专题体裁“解构”说明文四大篇章结构破题技巧（培优讲义）(原卷版)

专题12体裁“解构”说明文四大篇章结构破题技巧目录第一部分考情精析锁定靶心高效备考第二部分重难考点深解深度溯源扫清盲区【考点01】现象解释型说明文（结构：现象/发现>多角度/多层次解释>意义/展望）【考点02】问题解决型说明文（结构：提出问题>分析原因/影响>提出解决方案/评价）【考点03】观点对比型说明文（结构：引出话题>呈现不同观点/研究>比较分析>结论/展望）【考点04】事物介绍/过程描述型说明文（结构：总述事物/过程>分述特点/步骤>归纳总结）第三部分解题思维优化典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固【题型01】主旨大意题（宏观结构把握）【题型02】写作目的题（宏观功能判断） 【题型03】篇章结构题（脉络梳理能力）核心考向聚焦核心价值：说明文是高考阅读理解中占比最高（约60%以上）、题型最稳定的体裁。掌握其四大典型篇章结构，能帮助学生快速把握文章脉络、精准定位信息、高效破解主旨、目的、结构等高阶题型，实现从“读得懂”到“做得对”的跃升。关键能力与思维瓶颈关键能力：本专题重点考查•宏观结构识别能力（判断文章属于现象解释/问题解决/观点对比/事物介绍）•段落功能分析能力（区分总起、分述、转折、例证、结论等）•逻辑信号敏感度（识别however,forexample,incontrast,asaresult等衔接词）•主旨抽象概括能力（从细节中提炼核心观点）。培优瓶颈：•混淆“细节支撑”与“主旨核心”，误选以偏概全选项；•忽视尾段“转折—展望”功能，错判作者态度；•对复合结构（如“问题+对比+对策”）缺乏整体把握，碎片化理解文本。命题前瞻与备考策略预测：•高考将继续以“科技+生态+心理+文化”为说明文主题热点；•主旨题、目的题、推断题将更强调结构化思维，要求学生基于篇章框架而非局部信息作答；•出现更多“双题联动”设计（如先考结构，再考主旨），考查综合解读能力。策略：1.

结构先行：训练学生30秒内判断文章所属四大结构类型；2.

标注段功：用T（总）、F（分）、C（对比）、S（总结）、P（问题）、Sol（方案）等符号快速标注段落功能；3.

首尾聚焦：90%的主旨/目的题答案线索藏于首段引入句或尾段结论句；4.

选项反推：用“是否覆盖全文主干”“是否匹配结构重心”排除干扰项。

考点01现象解释型说明文现象解释型说明文是高考中最常见的类型之一，旨在对某一自然、社会或科技现象进行客观陈述，并从多角度阐释其成因、机制或影响。结构范式：现象陈述→多维阐释→意义归纳先呈现某一自然/社会现象（如奇怪现象、反常情况、科学现象），再通过科学原理、数据或案例解释现象产生的原因，最终明确现象本质，对应“现象→原因→本质”的逻辑链。引出现象：开篇呈现一个具体、新颖或具有普遍关注度的现象（如环境变化、行为趋势、科学发现等）；多维解释：从科学原理、社会背景、数据支撑、历史演变等不同层面分析现象产生的原因或运行机制；意义或展望：指出该现象的现实意义、潜在影响或未来研究/应对方向。识别标志：高频使用“why”“how”“dueto”“asaresult”“researchshows”等因果或解释性语言；段落逻辑呈“总—分—总”或“现象—分析”递进式。如何快速判断？that...that...that...Studiesshowthat...,Itisamonphenomenonthat...,Recently,thereisatrendthat...看段落主题句：​主体段落常以Onereasonis...,Anotherfactorliesin...等开头。

考点02问题解决型说明文问题解决型说明文有强烈的实用导向，围绕一个具体问题展开，探讨解决方案。结构范式：问题界定→成因剖析→方案构建先明确某一现实问题（如环境问题、社会问题、技术难题），再提出具体解决方案（政策、技术、方法等），最后说明方案的效果、局限性或进一步建议，对应“问题→措施→结果/展望”的逻辑链。提出问题：明确指出某一亟待解决的困境、挑战或负面现象（如资源短缺、健康隐患、技术瓶颈等）；分析影响与成因：阐述问题带来的后果及其深层原因，增强解决必要性；提出并评估方案：介绍一种或多种解决方案，并可能附带对其可行性、效果或局限性的客观评价。识别标志：常见“problem”“challenge”“solution”“approach”“address”“mitigate”等关键词；结构清晰体现“问题—分析—对策”逻辑链。

考点03观点对比型说明文观点对比型说明文围绕某一争议性话题，客观呈现不同立场、研究结论或理论观点，并进行比较分析。结构范式：议题导入→观点呈现→比较综合→立场表明围绕同一话题（如技术应用、社会现象），呈现两种或多种对立/差异观点，分别通过数据、案例、理论支撑各观点，最终可能隐含作者倾向或留待读者判断，对应“话题引入→观点1+论据→观点2+论据→总结”的逻辑链。引出议题：提出一个存在分歧或多元解读的话题（如技术伦理、教育方式、生活方式选择等）；呈现多方观点：依次介绍两种或以上代表性立场，常引用专家、研究机构或公众意见；比较与综合：分析各观点的依据、优势与不足，最终给出平衡性结论或未来展望。识别标志：频繁使用“someargue…whileothersbelieve…”“incontrast”“however”“ontheonehand…ontheotherhand”等对比连接词；作者通常保持中立，重在呈现而非评判。

考点04事物介绍/过程描述型说明文系统介绍某一事物的属性、构成、功能，或详述某一过程的操作步骤与原理。事物介绍：围绕某一具体事物（如技术产品、自然物种、文化现象），介绍其定义、特征、分类、功能、价值等，逻辑多为“总述→分点展开”。过程描述：围绕某一操作流程（如实验步骤、制作方法、技术原理），按时间或逻辑顺序说明“怎么做”，常伴随具体数据或注意事项。结构范式：总体定义→分层说明→综合总结总体概述：对事物或过程进行定义、定位或整体描述；分项说明：按空间顺序、时间顺序或逻辑类别，逐一介绍组成部分、特征、步骤或操作要点；归纳总结：重申其价值、应用范围或注意事项。识别标志：多用“consistof”“include”“first,then,finally”“characterizedby”“feature”等描述性语言；行文客观、条理清晰，无明显情感倾向或论证意图。

题型01主旨大意题（宏观结构把握）典｜例｜精｜析典例1【2025浙江1月卷】Anoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIinareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeusedmodularly(模块化).Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrowtogetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf’sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfourseasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.Beautifulyearround,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesinthegentlewindtothesculptureofoddlookingseedheads.Ittakesalotofthoughttolookthisnatural.Whilematrixgardensappearwild,theyarecarefullyplanned,withculturalneedsthefirstconsideration.Ledbytheconceptof“rightplant,rightplace,”theymatchplantsthatenjoythesamesoil,sunandweatherconditions,andarrangethemaccordingtotheirpatternsofgrowth.Thebenefitsaresubstantialforbothgardenerandplanet.Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,thegarden’secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemostgardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.paredtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.31．Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ThefutureofgardeningisWILD． B．NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS.C．MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE. D．OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS.典例2【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicroFarm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpreseededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingleuseplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.典例3【2025浙江1月卷】Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,there’sbeenapushtomakethemgenderless.“Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,”saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleformconnectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaselfdrivingcarknownas“Miuu.”Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers’feelingsofattachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbelesslikelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.Whilegenderingaproductmaybegoodmarketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedorharmfulideasaboutpowerandidentity.Thestereotypesmonlyassociatedwithmen,suchaspetitivenessanddominance,aremorevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.Thesequalities,inturn,aremappedontoproductsthathavebeenassignedagender.Martin’sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject’snamewasmeanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa“he”or“she.”

Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(拟人化)“providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes.”Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningpanies,itreducesnegativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeonstereotypeinconsistentroles—amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,forinstance.35．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Thequalityofgenderlessproducts. B．Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.C．Themeaningofanthropomorphism. D．Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.变｜式｜巩｜固变式1（2025·浙江·一模）Manyofusbelievethatourpetsmakeushealthierandhappier.Whilethereissometruthtothis,thescientificevidenceismoreplexthanitseems.Researchinthefieldofhumananimalinteractionhasproducedmixedresults.Forexample,somestudiesshowthatpetownersarelesslikelytobedepressed,whileothersshowtheopposite.Expertssuggestthisinconsistencymayoccurbecausepeoplewhoalreadyfeellonelyordepressedmightgetapetforfort,thusaffectingthedata.Oneclearerbenefitofdogownershipisincreasedphysicalactivity,thankstodailywalks.Afamous1998studyfoundthatpetownerswhohadsufferedheartattacksweremorelikelytosurvivethefollowingyear.A2019analysisevenshowedadramatic24%lowerriskofdeathfordogowners.However,whenresearchersadjustedforotherfactors,suchastheowners’preexistinghealthandactivitylevels,thisbenefitnearlydisappeared.“You’remorelikelytohaveadogifyou’realreadyactive.”explainsdevelopmentalpsychologistMeganMueller,highlightingthatcorrelationdoesnotequalcausation.Consequently,scientistsarenowlookingbeyondsimpleownership.Theyarefocusingonthequalityoftherelationshipbetweenhumansandtheirpets.“Petsarenotamedicalintervention;they’rearelationship,”saysgerontologistJessicaBibbo.Thelevelofattachmentandemotionalsupportseemstobethetruekeytohealthbenefits.Controlledexperimentssupportthis.A2025studyfoundthatdogownershadlowerstresshormonelevelswhentheirpetswerepresentduringstressfultasks.Inanotherstudy,agroupofolderadultswhoweregivencricketstocareforshowedimprovedmentalhealthparedtoacontrolgroup.Thissuggeststhattheactofcaringitself,notjustthetypeofanimal,canbepowerful.Thesecrettoahealthierlife,itseems,liesnotmerelyinowningapet,butinbuildingastrong,supportivebondwithit.1．Whatdoestheresearchinparagraph2mainlyshowus?A．Healthbenefitsofpetownership. B．Variouscausesforhumanloneliness.C．Strongobjectiontothepreviousbelief. D．Inconsistentresultsofhumanpetstudies.2．Howdoesthewriterillustratepetownershipincreasesphysicalactivities?A．Bylistingexamples. B．Bypresentingfindings.C．Byclarifyingconcepts. D．Bygivingdefinitions.3．WhatcanbeinferredfromJessicaBibbo’sstatement?A．Thevalueofpetsliesinemotionalconnection.B．Medicalinterventionsarelesseffectivethanpets.C．Scientistshaveoverestimatedthebenefitsofpets.D．Petsshouldnotbeusedinanymedicaltreatment.4．What’sthemainideaofthispassage?A．Humanbeingsneedanimalpanionship. B．Petsserveasthebestcureformentalissues.C．Petownershipaloneguaranteesahealthylife.D．Humanpetbondcontributestoowners’wellbeing.变式2（2025·安徽·二模）It’smontoseeabarista(咖啡师)createcoffeeart,butit’sawholedifferentballgamedoingthesamethingwithtea.HanZheminghasmanagedtoperfecttheskill,creatingteaartincups,ordianchainChinese,whichusedtobearitual(仪式)duringtheSongDynasty.Overthepastsixyears,hehasusedteaandspoonstocreatenearly200patternsbasedonancientpaintings.“It’slikeaddingbellsandwhistlestoteaandgivingpeopleastrongersenseofoccasion,sodrinkingteaismorefun,”Hansays.It’salsohisintentiontobringtheoldritualbacktomodernlifeandhavemorepeopleappreciateitscharm.ChineseteaculturestartedtoenjoypopularityduringtheTangDynastyandflourished(繁荣)throughouttheSongDynasty,whenteahadbeeanecessityforalmosteveryone,fromnoblesandscholarstomonpeople,justlikeothernecessaryitems,suchasrice,oilandsalt.IntheSongDynasty,thepopularwayofhavingteawasthroughdiancha.Theprocessbeginswithhotwaterbeingpouredoverfinepowderedtea,creatingapaste.Thenmorehotwaterisslowlyaddedastheteaisconstantlywhisked(搅动)byhandwithabamboostick.Thisactionofpouringhotwateriscalleddian,hencethenamediancha,whichwaslistedasanintangibleculturalheritageofRunzhouDistrict,ZhenjiangCity,JiangsuProvince.HanhasbeenfascinatedbythecultureandartoftheSongDynasty.“MymotherlovestraditionalcultureandIhavebeenleaningtowarditunderherinfluence,”Hansays.Aftergraduatingin2006,hetookgreatdelightindrinkingteagradually.Thisledhimtolearnabouttraditionalteacultureandbuyceramicteasets,especiallythosemadeinthestyleoftheSongDynasty.Whilestudyingthehistoryandtryingtofigureoutthereasonsbehindtheuseofteasets,hecameacrosstheartofdiancha.“Iwasamazedbythiswonderfulwayofdrinkingtea,”Hansays.13．Howdoesthewriterintroducethetopicofdianchainthefirstparagraph?A．Byraisingaquestion. B．Bydefiningaconcept.C．Bymakingaparison. D．Bygivingexamples.14．WhydidHanZhemingmithimselftodiancha?A．Toshowoffhisskillinmakingtea.B．Torevivetheoldritualinmodernlife.C．Toboostteasalesandincreasehisine.D．Tohelphismotherpromotetraditionalculture.15．Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Thespecificprocessofmakingdiancha.B．HanZheming'sexperienceofgrowingtea.C．Thedifferencesbetweendianchaandotherteaceremonies.D．Applicationproceduresforintangibleculturalheritageregistration.16．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．AHistoryofChineseTeaSetsB．ATeaArtRebornfromHistoryC．TheInterestingProceduresforMakingTeaD．TheDifferentTeaCultureThroughDynasties变式3（2526高三上·四川自贡·期中）Millionsoftouriststraveltoparkseachyeartoenjoythebrightcolorsoffall—butecologistssaythefamiliarreds,orangesandyellowsoffallfoliage(叶子)areinglaterintheseason.“InNewEngland,generallythefallfoliagetendstopeakinmidOctober,”saidRichardPrimack,aprofessorofplantecology.“Butbecauseofawarmingclimate,thepeakoffallfoliageistendingtomovefromkindofearlytomiddleOctobertokindofmiddletolateOctober.”Predictingpreciselywhentheleaveswillturnfromgreentored,orangeandyellowinfalldependsinpartonthegeographicarea,thespeciesandtheamountofrainfall,andclimatechangecanlargelydeterminethetiming.Andleavesoftreeswithharmfulinsectswilldropsooner,accordingtoChristyRollinson,aforestecologist.“Brightcolorsareassociatedwithahealthytree,becausesomecolorstakeenergyforthetreetoproduce.”Peakcolorusedtolastforabouttwoweeks,butforcertainspecies,thatperiodmightbebeingmorecondensedashighertemperaturescontinuelateintothefallwhiledaysshortenatthesamerate.Sofuturegenerationsmightjusthavetobereadytotravelatamoment’snoticetocatchapeakperiodinpartsofthecountry.Suchchangescouldaffectthetourismindustrysurroundingleafpeeping(看),accordingtoSarahBlount,aresearcherattheNationalEnvironmentalEducationFoundation.Sheunderscoredhowimportantitistotrytoimprovepeaktimingpredictions.“There’ssomuchmoneyattachedtoit.”shesaid.“Peoplewanttobuyaplanetickettogosomewhereanddon’twanttofindthatitturnsoutthatit’stoolateandalltheleavesaregoneorit’stooearly,sothereisalotoffocusontryingtoimprovetheinformationthatwehaveaboutthat.”5．WhatdoRichard’swordsshow?A．Thelatenessofpeakfallfoliage.B．Therarenessofatrend.C．Theimpactsofclimatechange.D．Themassappealoffallcolors.6．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Visiblesignsoftheingoffall.B．Predictionoffallfoliage’scolorchange.C．Factorsinthetimingofcolorfulfallfoliage.D．Determinantsofthebrightnessofcolors.7．Whichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“condensed”inparagraph3?A．Irregular. B．Important. C．Lengthy. D．Brief.8．WhatdoesSarahBlountimply?A．Thecountryreliesheavilyontourism.B．Predictingpeakfoliagepreciselyisvital.C．Ittakesefforttoprotecttheenvironment.D．Schedulingleafpeepingtripsearlyisbetter.变式4（2025·河北·一模）DesignedbythearchitecturalfirmAnnvil,theGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenisanexperimentalresearchinitiativeaimedatexploringtheplexrelationshipbetweenurbanenvironmentsandgardening.Teamingupwithurbanplanners,designers,andexpertsinenvironmentalandnaturalsciences,thisprojectseekstocastlightontheimpactsofurbansettingsonplantcultivation(栽培).Intermsofitscorevalue,urbanagricultureholdsenormouspotentialinreducingairpollution,managingrunoffeffectively,increasinglandproductivity,andadjustingurbantemperatures.However,uncertaintiesremainregardingthesafetyoffoodproducedinurbangardens.Toaddressthisgap,AnnvilhasbuiltthefirsturbanverticalgardeninRiga,Latvia,servingasaplatformforinterdisciplinaryresearch.Onthelocalpracticefront,theGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenpriseslocallysourcedplants,emphasizingtheimportanceoflocalcultivationandglobalresourceconservation.Byengagingcityresidentsintheprocessofurbangardening,theprojectaimstoencourageconversationsandcultivatepublicinterestinsustainableurbanliving.AnnaBates,theprojectlead,emphasizestheneedtoreconnectwithnatureinthedigitalage,advocatingformoregreenspacesaspublicmeetingareas.Asapilotproject,GUARDENalsoinitiatesaprehensivescientificinquiryintourbanagriculture.Throughlaboratoryanalysis,researchersevaluatetheharvest’ssafety,examiningheavymetalpresenceandmicrobiologicalposition.IrinaSivicka,aprojectresearcher,highlightsthesignificanceofdatadriveninsightsinunderstandingthecorrelationbetweenurbanpollutionandcropsafety.ArchitectIlzeRukmanePočacontributestoprojectdevelopment,ensuringanallroundedapproachtourbangardenrealization.Buildingontheresearchandpracticeabove,thefindingsfromtheGUARDENexperimentwillinformtheestablishmentofurbangardensacrossmajorLatviancities.Byintegratingscientificevidenceintourbanplanning,initiativeslikeGUARDENlaythefoundationforsustainable,healthawareurbanlandscapes.Throughcontinuedresearchandjointefforts,Latviaaimstopromotegreener,healthierurbanenvironmentsforitscitizens.TheGUARDENVerticalUrbanGardenfullypresentstheintersectionofarchitecture,environmentalscience,andmunityengagement,demonstratingLatvia’smitmenttosustainableurbandevelopment.9．WhatistheprimarypurposeoftheGUARDENVerticalUrbanGarden?A．Toshowcasemodernarchitecturaldesign.B．TotestverticalgardenprofitabilityinLatvia.C．Toexploreurbanimpactsonplantcultivation.D．Toreplaceruralagriculturewithurbanfarming.10．WhatcanweknowabouttheGUARDENprojectfromparagraph3?A．ItboostsLatvia’sagriculturalexports.B．Itsolvesglobalairpollutionproblems.C．Itpromotespublicinterestingreenurbanlife.D．Itreducestheneedforurbanplanningexperts.11．Whatisthemainideaofparagraph4?A．Scientificevaluationofurbanfoodsafety.B．munityparticipationinurbangardening.C．ArchitecturaldesignoftheGUARDENproject.D．Challengesofmaintainingurbanverticalgardens.12．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheGUARDENproject?A．Neutral. B．Reserved. C．Approving. D．Critical.

题型02写作目的题（宏观功能判断）典｜例｜精｜析典例1【2025全国一卷】MicroplasticshavebeeamonsourceofpollutionacrosstheEarth—theyhavesettledinthedeepseaandontheHimalayas,stuckinsidevolcanicrocks,filledthestomachsofseabirdsandevenfalleninfreshAntarcticsnow.Theyareevenappearinginsidehumans.Now,newresearchsuggeststhatasimple,cheapmeasuremaysignificantlyreducethelevelofmicroplasticsinwaterfromyourtap(水龙头):boilingandfiltering(过滤)it.InastudypublishedWednesdayinEnvironmentalScience&TechnologyLetters,researchersfromChinafoundthatboilingtapwaterforjustfiveminutes—thenfilteringitafteritcools—couldremoveatleast80percentofitsmicroplastics.Crucially,thisprocessreliesonthewatercontainingenoughcalciumcarbonate(碳酸钙)totraptheplastics.Inthestudy,boilinghardwatercontaining300milligramsofcalciumcarbonateledtoanalmost90percentdropinplastics.Butinsampleswithlessthan60milligramsofcalciumcarbonate,boilingreducedthelevelofplasticsbyjust25percent.Additionally,theresearchdidn’tincludealltypesofplastics.Theteamfocusedonlyonthreemontypes—polystyrene,polyethyleneandpolypropylene—andtheydidn’tstudyotherchemicalspreviouslyfoundinwatersuchasvinylchloride.Still,thefindingsshowapotentialpathforwardforreducingmicroplasticexposure—ataskthat’sbeingincreasinglydifficult.Evenbottledwater,scientistsfoundearlierthisyear,contains10to1,000timesmoremicroplasticsthanoriginallythought.Scientistsarestilltryingtodeterminehowharmfulmicroplasticsare—butwhattheydoknowhasraisedconcerns.Thenewstudysuggestsboilingtapwatercouldbeatooltolimitintake.“Thewaytheydemonstratedhowmicroplasticsweretrappedthroughtheboilingprocesswasnice,”CarolineGauchotteLindsay,anenvironmentalengineeroftheUniversityofGlasgowinScotlandwhowasnotinvolvedintheresearch,tellsNewScientist.“Weshouldbelookingintoupgradingdrinkingwatertreatmentplantssotheyremovemicroplastics.”34．Whatdoestheauthortrytoillustratebymentioningbottledwaterinparagraph4?A．Theimportanceofplasticrecycling. B．Theseverityofthemicroplasticproblem.C．Thedangerinoverusingpurewater. D．Thedifficultyintreatingpollutedwater.典例2【2025北京卷】Thecallto“knowyourself”hasbeentheresinceancienttimes,butoursenseofselfdoesn’talwaysmatchwhatothersperceive.Consideringthestorieswetellaboutourselvescanhelpustochangeourmindsforbetter.Formanyyearspsychologistssawidentityasabinationofsomeone’svalues,beliefs,goalsandsocialroles.Then,inthe1980s,BobJohnsoncreatedthelifestorymodelofidentity,inwhichheproposesthat,aswegothroughlife,thesecorefeaturesarebuiltinwithourmemoriestocreateapersonalstorythroughwhichweunderstandourlives.Ourlifestoryissomethingthatstartsingtogetherinourteenageyears,whenwebegintoorganiseourlivesintochaptersaroundkeyeventsorlifechanges,andbegintoseeourselvesasboththecentralcharacterand,toavaryingextent,thestory’sauthor.Peoplewithmoreconsistentstoriestendtohaveastrongersenseofidentity,andtheyfeeltheirlifehasmoremeaning,directionandsenseofpurpose.Suchpeopleshowgreateroveralllifesatisfaction,too.Johnsonhasalsoinvestigatedthelinkbetweenwellbeingandcertainstorythemes.Hediscoveredthatwhethersomeonedescribeshavinghadsomecontrolovereventsintheirpastisanimportantpredictorofaperson’smentalhealth.Anotherkeythemeinvolvesfindingsomekindofpositivemeaningafterstressfulevents.“Peoplecouldtalkaboutgainingknowledgeorpersonalgrowth,”saysJohnson.Hisresearchshowsthatthisisoftenmissingforpeoplewithmentalhealthconditions.Thegoodnewsisthatthereisevidencewecanlearntochangeourownstory.LisaGreen,anotherresearcher,soundsafewnotesofcaution(谨慎).Forinstance,hearingaboutthepowerofredemptive(拯救性的)stories,manypeoplemayfeelforcedtofindapositiveangleonhorribleevents.ShesaysthatWesternculturealreadypushespeopletolookforthesilverliningbehindeverycloud.Ifyouwanttoturnoveranewleaf,though,onetoptipisthatithelpstochooseasignificantdatethatsignalsthestartofanew“chapter”.Contrarytopopulardoubt,resolutionsmadeonIJanuaryaremoreeffectiveforthisreason.So,whetheryourgoalissavingmoneyorgettingfit,thereisnobettertimetobeetheauthorofourowndestiny(命运).33.Whatdoestheauthormainlydointhispassage?A.Clarifyagoal. B.Analyseanevent.C.Makeaparison. D.Illustrateanapproach.34.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Howselfidentityworks. B.Howstorytellersaremade.C.Howpersonalstoriesraisedoubts. D.Howtimingaffectspersonalidentity.变｜式｜巩｜固变式1【2025·云南省保山市摸底】（2025·安徽·二模）ByscanningaQRcodeataservicestation,LiXinpenghadhisparcelsdeliveredbyanunmannedvehicle,thankstothelaunchofthefirstruraldronedeliveryrouteinWuhan,HubeiProvince.Thedroneiscapableofflyingataspeedof70kilometersperhourandcruising(巡航)atanaltitudeof120meters.Operatedbyskilledprofessionals,thepayloadhexacopterdroneboastsanimpressiveonehourflightendurance(耐力)andcancarryasmanyas300to500parcelsatatime.“Sometimesadeliveryjourneywouldhavetakenmeover40minutesonmymotorcycle,”remarkedLiuJianying,apostmanfromtheXinzhoubranchofChinaPostGroup(CPG),addingthatdronedeliveriesarenothinderedbytrafficjamsorotherroadconditions.“Thedroneswillsignificantlyreducetransporttimeandenhancetheefficiencyofparceldistribution,”hesaid.IncollaborationwithCPG,thelocalgovernmentinXinzhoupioneeredWuhan'sfirstruraldronedeliveryroute,whichiscurrentlyundergoingtestflightsacrossthreepilotvillages.ItispredictedtoofficiallylaunchflightoperationsinearlyDecember,withplanstoexpandto13villageswithintheregionuponthesuccessfulpletionofthetrialphase.XinzhoudistrictislocatedintheremoteDabieMountains,featuringvastmountainsandforests.Mostofthevillagesarequitefarapartinthisarea,leadingtoadispersed(分散的)population.Asonlineshoppingexperiencessignificantgrowthandthedemandfordeliverycontinuestorise,thisdronedeliveryrouteisexpectedtobeeanimportantsupplement.“Duringtheinitialstages,thepurchase,maintenanceandoperationcostsofdronesmightberelativelyhigh.Butinthelongterm,asdronesbeewidelyused,