励志演讲；态度资源；积极话语分析；马云

PAGE1AbstractJackMa,aChinesebusinessmagnate,politicianandfounderofAlibabaGroup,hasinfluencedthelivesofmillions.Inaddition,JackMa’sinspirationalspeecheshaveahugeguidingandinspiringeffectonthespiritualbeliefandpracticalactionofhisaudiences.Inparticular,aconsiderablenumberofyoungpeopleathomeandabroadarestronglyinfluencedbyhisinspirationspeeches,whicharecloselylinkedtothecurrentsituationandcharacteristicsoftheirstruggle.Hisinspirationalspeechisauniqueincentivesystemformedonthebasisofhispersonalstruggleexperience,histhinkingandperceptionindailylife,aswellashisevaluationofsocialphenomenaandideology.ThesuccessofJackMa'sspeechisinseparablefromhissuccessfuluseoflanguage,whichispopularandeasytounderstand,pithyandnatural,andextraordinarilyexpressive,appealingandinspiring.Asthecorpusofthispaper,oneofthemostclassic

inspirationalspeechesofJackMaisanalyzedfromtheperspectiveofAttitudinalResourcesofAppraisalTheory.Specifically,PositiveDiscourseAnalysisisconductedonthespeechtext,whichisfromthethreeaspectsofAffect,JudgmentandAppreciation.Thus,howJackMalocatedaffectivemeaningtoperformtheinterpersonalfunctionandthenachievedthealliancewithhisaudiencesaresummarized.Inthestudy,itisconcludedthattheAffect,JudgmentandAppreciationinvolvedinJackMa’sspokendiscoursearemostlypositive.Heoftenbroughtconfidenceandanexcitingprospecttohisaudienceswithapositiveattitudetoexpresshisfirmbelief,sothattheycanmaintainahighlevelofenthusiasmforstrugglingandprogressinginspiteofvariousobstaclesaswellaschallenges.Keywords:InspirationalSpeech;AttitudinalResources;PositiveDiscourseAnalysis;JackMa摘要马云作为中国的商业巨头、政治家和阿里巴巴集团的创始人，影响了千百万人。不仅如此，马云的励志演讲给他的听众在精神信仰和实际行动上都带来了巨大的引导和启发。他的励志演讲对广大中外青年产生了尤其巨大的影响，这些演讲与他们奋斗的现状和特点密切相关。他的演讲常常是以其个人的奋斗经历和日常生活里的思考及感悟，再加上对社会现象和思想文化的评价为基础形成的一套独特的激励体制。马云演讲的成功与他对语言的成功运用密不可分，他的语言通俗易懂、简洁自然，极具表现力、感染力，能鼓舞人心。本文选取了马云经典的励志演讲作为语料，从评价理论的态度资源视角进行分析。具体来说，就是从情感、判断、鉴赏三个层面对马云的演讲语篇进行积极话语分析，从而总结马云是如何定位情感意义来激发演讲的人际功能、达到与听众实现联盟的目的。研究发现，马云演讲语篇中涉及的情感、判断和鉴赏大多是积极的，他经常以积极的态度表达自己坚定的信念，带给听众信心和振奋人心的展望，使他们在面对各种阻碍、挑战时，仍能保持拼搏向上的高度热情。关键词：励志演讲；态度资源；积极话语分析；马云

1Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundFromtheperspectiveoftheresearchobjectofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis,sofar,themajorityofstudiesandanalysesarebasedontheinaugurationspeechesofforeignpoliticiansandthefamousworksofBritishandAmericanliterature,nevertheless,thediscourseanalysesinotherkindsofpublicspeechesofthosecelebritieswhoarenotforeignpoliticiansorwritersarestillintheinitialstage.Inspirationalspeech,akindofspeechtomotivatethelistenerstoovercometheobstaclesthathavebeenplacedintheirpathbravelyandpositively,isregardedasonetypeofpublicspeeches,withitsowncontentsandobjectives.Thus,itisofgreatconsequenceandnecessitytomakeaPositiveDiscourseAnalysisonInspirationalSpeech.JackMa,thefounderandformerexecutivechairmanofAlibabaGroup,whichisoneoftheworld'slargeste-commercebusinesses,hasbeencalledthe"NapoleonofChina"byForbes.WithAlibaba'ssuccess,JackMahasbeeninvitedtogivelecturesaroundtheworld.ItisreasonabletoassumethatJackMaisnotonlyfamousforhisoutstandingperformanceinbusinessdevelopment,butalsoforhisinspirationalspeeches,whichleavesadeepimpressiononthepublic.Asthe"spiritualleader"ofthecurrentyouthandentrepreneursathomeandabroad,JackMatogetherwithhisinspirationalspeeches,hasexertedformativeinfluenceandextensiveeffectonthepersonalitystructure,qualitycultivation,valueformationandgoaloftheyouth,whicharedirectlyrelatedtotheirlifedevelopment.Withnodoubt,hisspeechisnotonlythefeastoflanguage,butalsotheedificationofthespirit.1.2PurposeandSignificanceFromtheperspectiveofthedepthstudyofAppraisalTheory,theexistingresearchesmostlystayatthelevelofAppraisalTheoryitself,whilethein-depthstudyofitsspecificsubsystemsisless.With

the

purpose

ofbroadeningthescopeofempiricaldiscourseanalysisandmakingtheexplorationofthesubsystemsofthetheorymoreconcreteandthorough,thisthesisattemptstouseJackMa'sinspirationalspeechaimingtomotivatepeopleascorpus,withthesubsystemsofattitudinalresourcesofAppraisalTheoryasthemaintheorytoconductanalysis.Theresearchofthispaperisnotonlyofgreatbenefittodeepenpeople'sunderstandingoftherulesofspeechandlanguageandhowthespeakerconstructsthediscourserole,butalsohelpfultocoordinatetheinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenspeakersandtheaudiences,toexploreandrevealtheattitudinalresourcesofspeech.What’smore,thispapercanconveypositiveenergyandemotionstothepublic,improvepeople’svaluesystem,andeventuallyhaveamoreprolongedandpositiveinfluenceonthesocialdevelopment.1.3ResearchQuestionsWithattitudinalresourcesofAppraisalTheoryasthemaintheorytoconductanalysis,thispaperfocusesonrevealinghowJackMaconveyshispositiveattitudeaswellasemotionstoinspirethepublicthroughthisspeech.Therefore,thispaperwillmainlysolvethefollowingresearchquestions:WhichkindsofpositivefunctionsdoattitudinalresourceplayinJackMa’sinspirationalspeech?HowdoesthespeakerMaconductdifferentkindsofattitudinalresourcesinhisspeechtoperformthefunctionsofinspirationalspeech?1.4MethodologyThecorpusofthisthesis,oneoftheJackMa'spublicinspirationalspeeches,iscollectedfromCrazyEnglish,anacademicandauthoritativejournalforobtainingstudymaterial,whichcanensurethereliabilityaswellascredibilityofthisstudy.Intermsofresearchmethods,theauthorwillapplyqualitativemethodtoidentifydifferentattitudinalresourcesinthecorpus.Theattitudinalresourceswillbeusedtoanalyzethediscourseindetailtoshowhowtheseresourcesareemployedtoconstructadiscourse,expressapositivemeaningandbuildaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtheaudience,whilecasestudyofthetargetedtextcanhelptoincreasetheprecisionandreliabilityofqualitativeanalysis.PositiveDiscourseAnalysis(PDA)isadoptedasaperspectivetointerpretthepositivemeaningtransmittedbyJackMa'sinspirationalspeech,whichcanbeconstructiveforustodevelopafurtherunderstandingaboutthespeaker'sefforttobuildaunitedrelationshipbetweenhimselfandtheaudience.1.5StructureoftheThesisAsanintroductiontothewholestudy,chapterOnecontainsthebasicinformationrelatedtothisthesis,includingthebackgroundofthisstudy,thepurposeandsignificance,theresearchquestionsandmethodology,aswellastheorganizationofthisthesis.ChapterTwoistheliteraturereview,wherethepreviousstudiesofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis(PDA)athomeandabroadaremadeandabriefreviewofInspirationalSpeechathomeandabroadarepresented.Besides,thelimitationofthepreviousstudiesaregenerallypointedout.ChapterThreeprovidesthetheoreticalbasisforthethesisresearch,includingintroductionofAppraisalTheory,attitudinalresources,threesubsystemsofattitudinalresources.ChapterFouristhecorepartofthethesis,wheredetailedanalysesoftheselectedinspirationalspeechdiscoursefromtheperspectiveofPositiveDiscourseAnalysisofattitudinalresourcesarecarriedout.DifferentpositivediscoursefromJackMaarediscussedthroughexamplesanalyses.ChapterFiveisthefinalpartofthethesiswhichanswerstheresearchquestionsputforwardinchapterone,restatesthemainideaofthethesisanddrawsaconclusionofthemajorfindingsandcontributionsfromthethesisresearch.Additionally,limitationsarediscussedandsomeprospectsareofferedaswellforfurtherstudy.

2LiteratureReview2.1StudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisatHomeandAbroadSince1999whenMartin,alinguistinSydney,putforwardanewtopic－PositiveDiscourseintheInternationalCriticalDiscourseAnalysisConference,increasingacademicsandlinguistshavebeenattractedtoit.MartinpointedoutinhisworkPositiveDiscourseAnalysis:SolidarityandChange(1999)thatthesubjectoflanguageanalysisnotonlyreferstothebadnewsbutalsoincludesgoodnews.Fromthenon,Martin,PeterWhitehaddonemanystudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandpublishedlotsofarticlestodeliberateonthecontent,method,andmotivationofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis.TheywereconvincedthatPositiveDiscourseAnalysismainlyfocusedonhowtoguidepeopletoestablishamicablerelationshipsandmaketheirlivesbetter.Subsequently,MartinandRose(2003)proposedthatPositiveDiscourseAnalysisshouldbewidelyusedinthefutureandthenMartin(2004)advocatedPDAshouldbemoreexactlyrelevanttothosecaseswhichcanshowpositiveuseofpower.Additionally,Macgilchrist(2007)mentionedPDAinhisworkPositiveDiscourseAnalysis:ContestingDominantDiscoursesbyRe-farmingtheIssue.Moreover,Alba-Juez(2009)gaveadetailedintroductiontoPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisinherbook.What'smore,RogerandWetzel(2013)putforwardthatPositiveDiscourseAnalysisisnotanewmethodbutashiftinanalyticconcentratesonstudyagencyinliteracyteachereducation,whichimpliedthattheimportanceofPDAisfurtheremphasized.InChina,professorZhuYongsheng(2006)hadmadegreatcontributiontotheprogressofPDA.Hisspeech,"PDA(PositiveDiscourseAnalysis)－therefutationandsupplementofCDA(CriticalDiscourseAnalysis),"atthe10thNationalDiscourseAnalysisSeminarmadetherelationshipbetweenPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisclearandalsomentionedthatPDAcanbeusedtoanalyzeawiderangeofdiscourse.Thereafter,anumberofscholarswhoareattractedtothissubjectpresentanincreasingtrend.Then,acomparisonbetweenadvantagesofPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisintheirpapertheConstructiveTransitionofDiscourseAnalysis－formCDAtoPDA,whichwasbasedonMartin'stheoryaboutPositiveDiscourseAnalysis,hadbeenmadebyHuangQuanjian,LengZhanyingandGuYueqiu(2007).Besides,aTVnewreportwasanalyzedbyTangYeqing(2008)throughusingPositiveDiscourseAnalysis.Furthermore,PDAwasstudiedfromthenewperspective--thephilosophicalbasis,originalbackground,methodandcontentbyDingAilan(2009).Interestingly,thereasonwhyMartinpayattentiontoPositiveDiscourseAnalysiswasalsodiscussedbyHuzhuanglin(2012),heconsideredwhatMartinhaddonewastohighlightthecomplementationbetweenPDAandCDA.2.2StudiesonInspirationalSpeechesatHomeandAbroadIn2000,thedirectiveinfluenceofinspirationalspeechontheacademicians'futurelifeandcareerwasdiscoveredbyManning.Shereferredthattheorator'spositivecharacterssuchasgrimdeterminationandpersistencehavepowerfulimpactontheirwaytobetriumphant.Intriguingly,PeterMarkMagolda(2003)putforwardanewperspectivetostudyinspirationalspeeches--anthropologicalperspective,andbelievedthatitisbettertoreflectculturalbackgroundsduringtheperformanceofcollegeinspirationalspeeches.Hedrewtheconclusionthatinwesternculture,tostimulatetheyouthtopursuetheirowneffortandaccomplishmentwastheprincipalcharacterofthiskindofspeech.Inaddition,theotherperspectivetobeneficiallysummarizethefundamentalcharacteristicsofinspirationalspeechwasfoundbyLawrenceT.Nichols(2006),whichwasthehistoricalbackgroundperspectivebyinvestigatingspeakersfromsouthernpartoftheU.S.A.Amongthecharacteristics,themostnotablyonewasthatallspeakersbelievedthatasAmericancitizens,equalrightsfortheblackwastobetaken.AsforChina,ananalysisandstudyontherhetoricaldevicesandandsyntacticstructureofinspirationalspeecheswasmadebyZhangQingwen(2000)intermsofstylisticfeatures,whichascertainedthatthemainsentencetypeoccurringtothesespeecheswasdeclarativesentenceaswellassomeinvertedsentences.Moreover,end-weightphenomenonsoftenappearedininspirationalspeeches.Anothermarkofthiskindofspeechwasthattheirrhetoricaldevicesweremultiplied,suchasrepetition,antithesis,comparison,parallelstructure,etc.Subsequently,theintonationandvocabularyfeaturesofinspirationalspeecheswereinvestigatedbyLuoHengin2006.Henoticedthatstandardpronunciationwithhighpitchwasfrequentlyemployed,andconcretewordsaremuchmoreusedthanabstractwords,healsoperceivedthatthefirstandsecondpersonpronounswerewidelyemployedintheseinspirationalspeeches.Oneyearlater,MengYing(2007)suggestedthatawonderfulspeechshouldfollowtherhetoricprinciplesofeffectiveness,alivenessandacceptance.Meanwhile,consistency,rhetoricfeaturesofcommunication,emphasisandcoherencewereinseparablepartsinanexcellentspeech.In2015,thetranslationprinciplesaswellasthelanguagefeaturesofTEDinspirationalspeecheswerestudiedbyZhouHongyu.Moreover,Shealsoanalyzedthetranslationmethods,showingthatingeneral,bymeansofliteraltranslation,interpretercouldrepeatthestyleandrhetoricaldevicesoftheoriginaltextseasily.Asforthepragmaticfeaturesofinspirationalspeech,NiuLina(2000)recognizedthatthroughflexiblyusingfirstpersonpronoun"we",theuniquepragmaticfunctionofinspirationalspeecheswasachievedreadily.Andthewideuseoffirstpersonpronounininspirationalspeechessignifiedacloseinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtheaudience.In2013,cooperativeprincipleswereadoptedbyYanLingxuaninhisstudy.Hementionedthatifthespeakersviolatedthefourmaximsofspeech,humorouseffectswouldbemade.Andthankstotheviolationofcooperativeprinciples,thespeechatmospherewouldalsobecomemoreactive,sothattheinspirationalpurposemightbeachievedmoreeasily.Later,aresearchbasedonspeechacttheorywasconductedbyLiuLizhen(2014)tomanifesttherealizationofillocutionaryforce.Whatsheanalyzedwerethesyntacticaldevices,expressiontechniques,lexicaldevicesandphoneticdevicesininspirationalspeeches.Furthermore,in2008,theinterpersonalmeaningofinspirationalspeecheswasinvestedbyHeYuyingfromtheperspectiveofSystemicFunctionalGrammar.Throughtheanalysisoftherelevantrespectsofappraisalsystem,grammaticalpersonsystem,modalityandmood,heeventuallydiscoveredthatspeakersmainlyexpressedtheiremotionsandideaswiththeuseofaffectivewords,indicativemoodandfirstpersonpronoun.Additionally,thefrequencyofcohesivedevices'usageininspirationalspeecheswascomparedbyXueHaiyanin2010fromtheperspectiveofdiscourseanalysis.Herconclusionwasthatsubstitutionwastheleastused,whilelexicalcohesionwasthemostfrequentlyuseddevice.And,referencerankedtothesecond,followedbyconjunctionandellipsis.What'smore,thefrequencyofcohesivedevicesthatwereusedinEnglishspeecheswasmuchlowerthaninChinesespeechesinthesamecase.Then,in2014,thefeaturesandfunctionsofinspirationalspeechwithintheframeworkSystematicFunctionalGrammarwasstudiedbyLiYanfen.Themostsignificantconclusioninherresearchwasthatitwasthroughusingtheinterpersonalfunctionthattheoratorsexpressedtheirpersonalexperiencesoremotions,whileitwastheideationalfunctionthatwasmainlyusedtointroduceobjectivefacts.2.3SummaryDuringthefurtherdevelopmentofAppraisalTheory,itsspecificsubsystems--CriticalDiscourseAnalysisandPositiveDiscourseAnalysisbasedonattitudinalresourcesappeargradually.Comparatively,asanewkindofdiscourseanalysismethod,relativelyconcentratedandsmallrangeofstudieshavebeendoneonit.ForeignscholarshavedonesomestudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisofattitudesystemtodiscussaboutthemotivation,content,methodandconnotationofPositiveDiscourseAnalysis.Inotherrespects,domesticstudiesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysisofattitudesystembeginlaterthanatabroad,andthecurrentstudiesfocusonthecomparisonbetweenPositiveDiscourseAnalysisandCriticalDiscourseAnalysisofattitudesystem.Admittedly,inadditiontosomeresearchesonPositiveDiscourseAnalysis,severalforumsalsopayattentiontoitathomeandabroadnow,whichcanindicatethatPositiveDiscourseAnalysisisgettingmoreandmoreattention.

AsforInspirationalSpeech,scholarshaveconductedrelativelyintensiveresearchesontheinspirationalfunctionofthiskindofspeechfromrhetoric,stylistic,systemicfunctionalandtranslation-principlesperspectives.However,fewstudiesanalyzethespeaker'sattitudesandpositionswithvarioussurroundingsandtherelationshipbetweenspeakersandaudiences.Hence,thisthesiswilltakethisperspectiveasapointofdevelopmenttoanalyzeaprominentorator’sinspirationalspeech.

3TheoreticalFramework3.1IntroductionofAppraisalTheoryTheprecedingchapterlaysafoundationforthestudyofthethesis.TheattitudinalresourcesisthesubsystemofAppraisalTheory,therefore,inthischapter,frameworkofAppraisalTheory,whichisthetheoreticalbasisofthethesis,willbefurtherintroduced.TheschoolofSystemicFunctionalLinguisticsrepresentedbyHallidayhadsummarizedthreefunctionsoflanguage:ideationalfunction;textualfunction;interpersonalfunction.Martin’sAppraisalTheoryhadnoticedthatwhattheinterpersonalfunctionfocusedonwerethetoneandmodalsemanticssystem,whileacomprehensivesystemofstudyontheattitudesystemwasscarce.Therefore,inordertoformafixedsystemofthestudyofdiscoursefromtheperspectiveofattitudinalresources,Martinshiftedthefocusofinterpersonalfunctionfromsentenceandgrammartolexicalexpression,andthendeeplystudiedthespeaker'sexpressionindiscourseandalsonegotiatedspecificintersubjectivelanguageresources,andultimatelyformedasetofsystematictheoriestoanalyzetheattitudeexpressionininterpersonalmeaning.AppraisalTheorywasformedanddevelopedfromthecategoryofSystemic-FunctionalGrammaraspartofthescientificresearchprojectcalled"WriteItRight"chairedbyMartinandWhiteinthe1990s.Thistheorywasdevelopedfromthestudyofthelanguagepartoftheproject.ThistheoryintroducedthecontexttheoryofSystemicFunctionalLinguisticstorevealthediscoursebackgroundofdifferentattitudes,positionsoropinionsindiscourse.Intheprocessofspecificanalysis,AppraisalTheory,asananalyticaltooltosystematicallyevaluateandanalyzevocabularyandclauseprocesses,focusesonthoseattitudinalresourcesthatcanbenegotiatedindiscourse.Martindefinedthat:"AppraisalTheoryisaboutevaluation,thatis,thevariousattitudesnegotiatedinthediscourse,theintensityofemotionsinvolved,andthevariouswaystoshowvalueandalignreaders."(ascitedinWang,2011,p.6).Martinconcludedthatappraisalwasconcernedwithevaluation,e.g.:thetypesofattitudesthataretransferredinadiscourseandthedegreeofthemoodscontainedandthesourceofvaluesandtheaccesstotheaudiencesaligned.Appraisalsystemconsistsofthreedomains:Attitude,EngagementandGraduation.TheAttitudeSystemisthecoreofthewholeAppraisalSystem,andtheAffectSystemisthecoreofthewholeattitudesystem,fromwhichtheJudgmentSystemandtheAppreciationSystemarederived.Thefiguresinthischapteraretheauthor’sgeneralizationfromthetheoriesofbothMartin’sandWangZhenhua’sappraisaltheories.Figure3.1(AnoverviewofAppraisalTheory)3.2AttitudinalResourcesTheAttitudinalResourcesinAttitudeSystemisthecoreofthewholeAppraisalSystem.Itwasdefinedthat:"AttitudereferstotheJudgmentandAppreciationofhumanbehaviors,textsorprocessesandphenomenaafterthepsychologyisaffected,whichisthepsychologicalandbehavioralpredispositionstowardaparticularobject."(ascitedinWang,2011,p.19).Thereisanotherdefinitionaboutit:"Attitudeisconcernedwithlinguisticresourcesthatrevealouremotionalresponse,judgmentsonpeopleandtheirbehaviors,andevaluationsofentities"(MartinandWhite,2008,p.51).Itcanbedividedintodifferentcategoriesbasedondifferentcriteria.Attitudecanbegroupedintotheexplicitattitudeandtheimplicitattitude.Theformerindicatesthatthespeaker’sviewpointisexpressedinadirectmanneranditisusuallyrealizedviatheevaluativevocabulary.Onthecontrary,theimplicitattitudemeansthattheevaluationispresentedindirectlythroughthedescriptionsofextraordinarybehaviorsandmetaphorsundercertaincontexts.Attitudecanalsobegroupedintotwocategories--thepositiveattitudeandthenegativeattitude--accordingtothemeaningsofevaluationthatoratoraimstonegotiate.Thepositiveattitudeindicatesthatthespeakermakesanaffirmativeevaluation,whereasthenegativeexpressionmeansthatthespeakertakesanegativeattitudetotheappraisedobject.Besides,fromtheperspectiveofmeaningsorfunctionsoflanguage,itisusuallycategorized

asthreemaintypes:Affect,JudgmentandAppreciation.Figure3.2(ThreesubcategoriesofAttitudinalResources)3.3SubsystemsofAttitudinalResources3.3.1AffectAffectsystemisthecoreofthewholeAttitudesystem.AccordingtoWangZhenhua(2001,p.13),affectrefereedtoaresourcetoexplainlanguagephenomena,whichwasmainlyusedtoexplainlanguageusers'affectivereactionstobehaviors,textprocessesandphenomena.WhileWhite(2004,p.37)definedaffectasevaluationthroughthespeakers,indicatinghowtheywereemotionallyinclinedtothings,people,happeningsorstatesofaffairs.Affectisrelevanttobothpositiveandnegativemoods.Therearefourmajorvariablesinthetypologyofaffectemotions:disinclination/inclination,unhappiness/happiness,insecurity/securityanddissatisfaction/satisfaction.Theyareclassified

intwogeneralwayswhenpeopleexpresstheirfeelingsindiscourse:First,therearegoodfeelingsaswellasbadfeelings--soaffectcanbepositiveaswellasnegative.Second,people'sfeelingscanbeexpresseddirectly,orcanbeinferredfromthebehavior--soaffectcanbeexpresseddirectlyorimplied.Affectisgenerallylexicallyrealized,andusuallyappearinpairs:apairofpositiveandnegative.Itcanberealizedbyadjectives,suchasgloomy/glad,fraught/assured,annoyed/delighted;andalsobynouns,inmanycases,theturningofverbsandadjectivesintonounssuchaspleasure/desperation,hope/precariousness;byadverbsaswell,typicallythosedescribingcircumstancesofmannersuchasgladly/mournfully;andmentalprocessverbssuchaslove,enjoy,prefer,worry,please,hate,etc.Inaddition,affectwasclassifiedintorealisandirrealisaffect.The

latter,irrealisaffectisconcernedwiththeinclinationordisinclinationincludingfeelingsofstrongwishorfright.Asfortheformer,MartinandWhite(2008,p.51)maintainedthattherewerethreesubcategoriesofrealisaffect:happiness/unhappiness,security/insecurity,satisfaction/dissatisfaction.Asforhappiness,inlectures,opinionswerelinkedtopleasure,hope,annoyanceorgloomybyorators,whichcontainsthefeelingsofbeingdelightedornotandthereasonabletendencyofthesedelightedornotfeelingsatatriggerbymeansoffondnessordetestation.AsforSecurity,inlectures,oratorsusevocabulariesorsentencesthatlinkmoodstoanxietyorconfidence,which

generallyconveysspeaker'sviewsofworryorhopeconnectedwiththeenvironment.AsforSatisfaction,inlectures,

oratorsusevocabulariesorsentencesthatconnectemotionsand

attractionor

indignation,whichusually

expressesbothspeakersandaudiences'feelingsofupsetoraccomplishmentoftheactivitiesengaging.Asoneofthediscoursesemanticsystems,theconclusionsofattitudestudymightbedifferentfromaseriesofgrammaticalstructure.Halliday(1994,p.26)heldthataffectincludesthreetypes:affectas"comment","quality"and"process".Additionally,modalverbs,adjectives,adverbs,andnominalizationcouldallreflectemotions.Figure3.3(ThreesubcategoriesofAffect)3.3.2JudgementJudgmentreferstopeople'scommentstowardsourselvesandsomethingweappreciate,advocateorboycottwiththestandardof

someconventionalorstructurednormativesystems.Butunlikeaffect,itwasfoundthatindividuals'positiveevaluation(appreciation)ornegativeevaluation(aversion)ofthingsorbehaviorscomparedwiththepositiveevaluation(admiration)ornegativeevaluation

(criticism)ofthingsorbehaviorsbasedonsocialmoralnormsisdifferent.Besides,judgmentcanbedividedintotwogeneralcategories:social-esteemandsocial-sanction.Social-esteemSocialself-esteemistheassessmentthattheassessedpeoplehaveahighorlowself-esteemintheirlife,wherethesharedvaluespromotetheformationofsocialnetworksamongfamilies,companionsandco-workers.

Itisgroupedintothreeclassifications,namelyNormality,CapacityandTenacity:Normalityreferstoaresourcethatshowshowuncommonorpeculiarattitudethepeopleortheirbehaviorsare,includingwordslikepraise,stability,charm,andweirdnessandsoon.Capacityreferstoaperson'sabilityorcompetence,includingknowledgeable,efficient,stupidandsoon.Tenacityindicateshowreliableortrustworthyapersonis.Itincludeswordssuchascareful,devoted,indefatigable,tenacious,unfaithfulandsoon.Social-sanctionSocial-sanctionisassessedonthebasisofcriteriasuchas

immoral/moral,

impolite/polite

or

illegal/legal.

ItcanbedividedintoVeracityandPropriety.

Theformerisaboutone'sauthenticity,suchasone'shonesty.It

coverswordssuchas

frankness,

trustworthiness,deceptionandsoon.

Thelatter

isrelatedtomorality,which

focusesonwhetherapersonismoralorblameless,

semanticresourcesinclude

justice,politeness,modesty,crueltyandsoon.Figure3.4(ThreesubcategoriesofJudgement)3.3.3AppreciationAppreciationrefersto"resourcesfo