房地产 -数据中心 可持续发展评估 Data Centres Taking Stock of Sustainability

DataCentres

TakingStockofSustainability

November2025

Adata-drivenviewofhowthedatacentresectorisadaptingtoenergyconstraints,decarbonisation

goals,andthegrowthofAIworkloads

knightfrank.co.uk/research

Poweringthedigitaleconomy

Datacentreshavequicklybecomethebackboneofthemodern

economy,poweringtheworld's

digitalinfrastructure,fromAI

modelsandstreamingplatformstohealthcaresystemsandfinancialnetworks.Everyday,theworld

generatesmorethan400millionterabytes(TB)ofdata,afigurethatcontinuestogrowasAIadoption

acceleratesandglobalconnectivitystrengthens.Tokeeppace,globaldatacentreoperationalcapacity

hasmorethandoubledinthepastfiveyears,fromjustover25GWin2020toover57GWsofarin2025.

Thisgrowthhascreatedwhat

manyarecallingaperfectstormof

“Artificialintelligence(AI)hasthepotentialtoreduceglobalemissionsbymore

than2.5%annuallyby2035,basedonestimatedsavingsinthepower,meatand

dairy,andlightroadvehiclesectors”

demandpressures.ThescalingofAIworkloads,thepushforcloud

capacity,andtheshifttowards

real-timedigitalserviceshave

collidedwithexistingbottlenecks,mostnotablyenergyavailability.Inseveralregions,includingthe

UK,gridinfrastructureis

strugglingtokeepup.TheUK’s

NationalGrid,largelydesignedforafossil-based,centralisedenergyera,isnowbeingaskedtosupportadistributed,electrified,high-

growthdigitaleconomy.In

practice,thismeanslong

interconnectionqueues,regionalpowershortages,andtheneedforthegridtobesubstantially

upgraded,andinsomeareas,

effectivelyrebuilt,toenablefuturedigitalgrowth.

Againstthiscontext,data

centreshavecomeunderan

intensespotlight,especiallyfromaclimateperspective.Long

consideredasenergy-hungryandresource-intensive,datacentres

havebecomecentralindebates

relatingtodecarbonisation,grid

capacity,andwateruse.Often,

presscoverageframestheindustryasaclimateliability.Thefull

pictureismorecomplexand,inmanyways,morepositivethantheysuggest.

Whatisfrequentlymissingfrompublicdiscourseisagrounded

viewofhowfartheindustryhasprogressedandwherethemostmeaningfulchallengesremain.

Thispaperaimstodissectthat

progressbyofferingadata-drivenlookattheforcesreshapingoneoftheworld’smostcritical

infrastructureclasses.Itlooksathowoperators,investors,and

regulatorsarerespondingtorisingdemand,newcompliance

pressures,andtheneedto

establishcrediblepathwaystonetzero,allwhilebalancingthe

requirementtoprovidecapacityforongoingtechnological

innovation.

Thatinnovationiscriticalforbroaderdecarbonisationgoals.

Datacentresandthebroader

information,communicationandtechnology(ICT)sectoractaskeyenablersofemissionsreductionsacrossindustries.Inparticular,

artificialintelligence(AI)hasthepotentialtoreduceglobal

emissionsbymorethan2.5%

annuallyby2035,basedon

estimatedsavingsinthepower,

meatanddairy,andlightroad

vehiclesectors,accordingto

researchfromtheGrantham

ResearchInstituteonClimate

ChangeandtheEnvironmentandSystemiq.Datacentrespowerthedigitalinfrastructurebehindsmartgrids,buildings,agricultureand

logistics,aswellas,e-health

services,tonameafewexamples,drivingefficiencyand

decarbonisationacrossindustries.

TAKINGSTOCKOFSUSTAINABILITY1

TAKINGSTOCKOFSUSTAINABILITY2

Realitycheck

Increasingenergydemand,AI-

drivengrowthandrising

sustainabilitypressureshavemadedatacentresatargetforcriticism.Butassumptionsoftenoverlook

howfarthesectorhascomein

efficiency,cleanpoweradoptionandtransparency.Thisanalysisattemptstoseparatethemythsfromtherealityshapingacriticalpillaroftheglobaldigital

economy.

MYTH1:THESECTOR’SPOWERMIXISMOSTLYCARBON-

INTENSIVE

REALITY:Datacentresarestill

widelyperceivedasheavilyreliantonfossilfuels,withlow-carbon

energyplayingonlyaminorrole.Thesectorhasmadesignificant

progress.By2024,low-carbon

sources1supplied66%ofthe

sector’selectricity,upfrom50%in20202.Colocationandservice

providersaresourcingagreater

shareoftheirelectricityfromlow-carbonsources,reaching66%in2024.Thisisonlyslightlyhigher

thanhyperscalers,whohave

followedasimilarupwardtrendandreached65%inthesameyear.

Theshifttowardrenewablesreflectsbothcorporate

responsibilitypressuresandtheeconomicbenefitsofstable,low-costpower,especiallyinthe

Nordics,whereabundanthydroandwindresourceskeep

electricitypricesinFinlandandNorway,theEU’slowest,atjustunder79.7€/MWh,accordingtoEurostat.

Asignofstrongercommitmentisthat21hyperscalersand

colocationprovidershavejoinedRE100,pledgingtomatch100%oftheirelectricitydemandwith

renewables.Yet,eventhe

remainingfossilfuelshare

representsasubstantialvolumeofcarbon-intensivepower,giventhesector’srisingenergydemand.

Thisequatestoroughly131TWh

peryearstillreliantoncarbon-

intensivesources.Closingthisgapwillbefarmorechallengingthantheearlygains,requiringadvancesinequipmentefficiency,aswellas

inprocurement,energystorage,andgriddecarbonisation.

IEAdataonthetop50data

centremarketsbyoperational

capacityshowmanycountriesaredecarbonisingtheirgrids.Norway,Sweden,andFrancealready

sourceover90%ofpowerfrom

renewables,whilethefastest

growthsince2020hascomein

Portugal(+27%),theNetherlands(+23%),Chile(+22%),Germany

(+12%),andPoland(+12%).Asgridscontinuetodecarbonise,data

centresthatrelyprimarilyongridpowerwillseetheiroperational

emissionsdecline,whilethosethatproactivelyprocurecleanenergywillalsobenefitfromgreater

energyresilience.

MYTH2:MORECAPACITY=MORECARBON

REALITY:Acommon

misconceptionwiththedata

centresectoristhatexpandingcapacityinevitablydriveshighercarbonemissions.However,thedatatellsamorenuancedstory.

Renewablesontherise

Shareofelectricityfromlow-carbonsources,%

HYPERSCALERSCOLOCATIONAVERAGE

60

66

50

54

57

20202021202220232024

Source:KnightFrankResearch,CompanyReports

40

80

60

20

0

TAKINGSTOCKOFSUSTAINABILITY3

Between2020and2024,totallivesupplynearlydoubled,increasingfrom25.7GWto50.3GW,a

compoundannualgrowthrate

(CAGR)of18%.Overthesame

period,combinedScope1and2

emissions3rosefrom83to103

MtCO₂e,amuchlower6%CAGR.Inotherwords,capacitygrew

threetimesfasterthanemissions.Despiteenergyconsumptionrising17%peryearbetween2020and

2024,from208to384TWh,the

sector’scarbonintensity4fellby

around9%annually,from398to270gCO₂/kWh.Ifdatacentreshadmaintained2020carbonintensitylevels,2024emissionswouldhavereached153MtCO₂e.Instead,

actualemissionswereonly103

MtCO₂e,indicatingthat49MtCO₂ewereavoided,likelythrough

efficiencyimprovements,suchasadvancesinserverperformance,coolingsystems,andworkload

optimisation,aswellasashifttowardrenewableelectricity.

MYTH3:ELECTRICITYDEMANDCROWDSOUTOTHERSECTORS

REALITY:Totalenergy

consumptionintheglobaldata

centremarkethasrisensharply

since2020,increasingfrom208TWhto384TWhin2024,afour-yearCAGRofaround17%.Growthhasbeendrivenprimarilyby

colocationandserviceproviders,

whoseelectricitydemand

expandedtoreach197TWhin

2024,overtakinghyperscalers,

whosedemandreached187TWh,intotalconsumption.

Evenwiththeaccelerated

expansion,datacentresstill

representarelativelysmallshareofglobalpoweruse,withglobal

electricitydemandrisingfrom

0.8%in2020to1.2%in2024.TheIEAprojectsthattotaldatacentreenergyusecouldreacharound945TWhby2030,implyinganannualgrowthrateofabout16%throughtotheendofthedecade.

Asdatacentredemandgrows,poweravailabilityhasbecomealimitingfactortoscaling.Inmanymajormarkets,longgrid-

connectionbacklogsmake

securingsufficientcapacitythe

keybottleneckfornew

development.Developersarenowlookingfurtheraheadtosecure

suitablesitesandareincreasinglyconsideringsecondarymarkets.

Operatorsarealsobeginningtocolocatedatacentresclosetorenewablegenerationsources.

Thisapproachcanaccelerate

projecttimelinesbyreducing

dependenceoncongested

transmissioninfrastructure.Itcanalsolowerlong-termoperating

costsbyenablingaccesstopoweratthesourceratherthan

purchasingelectricityfromthegrid.

PUEgains

AnnualaveragePUEforhyperscalersandcolocationproviders,kWh/IT

HYPERSCALERSCOLOCATIONAVERAGE

1.60

1.381.381.361.341.33

1.20

0.80

0.40

0.00

20202021202220232024

Source:KnightFrankResearch,CompanyReports

MYTH4:PUEGAINSAREOVER

REALITY:AnnualaveragePower

UsageEffectiveness(PUE)5

improvedfrom1.39in2020to1.33in2024.Hyperscalersremainthebenchmark,sustaininglowPUE

levelsaround1.17,whilecolocationandserviceprovidershave

narrowedthegap,improvingfrom1.46to1.39overthesameperiod.Whileincremental,thesegainsaresignificantgiventherisein

computedemandandoverall

energyuse.Forexample,a20GWdatacentrefacilitythatonce

required27.8GWoftotalpowerataPUEof1.39wouldnowneedonly26.6GWat1.33.

Butthereisalsoagrowing

debateabouthowmuchfurther

PUEcandriveefficiency

improvements.Manydatacentresarenowoperatingclosetothe

practicallimitsofcurrentair-

basedandmechanicalcooling,andcomputedensitiesarerisingto

levelsthatthesesystemscanno

longersupport.Thisispromptingtheadoptionofnewthermal

managementtechnologies.Direct-to-chipliquidcoolingand

immersionsystemsarenowbeingdesignedintonext-generation

facilities,althoughdeployment

remainsinitsearlystages.Thesetechnologieshavethepotentialtoresettheefficiencycurve,enablingoperatorstomanagehigher

thermalloadsandachieve

improvementsbeyondwhatispossiblewithair-basedsystemsalone.

“Despiteenergy

consumptionrising17%peryearbetween2020and

2024,from208to384TWh,thesector’scarbonintensityfellbyaround9%annually,from398to270gCO₂/kWh”

TAKINGSTOCKOFSUSTAINABILITY4

“Since2022,hyperscalers

havesignificantly

expandedtheircleanpowerprocurement,with

cumulativecontracted

capacityrisingfromaround24GWtomorethan84GWby2025”

MYTH5:PPASDON’TADDREALCLEANENERGYGENERATION

REALITY:Since2022,hyperscalershavesignificantlyexpandedtheircleanpowerprocurement,with

cumulativecontractedcapacityrisingfromaround24GWtomorethan84GWby2025.2025alone

alreadyreflectsroughly1.5xthecapacitycontractedinthe

previousyear.Amazonaccountsforthelargestshare,increasingfrom11.2GWin2022to34.9GWin2025,whileMicrosofthasalso

rapidlyscaledcommitments,reachingalmost20GWby2025,alongsideMeta(15.7GW)and

Google(13.6GW).

PPAsaretypicallysignedfor

projectswithdeliverydatesinthefutureandrepresentfinancial

contractsthatguarantee

developersalong-termrevenue

stream.Thiscertaintyenables

projectstosecurefinancing,breakground,andgetbuilt.By

underwritingnewclean

generation,PPAsgivedevelopersandinvestorsadirectleverto

expandcapacitysustainablywhilelockinginlong-termprice

stability.

MYTH6:COOLINGPUTS

UNSUSTAINABLEPRESSUREONLOCALRESOURCES

REALITY:Thereisnodenyingthechallengesaroundwater

consumption.Coolingcontinuestoplacepressureonlocalresources,particularlyinregionsalready

facingwaterscarcity.Ouranalysis6foundthatglobally,41%of

Procurementleaderboard

Estimatedcumulativecontractedcleanenergycapacityforselectedhyperscalers,GW

MICROSOFTGOOGLEMETAAMAZON

2025

2024

2023

2022

0.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.0

Source:KnightFrankResearch,S&PGlobal

operationalcapacity,equivalentto23.1GW,islocatedinareas

experiencinghighlevelsofwaterstress.Thepipelinesuggeststhischallengeissettocontinue.

Around37%ofcapacitycurrentlyunderconstructionorcommittedisalsolocatedinhighwater-stressregions,withthehighest

proportionsinEMEA(45%)andAPAC(44%).

Ourestimatessuggestthattheglobaldatacentremarket

consumedaround242millioncubicmetresofwaterin2024,

growingatanaveragerateof8%

peryearsince2020.Hyperscalersaccountedformostofthis

demand,withwateruserising7%annually,whilecolocationand

serviceprovidersgrewevenfasterat13%peryear,nearlydoubling

theirconsumption.Toputthisinperspective,globalwaterusetotalsroughly4trillioncubicmetresperyear,meaningdatacentres

accountforlessthan0.01%ofglobalwaterconsumption.

However,efficiencyisimproving.AnnualAverageWaterUsage

TAKINGSTOCKOFSUSTAINABILITY5

Effectiveness(WUE)7has

decreasedbynearly3%peryearsince2020.HyperscalersreducedtheirWUEfrom0.96to0.93

L/kWh,whilecolocationprovidersimprovedfrom0.93to0.81L/kWh.Thatsaid,reportingremains

inconsistent,only21ofthe35

companiesanalyseddisclosedWUEdata,includingjustfourofthemajorhyperscalers.

Thesegainsreflectthe

widespreadadoptionofadvanced,water-efficientcooling

technologies,particularlyclosed

-loopandair-cooledsystems,

whichsignificantlyreducerelianceonfreshwater.Manyfacilitiesarealsoincreasingtheuseofrecycledandnon-potablewater.Innovationinwater-efficientandwaterless

coolingisbecomingakey

differentiatorforgrowth,

investment,andcommunity

acceptance.Equallyimportantisthestrategicsitingofnewdata

centresinregionswithlowerwaterstress,ensuringthatexpansion

doesnotintensifycompetitionforlocalresources.

Waterdependency

Proportionofdatacentreslocatedinareasexperiencinghighorextremewaterstress

AmericasAPACEMEAGlobal

44%33%

Live

38%36%41%

49%

Source:KnightFrankResearch,WorldResourcesInstitute

UnderConstructionorCommitted

45%

37%

MYTH7:THEINDUSTRYCREATESFEWLOCALJOBS

REALITY:Whilethenumberof

onsiteemployeescreatedbyadatacentreisrelativelylimited,the

broaderemploymentand

economiccontributionsofthe

sectoraresubstantial.Onaverage,eachmegawattofoperational

capacitysupportsapproximately1.7directjobs,equatingtomorethan84,000operational

employeesin2024,withforecastsindicatinganincreasetoover

111,000by2026.When

constructionactivityisincluded,thetotalemploymentimpact

expandstoover702,000jobs,

projectedtoreacharound930,000bytheendof2026,accordingto

ourestimates.

ResearchbyPwCandMcKinsey&Cohighlightsthatthereare

broaderimpactswiththesectorsupportingjobsindirectly(i.e.

employmentsupportedthrough

supplychains)atarate3.5to6

timeshigherthandirect

employment.Thismultiplier

translatestoanestimated3.3

millionjobssupportedacrossthewidereconomy,evenunder

conservativeassumptions.Beyondthis,thesector'spresenceislikelytostimulatelonger-termregionaldevelopmentbyattracting

investmentinenergy

infrastructureandfibrenetworks.

“Onaverage,each

megawattofoperationalcapacitysupports

approximately1.7directjobs,equatingtomore

than84,000operationalemployeesin2024,withforecastsindicatingan

increasetoover111,000by2026”

TAKINGSTOCKOFSUSTAINABILITY6

Fromregulationtoreputation

Fromclimatedisclosuremandatestonewenergyandwater

regulations,theoperating

environmentfordatacentresis

fast-moving,becomingmore

complex,andregionally

fragmented.Forinvestors,this

landscapepresentsbothriskandopportunity.Broadly,the

sustainabilityagendafallsintotwocategories.Whatisrequiredare

thenon-negotiablesoperators

mustmeettobuild,connectand

operate,increasinglywrittenintolaworpermitting.Whatisstrategicarethevoluntaryframeworksthatgobeyondregulationbutarefastbecomingmarkersofcompetitiveadvantageandinvestor

confidence,withsomeinvestorsevendemandingthem.

WHATISREQUIRED

Theintroductionofthe

InternationalSustainability

StandardsBoard(ISSB)

framework,buildingontheformer

TaskForceonClimate-related

FinancialDisclosures(TCFD),

marksasteptowardsmandatoryclimatereporting.From2024,

jurisdictionssuchastheUK,

Canada,JapanandSingaporearerequiringcompanies,including

datacentreoperators,todiscloseclimate-relatedfinancialrisksandopportunitiesinlinewithISSB

standards.Foroperators,this

meansreportingonScope1-3

emissions,renewableenergyuse,climateresilience,andtransitionstrategies.TheEUhasthe

CorporateSustainabilityReportingDirective(CSRD)whichisbroadlyalignedtoTCFD,withthose

companiesfallingunderscope

likelytobethosewith>1,000

employeesand>€450mturnover.Whilenonationallevel

requirementintheUS,datacentreoperatorsinCaliforniawillsoonberequiredtoshareestimatedwateruseaspartofthepermitting

process.Inadditiontoreporting

anddisclosures,operatorsalso

facetighteningregionalstandards,including:

•UndertherevisedEUEnergy

EfficiencyDirective(EED),datacentreswithanITloadabove

500kWmustreport

performancedata,includingPUE,wateruseandrenewableenergysharetoapublic

database.National

implementations,suchas

Germany’sEnergyEfficiencyAct(EnEfG),gofurther,settingwasteheatreuserequirementsfornewfacilities.Targetsarephased,withnewdatacentresrequiredtoachieveanEnergyReuseFactor(ERF)of10%in2026,risingto15%in2027and20%in2028.

•NewdevelopmentsintheUKarenowsubjecttothe

BiodiversityNetGain(BNG)requirementunderthe

EnvironmentAct2021.From2024,mostmajordatacentre

Growingnumberofregulationsandstandards,withmoreinthepipeline

March2024:EUEnergyEfficiencyDirective

(EED)delegated

regulationintroduces

mandatorysustainabilityreportingfordatacentres≥500kW,requiring

operatorstodisclose

performancedatatoanEUdatabase.

November2023:

Germany’sEnergy

EfficiencyAct(EnEfG)

setsefficiency,

renewable-energy,andwaste-heatrecovery

requirementsfordatacentres.

Source:KnightFrankResearch

April2022:TaskForce

onClimate-Related

FinancialDisclosures

(TCFD)becomes

mandatory,requiring

>1,300oftheUK'slargestcompaniestodisclose

climate-relatedfinancialinformation.

July2025:Australia

mandatesaminimum5-starNABERSEnergy

ratingforalldatacentreshostingfederal

governmentworkloads.

TAKINGSTOCKOFSUSTAINABILITY7

•projectsmustdemonstratea

minimum10%netincreaseinbiodiversityvaluecomparedtothepre-developmentbaseline.

•FromJulythisyear,companiesprovidingdatacentreservicestotheAustralianfederal

governmentwillberequiredtohaveafive-starNABERSratingfortheirfacilitiesorachieveaPUEof1.4orlower.

Atthesametime,planningandgrid-connectionpoliciesare

tighteninginpower-constrainedmarkets.Incountriessuchas

IrelandandtheNetherlands,newplanningapprovalsare

increasinglytiedtogridcapacityandrenewableintegration,

effectivelylimitingnew

developmentsunlesstheycan

demonstrateenergyefficiencyorheatrecoverybenefits.

WHATISSTRATEGIC

Whatisstrategicisalignmentwithindustry-ledcommitmentssuchastheClimateNeutralDataCentre

Pact(CNDCP),whichsets

voluntarytargetsfor2030on

renewableenergy,efficiencyandheatreuse.Whilenotlegally

binding,itisincreasinglyviewedasabaselineindicatorofsector

reputationandleadership.This

alsoincludesframeworkssuchasRE100andestablishedgreen

buildingstandards.TheRE100

initiativebringstogether

companiescommittedto100%

renewableelectricity.Members

suchasEdgeConneX,KDDI

Telehouse,andIronMountainnowaccountforalmost6TWhof

annualdemandglobally.

Amongbuilt-environment

standards,BREEAMhasbecomeabenchmarkfordevelopment

acrosstheUKandisincreasinglyviewedasabaselinerequirementforcolocationfacilities.Current

datashowsthat42datacentres

haveachievedaformalBREEAMrating,roughly14%ofoperationalandpipelineprojects.Ofthese,fivewereratedOutstanding,21as

Excellent,14asVeryGoodandtwoasGood,withalmost80%ofthesebeingcolocationsites.

CertificationunderBREEAM

typicallysignalsstrong

performanceinareassuchas

energyefficiency,water

managementandenvironmentalresilience.Elsewhere,LEED

certificationremainsmore

prevalent,particularlyinNorth

AmericaandAsia,withalmost150datacentrescertifiedineach

region,andanadditional50acrossEurope.

MARKETVIEW

Aforwardlook

WORDS:CHRISTOPHERJONES-HEADOFPOWERPROCUREMENT&MEPCONSULTANCY

Thecontinuedgrowthinthe

‘Cloud’,alongwiththeadventofAI,iscurrentlydriving

significantgrowthinthesector.Thisgrowthalsocoincideswithapushtowardsnetzerotargetsinmanycountries,whichrequiressignificantinvestmentin

transmissionanddistributionnetworkstoreplaceaging

infrastructureandalsoconnectnewgenerationassets,andhasresultedinsignificantgrid

connectionqueues,delayingdatacentreprojects.

Electricaltransmission

networkscomprisedprimarilyofrenewablegenerationalsoplacesconstraintsoncapacitynotseenpreviously.Toavoidtheuseof

inefficientshort-termfossilfuelgenerationduringperiodsof

highdemandandlowrenewableoutput,thetransmissionsectorisinvestigatingtheintroductionofadditionalpolicylevers,suchasDemandSideResponse,inorder

tomeetnetzeroobligations.

Thesechangesarenow

drivingsignificantchangewithinthedatacentresector.Thescaleofdatacentrecampuses,along

withincreasingpowerdensitieswithindatahalls,haspushed

beyondthedesigntopologies

commonlyusedoverthepast10-15years.New,innovativecoolingapproachessuchason-chipandimmersioncoolingsupportthesehigherdensitiesandshould

improveannualisedPUEduetotheincreasedavailabilityoffreecoolingthroughouttheyearinmanyregions.

Thelackofelectricalcapacityinexistingtier1markets,andthesizeofnewcampuses,isnow

drivingdevelopmentsoutsideofexistingdevelopmentzones.

Thisshiftisprovidingaccesstorenewableenergysourcesthatwerehistoricallyinaccessible.

Integratingrenewable

generationintoadatacentre

campusdirectly,viaabehind-

the-metermicrogridpotentiallyhavesignificantbenefits.A

directrenewableconnection

negatestheneedtousethe

transmissionnetwork,asis

commonwithPPAs,whichcansignificantlyreducethecostofpowerconsumed.Amicrogrid

combininggenerationand

storagealsoallowsdeveloperstotakeadvantageoffluctuating

energypricingandparticipateindemandsideresponse,withoutrelyingonfossilfuelstandby

generation,potentiallysavinghundredsofmillionsofdollars,pounds,oreurosperyearin

energycostsonlargedevelopments.

Ibelievethatalloftheabovepresentsagenerationalchangeandopportunityfordatacentres.Let’shopethesectorcanfully

embracetheseinnovationsandcontinuetodecarbonisewhilstbuildingmuchneededcapacity.

1Low-carbonsourcesincluderenewableenergy(suchaswind,solar,hydro)andothernon-fossiloptionswithreducedcarbonemissions

(suchasnuclear).

2Thisanalysiscovers35ofthelargestandfastest-growingdatacentrehyperscalersandcolocationprovidersglobally.Insomecases,datahasbeenextrapolatedtorepresentthetotaldatacentremarket.

3Scope1emissionsrefertodirectgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfromsourcesthatareownedorcontrolledbyanorganisation.Scope2emissionsarei