【《对虾主要病原及防治方法研究国内外文献综述》5800字】

对虾主要病原及防治方法研究国内外文献综述目录TOC\o"1-3"\h\u12425对虾主要病原及防治方法研究国内外文献综述 1181901.1对虾主要病原 1117501.1.1病毒性病原 1113531.1.2细菌性病原 2167631.1.3其他病原 251981.2对虾疾病的主要防治方法 3230681.2.1化药防治 3120471.2.2生物防治 4229291.2.3对虾疾病的生物安保防控技术 4186021.3生物安保在对虾养殖中的应用 4121471.3.1生物安保的定义 479531.3.2水产生物安保的国内外发展现状 5255321.3.3生物安保组成要素 573881.3.4生物安保的国内外应用现状 522276参考文献 61.1对虾主要病原1.1.1病毒性病原自1993年虾病在我国大面积暴发以来，国内外对虾养殖业面对的病害问题日益严重，病害问题成为阻碍我国对虾养殖业持续发展的重要原因。其中，对虾病毒病因其发病快、传播性强，宿主广泛而又缺少有效的防治方法，对对虾产业和养殖生产带来巨大的挑战。近年来，对对虾养殖造成较大损失的病毒性病原主要有对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[1]、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Galvan-Alvarez</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645086434">3</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Galvan-Alvarez,D.</author><author>Mendoza-Cano,F.</author><author>Hernandez-Lopez,J.</author><author>Sanchez-Paz,A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>LaboratoriodeReferencia,AnalisisyDiagnosticoenSanidadAcuicola,CentrodeInvestigacionesBiologicasdelNoroesteS.C.(CIBNOR),CalleHermosa101,Col.LosAngeles,Hermosillo,Son.C.P.83106,Mexico.</auth-address><titles><title>ExperimentalevidenceofmetabolicdisturbanceinthewhiteshrimpPenaeusvannameiinducedbytheInfectiousHypodermalandHematopoieticNecrosisVirus(IHHNV)</title><secondary-title>JInvertebrPathol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JInvertebrPathol</full-title></periodical><pages>60-7</pages><volume>111</volume><number>1</number><edition>2012/06/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Aquaculture</keyword><keyword>BodyMassIndex</keyword><keyword>*Densovirinae</keyword><keyword>Glucose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>LacticAcid/metabolism</keyword><keyword>LipidMetabolism</keyword><keyword>Penaeidae/metabolism/*virology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Sep15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1096-0805(Electronic) 0022-2011(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22727717</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/22727717</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jip.2012.06.005</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[3,4]以及虾血细胞虹彩病毒(DIV1)等ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[5]。造成对虾感染病毒病的原因很多，养殖环境的恶化、虾苗携带病毒性病原及对虾抗病力弱等都会引起对虾染病。病毒的传播途径主要分为垂直传播和水平传播。江世贵等发现感染WSSV后的亲虾产出的卵子也携带相同病原，验证了病毒可以垂直传播ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>江静波</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645091706">8</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">江世贵</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">何建国</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">吕</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">玲</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">邓</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">敏</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">江静波</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">白斑综合症病毒对斑节对虾亲虾的感染及垂直传播的初步研究</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中山大学学报（自然科学版）</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>164-171</pages><volume>39</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]。水平传播是指养殖生物在养殖过程中通过摄食、水体接触等途径感染病原ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘萍</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645175828">9</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘萍</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孔杰</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孟宪红</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘志鸿</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李健</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">白斑综合症病毒</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">(WSSV)</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">在对虾养殖过程中传播途径的调查</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">海洋水产研究</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>海洋水产研究</full-title></periodical><pages>9-12</pages><volume>21</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]。目前对于病毒病的治疗还没有完全切实有效的办法，但可以通过阻断病毒的传播途径来减少疾病的发生，例如选用检疫合格、优质的虾苗，从源头减少病毒污染的可能性；放苗前进行清塘消毒，改良池塘养殖环境；对水质底质进行消毒处理，改良池塘生态环境，防止病毒病发生。1.1.2细菌性病原近年来，随着对虾养殖产业的不断发展，有害细菌对对虾养殖产生的危害也日益严重。对虾被细菌感染后会导致虾体表的溃烂或局部感染后导致整体表现出败血症状ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>衣启麟</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645180017">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">衣启麟</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">养殖虾蟹疫病免疫防控的初步研究</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">实验海洋生物学重点实验室</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]。急性肝胰腺坏死病ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[9]、红腿病ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645180768">12</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Xiaodong</author><author>Gu,Yin</author><author>Zhou,Huihua</author><author>Xu,La</author><author>Cao,Haipeng</author><author>Gai,Chunlei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Acinetobactervenetianus,apotentialpathogenofredlegdiseaseinfreshwater-culturedwhitelegshrimpPenaeusvannamei</title><secondary-title>AquacultureReports</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AquacultureReports</full-title></periodical><volume>18</volume><section>100543</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>23525134</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100543</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]、烂鳃病ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>陈月华</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645181862">13</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陈月华</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">张永嘉</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">斑节对虾细菌性烂鳃病的病理组织学观察</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">湛江水产学院学报</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>22-26</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]等细菌病近年来的大肆流行，成为对虾养殖业的又一难题。其中急性肝胰腺坏死病是近两年来影响最为重要的疾病之一。虾的急性肝胰腺坏死病（AHPND）于2009年在我国海南省爆发，并依次蔓延至越南（2010），马来西亚（2011），泰国（2012）和墨西哥（2013）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[12-15]。2011年我国福建等省对虾由于AHPND的爆发产量降低80%以上。2012年泰国凡纳滨对虾因AHPND的发生减产一半ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Joshi</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645186351">14</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Joshi,Jyoti</author><author>Srisala,Jiraporn</author><author>Truong,VietHong</author><author>Chen,I.Tung</author><author>Nuangsaeng,Bunlung</author><author>Suthienkul,Orasa</author><author>Lo,ChuFang</author><author>Flegel,TimothyW.</author><author>Sritunyalucksana,Kallaya</author><author>Thitamadee,Siripong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>VariationinVibrioparahaemolyticusisolatesfromasingleThaishrimpfarmexperiencinganoutbreakofacutehepatopancreaticnecrosisdisease(AHPND)</title><secondary-title>Aquaculture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aquaculture</full-title></periodical><pages>297-302</pages><volume>428-429</volume><section>297</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>00448486</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.030</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]。2013年墨西哥也出现AHPNDADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[15]。AHPND的传染方式主要表现为一个养殖池感染后传染到同一养殖场的其它池塘，随后向周边养殖场进行扩散。因此，该疾病呈现出一定的区域性。目前不同的学者对于AHPND的发病机制存在不同看法，主要包括弧菌感染、养殖容纳量超载、病毒和寄生虫感染以及种苗质量下降等学说ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>文国樑</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645187488">18</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">文国樑</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">曹煜成</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐煜</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">胡晓娟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐武杰</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李卓佳</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">养殖对虾肝胰腺坏死综合症研究进展</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">广东农业科学</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>广东农业科学</full-title></periodical><pages>118-123</pages><number>11</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.16768/j.issn.1004-874x.2015.11.022</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。Tran等从发病对虾中分离出一株哈维氏弧菌，与副溶血弧菌亲缘关系较近，通过浸泡激发试验发现，死亡对虾临床症状及组织病理变化与AHPNS患病对虾完全一致ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tran</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>15</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645186411">15</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tran,L.</author><author>Nunan,L.</author><author>Redman,R.M.</author><author>Mohney,L.L.</author><author>Pantoja,C.R.</author><author>Fitzsimmons,K.</author><author>Lightner,D.V.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>AquaculturePathologyLaboratory,SchoolofAnimalandComparativeBiomedicalSciences,DepartmentofVeterinaryScienceandMicrobiology,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,Arizona85721,USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Determinationoftheinfectiousnatureoftheagentofacutehepatopancreaticnecrosissyndromeaffectingpenaeidshrimp</title><secondary-title>DisAquatOrgan</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>DisAquatOrgan</full-title></periodical><pages>45-55</pages><volume>105</volume><number>1</number><edition>2013/07/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Bacteria/*classification</keyword><keyword>Hepatopancreas/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Host-PathogenInteractions</keyword><keyword>*Penaeidae</keyword><keyword>TimeFactors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Jul9</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0177-5103(Print) 0177-5103(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23836769</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/23836769</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3354/dao02621</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]。Lightner等从患病虾中分离出一株副溶血弧菌，通过回感实验发现，被感染的实验对虾出现AHPNS死亡的典型特征，且死亡率高达100%，由此证明副溶血弧菌是AHPNS的重要病原。通过基因序列比较，发现特异性副溶血弧菌的致病性和带有pirA、pirB的pVA1质粒有关ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lightner</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645187798">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lightner,D.V.</author><author>Redman,R.M.</author><author>Pantoja,C.R.</author><author>Noble,B.L.</author><author>Tran,L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EarlymortalitysyndromeaffectsshrimpinAsia</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。有研究发现，AHPND的其它致病原也带有pVA1-like质粒。Liu等人对引起对虾严重急性肝胰脏坏死病(AHPND)的欧氏弧菌SH-14菌株进行了序列测定，序列分析显示一个大的染色体外质粒，该质粒编码pir毒素基因，与副溶血性弧菌AHPND致病菌株的序列高度相似。结果表明，该质粒在对虾AHPND中可能起重要作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[18,19]。Ahn等人从拉丁美洲国家养殖的南美白对虾中分离出坎氏尔弧菌的完整基因组，Tn3样转座子和pirAB基因在质粒pLA16-2上编码ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[20]。目前，关于AHPND的病因和致病机制仍是研究的焦点和热点。目前对于AHPND的致病机制还未完全了解，还没有形成一套完整科学的防控体系，主要是通过应用生物安保的防控策略预防疾病的发生ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李吉云</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>26</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645190260">26</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李吉云</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">沈</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">辉</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孟庆国</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">万夕和</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">蒋葛</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">乔毅</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">冯艳琴</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李浩澜</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">(AHPND)</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">流行病学、诊断方法及防控措施的研究进展</style></title><secondary-title>MarineSciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>163-172</pages><volume>45</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2021</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.11759/hykx20200628002</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]。1.1.3其他病原在对虾人工养殖环境中，除了病毒病和细菌病以外，寄生虫和立克次体也是危害养殖虾类健康的重要病原ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李秉鸿</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645192628">27</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李秉鸿</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">对虾的白斑综合征病毒研究进展</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">畜牧兽医科技信息</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>10-11</pages><volume>5</volume><number>18</number><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]。Tourtip等在2009年对对虾肝肠胞虫进行了命名和分类ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tourtip</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645236832">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tourtip,S.</author><author>Wongtripop,S.</author><author>Stentiford,G.D.</author><author>Bateman,K.S.</author><author>Sriurairatana,S.</author><author>ChavaDEj,J.</author><author>Sritunyalucksana,K.</author><author>Withyachumnarnkul,B.%JJournalofInvertebratePathology</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Enterocytozoonhepatopenaeisp.nov.(Microsporida:Enterocytozoonidae),aparasiteoftheblacktigershrimpPenaeusmonodon(Decapoda:Penaeidae):Finestructureandphylogeneticrelationships</title></titles><pages>21-29</pages><volume>102</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]，自2013年以来，EHP在我国各个地区对虾养殖地出现较高的感染率。Tangprasittipap等通过实验证明EHP可不通过中间宿主进行水平传播ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sritunyalucksana</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>29</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645237502">29</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>AmornratTangprasittipap;JirapornSrisala;SaisuneeChouwdee;MontaganSomboon;NitiChuchird;ChalorLimsuwan;ThinnaratSrisuvan;TimothyWFlegel;KallayaSritunyalucksana</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ThemicrosporidianEnterocytozoonhepatopenaeiisnotthecauseofwhitefecessyndromeinwhitelegshrimpPenaeus(Litopenaeus)vannamei</title><secondary-title>BMCVeterinaryResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMCVeterinaryResearch</full-title></periodical><pages>139-148</pages><volume>1</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]，受感染的水体和投喂患病虾均可对健康虾造成感染ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25-27]。Khac等通过南美白对虾垂直传播实验，取样后经PCR和组织病理学分析等方法首次证明了微孢子虫在十足目甲壳动物中的垂直传播ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Vu-Khac</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645238965">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HVu-Khac</author><author>Thanh,Tnt</author><author>Thu,Gnt</author><author>Chi,H.L.</author><author>Nguyen,V.D.%JJournalofPure</author><author>AppliedMicrobiology</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>VerticalTransmissionandEarlyDiagnosisoftheMicrosporidianEnterocytozoonhepatonaeiinWhitelegShrimpPenaeusvannamei</title></titles><pages>1125-1131</pages><volume>12</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]。对虾感染EHP后不会明显降低死亡率，但会使对虾摄食减少，生长速度减慢，对我国对虾养殖产业造成严重影响。2017年河北省对虾养殖病害调查报告显示，EHP阳性虾的死亡率不高，但个体大小不均匀，造成减产30%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>申红旗</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645240489">34</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">申红旗</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李全振</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孙伟彬</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">田洋</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王钟强</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">张丽敏</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘建朝</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">郑桂霞</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">河北省</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">2017</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">年对虾养殖病害防控情况调查报告</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">河北渔业</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>14-17</pages><number>12</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]。EHP的感染还会使虾机体免疫机能降低，造成细菌、病毒的入侵，引发交叉感染。Biju等发现在感染EHP的对虾中同时存在细菌感染ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Biju</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645240932">35</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Biju,N.</author><author>Sathiyaraj,G.</author><author>Raj,M.</author><author>Shanmugam,V.</author><author>Baskaran,B.</author><author>Govindan,U.</author><author>Kumaresan,G.</author><author>Kasthuriraju,K.K.</author><author>Chellamma,T.S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CentralAquaculturePathologyLaboratory,RajivGandhiCentreForAquaculture(RGCA),TTTAC,MPEDA,MinistryofCommerceandIndustry,GovernmentofIndia,Sirkali,Nagapattinam,Tamilnadu609109,India.</auth-address><titles><title>HighprevalenceofEnterocytozoonhepatopenaeiinshrimpsPenaeusmonodonandLitopenaeusvannameisampledfromslowgrowthpondsinIndia</title><secondary-title>DisAquatOrgan</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>DisAquatOrgan</full-title></periodical><pages>225-30</pages><volume>120</volume><number>3</number><edition>2016/08/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Aquaculture</keyword><keyword>Enterocytozoon/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Host-PathogenInteractions</keyword><keyword>India</keyword><keyword>Penaeidae/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Aug9</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0177-5103(Print) 0177-5103(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27503918</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/27503918</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3354/dao03036</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]。Aranguren等实验证明患有EHP的凡纳滨对虾对AHPND和SHPN的易感性增加ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Aranguren</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[31]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645241316">36</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aranguren,LuisFernando</author><author>Han,JeeEun</author><author>Tang,KathyF.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei(EHP)isariskfactorforacutehepatopancreaticnecrosisdisease(AHPND)andseptichepatopancreaticnecrosis(SHPN)inthePacificwhiteshrimpPenaeusvannamei</title><secondary-title>Aquaculture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aquaculture</full-title></periodical><pages>37-42</pages><volume>471</volume><section>37</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>00448486</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.12.038</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[31]。纤毛虫病是对虾育苗中的常见疾病，是由聚缩虫、钟形虫等固着类纤毛虫在对虾鳃丝和附肢等部位附生引起的。发病初期，虾类行动缓慢，反应较慢，体表附有粘液。发病中晚期，对虾全身有较厚的附着物，鳃丝遭到破坏，体质降低，引发细菌或病毒感染，造成对虾较高的死亡率。纤毛虫病的发生与对虾种质、放养密度等密切相关。随着对虾养殖规模的不断扩大，对虾纤毛虫病及其继发性细菌、病毒性疾病不断增加，给养殖业造成严重危害ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>尹伦甫</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[32,33]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645253474">37</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">尹伦甫</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陈昌福</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">虾、蟹纤毛虫病的现状与防治方法</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">科学养鱼</style></secondary-title></titles><page