC.reducegovernmentdebtD.regulatefinancialmarketsAnswer:A8.Theterm"recession"isdefinedas:A.asustainedincreaseineconomicactivityB.asustaineddecreaseineconomicactivityC.ashort-termfluctuationineconomicactivityD.along-termtrendineconomicactivityAnswer:B9.TheBrettonWoodssystemwasestablishedto:A.createtheInternationalMonetaryFundB.establishfixedexchangeratesC.promotefreetradeD.regulateinternationalbankingAnswer:B10.Theterm"monetarypolicy"refersto:A.theactionstakenbythegovernmenttoinfluencethemoneysupplyB.theactionstakenbythecentralbanktoinfluencethemoneysupplyC.theactionstakenbytheTreasurytoinfluencethemoneysupplyD.theactionstakenbytheFederalReservetoinfluencethemoneysupplyAnswer:B二、多项选择题（每题2分）1.Thefunctionsofmoneyinclude:A.amediumofexchangeB.aunitofaccountC.astoreofvalueD.astandardofdeferredpaymentAnswer:A,B,C,D2.Thetoolsofmonetarypolicyinclude:A.openmarketoperationsB.discountrateC.reserverequirementsD.fiscalpolicyAnswer:A,B,C3.Thecausesofinflationinclude:A.demand-pullinflationB.cost-pushinflationC.monetaryinflationD.fiscalinflationAnswer:A,B,C4.Theeffectsofinflationinclude:A.reducedpurchasingpowerB.increaseduncertaintyC.redistributionofincomeD.increasedeconomicgrowthAnswer:A,B,C5.ThecomponentsofGDPinclude:A.consumptionB.investmentC.governmentspendingD.netexportsAnswer:A,B,C,D6.Thefactorsthatinfluenceeconomicgrowthinclude:A.capitalaccumulationB.technologicalprogressC.humancapitalD.naturalresourcesAnswer:A,B,C,D7.Thegoalsoffiscalpolicyinclude:A.stabilizetheeconomyB.increaseemploymentC.controlinflationD.reducegovernmentdebtAnswer:A,B,C,D8.Thechallengesoffiscalpolicyinclude:A.timelagsB.politicalconstraintsC.economicuncertaintyD.distributionaleffectsAnswer:A,B,C,D9.Therolesofthecentralbankinclude:A.conductmonetarypolicyB.supervisebanksC.providefinancialservicesD.actasalenderoflastresortAnswer:A,B,C,D10.Thebenefitsofinternationaltradeinclude:A.increasedefficiencyB.greatervarietyofgoodsC.lowerpricesD.economicgrowthAnswer:A,B,C,D三、判断题（每题2分）1.TheFederalReserveSystemisthecentralbankoftheUnitedStates.Answer:True2.Moneymustbemadeofmetaltobeconsideredmoney.Answer:False3.Inflationalwaysleadstoeconomicgrowth.Answer:False4.ThePhillipscurveshowsastablerelationshipbetweenunemploymentandinflation.Answer:False5.Fiscalpolicyisusedtomanagethemoneysupply.Answer:False6.Arecessionisdefinedasashort-termfluctuationineconomicactivity.Answer:False7.TheBrettonWoodssystemestablishedfixedexchangerates.Answer:True8.MonetarypolicyisprimarilytheresponsibilityoftheTreasuryDepartment.Answer:False9.Inflationcanleadtoaredistributionofincome.Answer:True10.Internationaltradecanleadtoeconomicgrowth.Answer:True四、简答题（每题5分）1.Explaintheconceptoffractionalreservebankinganditsimpactonthemoneysupply.Answer:Fractionalreservebankingisasysteminwhichbanksarerequiredtoholdonlyafractionoftheirdepositsasreservesandcanlendouttherest.Thisprocessincreasesthemoneysupplyasloansaremadeandspent,leadingtomoredepositsinthebankingsystem.Theimpactisthatitallowsthemoneysupplytoexpandbeyondtheinitialdeposits,effectivelycreatingmoremoneyintheeconomy.2.DescribetherelationshipbetweeninflationandunemploymentasillustratedbythePhillipscurve.Answer:ThePhillipscurveillustratesaninverserelationshipbetweeninflationandunemployment.Itsuggeststhatasunemploymentdecreases,inflationtendstoincrease,andviceversa.Thisrelationshipisbasedontheideathatlowerunemploymentleadstohigherwagedemands,whichcandriveupprices.However,thisrelationshipisnotstableandcanbeinfluencedbyvariousfactorssuchasexpectationsandsupplyshocks.3.Discusstheprimarygoalsoffiscalpolicyandhowtheyareachieved.Answer:Theprimarygoalsoffiscalpolicyaretostabilizetheeconomy,increaseemployment,controlinflation,andreducegovernmentdebt.Fiscalpolicyisachievedthroughgovernmentspendingandtaxation.Tostabilizetheeconomy,thegovernmentcanincreasespendingorcuttaxesduringarecessiontoboostdemand.Tocontrolinflation,thegovernmentcanreducespendingorincreasetaxestodecreasedemand.Reducinggovernmentdebtinvolvesbalancingthebudgetorrunningsurpluses.4.Explaintheroleofthecentralbankintheeconomyanditsmaintools.Answer:Thecentralbankplaysacrucialroleintheeconomybyconductingmonetarypolicy,supervisingbanks,providingfinancialservices,andactingasalenderoflastresort.Itsmaintoolsincludeopenmarketoperations,discountrate,andreserverequirements.Openmarketoperationsinvolvebuyingorsellinggovernmentsecuritiestoinfluencethemoneysupply.Thediscountrateistheinterestrateatwhichcommercialbankscanborrowfromthecentralbank.Reserverequirementsarethefractionofdepositsthatbanksmustholdinreserve,whichaffectstheirlendingcapacity.五、讨论题（每题5分）1.Discussthepotentialbenefitsanddrawbacksofinternationaltradeforacountry'seconomy.Answer:Internationaltradeoffersseveralbenefits,includingincreasedefficiencythroughspecialization,greatervarietyofgoodsforconsumers,andlowerpricesduetocompetition.Itcanalsoleadtoeconomicgrowthbyexpandingmarketsandencouraginginnovation.However,internationaltradecanalsohavedrawbacks,suchasjoblossesincertainindustriesduetocompetitionfromforeignproducers,increaseddependenceonothercountries,andpotentialtradeimbalances.Theoverallimpactdependsonacountry'sabilitytoadaptandbenefitfromtrade.2.Explainhowmonetarypolicycanbeusedtomanageeconomicfluctuationsanditspotentiallimitations.Answer:Monetarypolicycanbeusedtomanageeconomicfluctuationsbyadjustingthemoneysupplyandinterestrates.Duringarecession,thecentralbankcanlowerinterestratesandincreasethemoneysupplytostimulateborrowingandspending,therebyboostingeconomicactivity.Conversely,duringinflationaryperiods,thecentralbankcanraiseinterestratesanddecreasethemoneysupplytoreduceborrowingandspending,therebycoolingdowntheeconomy.However,monetarypolicyhaslimitations,suchastimelagsinitsimplementationandeffectiveness,potentialconflictswithfiscalpolicy,andtheinabilitytoaddresscertaineconomicissueslikestructuralunemployment.3.Discussthefactorsthatcanleadtoinflationanditsimpactontheeconomy.Answer:Inflationcanbecausedbyvariousfactors,includingdemand-pullinflation,whereaggregatedemandexceedsaggregatesupply,cost-pushinflation,whereproductioncostsincrease,andmonetaryinflation,wherethemoneysupplygrowstooquickly.Inflationcanhaveseveralimpactsontheeconomy,suchasreducingpurchasingpower,increasinguncertainty,andleadingtoaredistributionofincome.Highinflation