2024年英语文学常识

2024年英语文学常识

在日常的学习中，大家最熟悉的就是知识点吧？知识点就是"让别人看完能理解"或者"通

过练习我能掌握"的内容。掌握知识点有助于大家更好的学习。下面是我为大家整理的英语文学

常识，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

英语文学常识

l.ThePearl,whichtakesplaceinLaPaz,Mexico,beginswithadescriptionofthe

seeminglyidyllicfamilylifeofKino,hiswifeJuanaandtheirinfantson,Coyotito.Kino

watchesasCoyotitosleeps,butseesascorpioncrawldowntheropethatholdsthe

hangingboxwhereCoyotitolies.Kinoattemptstocatchthescorpion,butCoyotito

bumpstheropeandthescorpionfallsonhim.AlthoughKinokillsthescorpion,itstill

stingsCoyotito.JuanaandKino,accompaniedbytheirneighbors,gotoseethelocal

doctor,whorefusestotreatCoyotitobecauseKinocannotpay.

2.KinoandJuanaleavethedoctorsandtakeCoyotitodownnearthesea,where

JuanausesaseaweedpoulticeonCoyotitosshoulder,whichisnowswollen.Kinodives

foroystersfromhiscance,attemptingtofindpearls.Hefindsaverylargeoysterwhich,

whenKinoopensit,yieldsanimmensepearl.Kinoputsbackhisheadandhowls,

causingtheotherpearldiverstolookupandracetowardKinoscanoe.

3.ThePearlSummaryThePearl,whichtakesplaceinLaPaz,Mexico,beginswitha

descriptionoftheseeminglyidyllicfamilylifeofKino,hiswifeJuanaandtheirinfantson,

Coyotito.KinowatchesasCoyotitosleeps,butseesascorpioncrawldowntheropethat

holdsthehangingboxwhereCoyotitolies.Kinoattemptstocatchthescorpion,but

Coyotitobumpstheropeandthescorpionfallsonhim.AlthoughKinokillsthescorpion,

itstillstingsCoyotito.JuanaandKino,accompaniedbytheirneighbors,gotoseethe

localdoctor,whorefusestotreatCoyotitobecauseKinocannotpay.KinoandJuana

leavethedoctorsandtakeCoyotitodownnearthesea,whereJuanausesaseaweed

poulticeonCoyotitosshoulder,whichisnowswollen.Kinodivesforoystersfromhis

canoe,attemptingtofindpearls.Hefindsaverylargeoysterwhich,whenKinoopensit,

yieldsanimmensepearl.Kinoputsbackhisheadandhowls,causingtheotherpearl

diverstolookupandracetowardKinoscanoe.

4.ThenewsthatKinohasfoundanimmensepearltravelsfastthroughLaPazThe

doctorwhorefusedtotreatCoyotitodecidestovisitKino.Kinosneighborsbegintofeel

bittertowardhimforhisgoodfortune,butneitherKinonorJuanarealizethisfeeling

theyhaveengendered.JuanTomas,thebrotherofKino,askshimwhathewilldowith

hismoney,andheenvisionsgettingmarriedtoJuanainachurchanddressingCoyotito

inayachtingcapandsailorsuit.HeclaimsthathewillsendCoyotitotoschoolandbuy

arifleforhimself.ThelocalpriestvisitsandtellsKinctoremembertogivethanksand

toprayforguidance.Thedoctoralsovisits,andalthoughCoyotitoseemstobehealing,

thedoctorinsiststhatCoyotitostillfacesdangerandtreatshim.Kinotellsthedoctor

thathewillpayhimoncehesellshispearl,andthedoctorattemptstodiscernwhere

thepearlislocated(Kinohasburieditinthecornerofhishut).Thatnight,athief

attemptstobreakintoKinoshut,butKinodriveshimaway.JuanatellsKinothatthe

pearlwilldestroythem,butKinoinsiststhatthepearlistheironechanceandthat

tomorrowtheywillsellit.

5.Kinosneighborswonderwhattheywoulddoiftheyhadfoundthepearl,and

suggestgivingitasapresenttothePope,buyingMassesforthesoulsofhisfamily,and

distributingitamongthepoorofLaPaz.Kinogoestosellhispearl,accompaniedbyhis

neighbors,butthepearldealeronlyoffersathousandpesoswhenKinobelievesthathe

deservesfiftythousand.Althoughotherdealersinspectthepearlandgivesimilarprices,

Kinorefusestheirofferanddecidestogotothecapitaltosellitthere.Thatnight,Kino

isattackedbymorethieves,andJuanaonceagainremindsKinothatthepearlisevil.

However,Kinovowsthathewillnotbecheated,forheisaman.

6.Laterthatnight,Juanaattemptstotakethepearlandthrowitintotheocean,but

Kinofindsherandbeatsherfordoingso.Whileoutside,agroupofmenaccostKino

andknockthepearlfromhishand.Juanawatchesfromadistance,andseesKino

approachher,limpingwithanothermanwhosethroatKinohasslit.Juanafindsthe

pearl,andtheydecidethattheymustgoawayevenifthemurderwasinself-defense.

Kinofindsthathiscanoehasbeendamagedandtheirhousewastornupandthe

outsidesetafire.KinoandJuanastaywithJuanTomasandhiswife,ApoIonia

7.wheretheyhidefcrthenextdaybeforesettingoutforthecapitalthatnight.

8.KinoandJuanatravelthatnight,andrestduringtheday.WhenKinobelievesthat

heisbeingfollowed,thetwohideandKinoseesseveralbighornsheeptrackerswho

passbyhim.KinoandJuanaescapeintothemountains,whereJuanaandCoyotitohide

inthecavewhileKino,takinghisclothesoffsothatnoonewillseehiswhiteclothing.

ThetrackersthinkthattheyhearsomethingwhentheyhearCoyotitocrying,butdecide

thatitismerelyacoyotepup.Afteratrackershootsinthedirectionofthecries,Kino

attacksthethreetrackers,killingallthreeofthem.Kinocanhearnothingbutthecryof

death,forhesoonrealizesthatCoyotitoisdeadfromthatfirstshot.JuanaandKino

returntoLaPaz.Kinocarriesariflestolenfromtheoneofthetrackershekilled,while

JuanacarriesthedeadCoyotito.Thetwoapproachthegulf,andKino,whonowsees

theimageofCoyotitowithhisheadblownoffinthepearl,throwsitintotheocean.

9.ThingsILearnedFromRe-ReadingThePearlTweetIwasareadermilesbeforeI

wasawriter.FromthetimeIlearnedtoread,Iwantedtobemoreinvolvedinbooks.

ThatswhyIbecameawriter.Ialwayslistentowritersspeakaboutthemethodacertain

authorusedorhowtheplotdevelopedinabookorthestyleoftheauthor.Theyread

booksaswriters.Ifindthatsodifficulttodo.Beingalongtimestorylover,Igetlostin

thestoryandcantstoptolookforthepuppetsstrings.Ivealwaysthoughtthestory

wouldbelostformeifIreadabookinthatway.

10.1recentlyfoundahalfpricecopyofThePearlbyJohnSteinbeck.Steinbeckwas

oneofmyfavouriteauthorswhilegrowingup.Hisfocusontheunderclasswithsolittle

choicesandinsurmountableinjusticestofightagainstwasathemeclosetomyheart.I

re-readThePearlandtriedtomaintainmypositionaswriter.Istoppedmyreader/story

lovermindandtriedtosearchforthesecretsMr.Steinbeckmightteachme.IlladmitI

wasnot100%successful.CanyoumaintainthatobjectivedistancewhenKinoand

familyareontherun?Difficult,butItriedmybestandhereiswhatIlearned.

英国文学(EnglishLiterature)

一、OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)

1）TheOldEnglishPeriod/TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod古英语时期（449-1066）

a.paganpoetry（异教诗歌）:Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早的诗歌；长诗（3000行）heroism

&fatalism&Christianqualities

thefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes;aheroicScandinavianepiclegend;

善恶有报

b.religiouspoetry:Caedmon（凯德蒙610-680）:thefirstknownreligiouspoet;the

fatherofEnglishsong

Cynewulf（基涅武甫9C）:TheChrist

c.8thC,Anglo-Saxonprose:VenerableBede（673-735）;AlfredtheGreat（848-901）

2）TheMedievalPeriod中世纪（1066-ca.l485/1500）:

a.Romance中世纪传奇故事（1200-1500）:theMiddleAges;英雄诗歌

无名诗人-SirGawainandtheGreenKnight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》:Celticlegend;

verse-romance;2530lines

〜14thC,AgeofChaucer:

GeoffreyChaucer（乔叟1340-1400）:文风vividandexactlanguage,hispoetryisfull

ofvigorandswiftness

thefatherofEnglishpoetry;thefatherofEnglishfiction;首创“双韵体"；首位用伦

敦方言写作英国作家

TheCanterburyTales:pilgrimsstories受Boccaccio（薄伽丘）-Decameron《十日谈》

启发

TheHouseofFame;TroilusandCriseyde;TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》（译

作）

WilliamLangland（朗兰1332-1400）:TheVisionofPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻

象》：普通人眼中的社会抗议

b.15thC,Englishballads:ThomasMalory（1395-1471）:Morted'Arthur《亚瑟王之

死》-圆桌骑士

二、TheRenaissancePeriod英国文艺复兴（1500-1660）:humanism十四彳方寺，文艺复

兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧

1）诗歌HeyHoward（霍华德1516-1547）

a.ThomasWyatt（怀亚特1503-1542）:thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglish

literature

b.SirPhilipSidney（雪尼爵士1554-1586）:代表了当时的理想-"thecomplete

man"DefenseofPoetry《为诗辩护》

AstrophelandStella;Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》：aproseromancefilledwithlyrics;a

forerunnerofthemodernworldc.EdmundSpenser（斯宾塞1552-1599）:thepoets'

poet;non-dramaticpoetof伊丽莎白时代-longallegoricalromance文风:aperfect

melody,araresenseofbeautyandasplendidimagination.TheShepherdCalendar

TheFaerieQueen《仙后》JongpoemforQueenEizabeth;Allegory-nine-lineverse

stanza/theSpenserianStanza

SpenserianStanza（斯宾塞诗体）：Ninelines,thefirsteightlinesisiniambic（抑扬格）

pentameter（五步诗），

andtheninthlineisaniambichexameter（六步诗）line.

2）Prose散文

a.ThomasMore（莫尔1478-1535）:欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》：

More与海员的对话

b.JohnLyly（黎里1553-160,剧作家&小说家）:Eupheus

Euphuism（夸饰文体）：Abundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterations（头韵）and

otherartificialprosodic（韵律）means.Theuseofoddsimiles（明喻）andcomparisons

c.FrancisBacon（培根1561-1626）:英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期；近代唯物

主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱thetrumpeterofanewage;Essays（论说文集）:Of

Studies,OfLove,OfBeauty:thefirsttrueEnglishproseclassic

3）戏剧

a.ChristopherMarlowe（马洛1564-1593）:UniversityWits大学才子派EdwardII;

TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》

firstmadeblankverse（无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗）theprincipleinstrumentofEnglish

drama

TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写

成；完善了无韵体诗。

TamburlainetheGreat《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王

b.WilliamShakespeare（剧作家&诗人，1564-1616）:154sonnets（十四彳亍诗）+37plays

+longpoems;现实主义创始人16comedies:MerchantofVenice（Shylock;Antonio;

Bassanio;Portia）;TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》

AMid-SummerNightsDream;AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》;TheTwelfthNight;The

ComedyofErrors;

MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》；TheWinter1sTale《冬天的故事》;AllisWell

thatEndsWell《终成眷属》

11tragedies:RomeoandJuliet;Hamlet;Macbeth《麦克白》;TheTempest《暴风雨》

Othello:aheroOthellovs.badmanIago;VeniceandCyprus

KingLear:BritishKing;greatestachievement;mostcomplexinplotandmost

painful

10historicalplays:HeyIV;HeyV

c.BenJonson（琼生1562-1637诗人&剧作家&批评家）:ComedyofHumors;Volpone

《狐狸》；TheAlchemist《炼金术土》

三、17世纪文学

1）LiteratureoftheRevolutionPeriod（AgeofMilton）资产阶级革命时期:poetry

（Metaphysical玄学派+Cavalier骑士派）a.JohnDonne侈恩1572-1631）:玄学派创始人;A

Valediction:ForbiddingMourning《临别辞:莫悲伤》

文风:obscene,vulgarandseriousphilosophicalthinking-theconflictbetween

bodyandsoul

TheHolySonnets;TheFlea;GoandCatc