全国托福考试阅读真题题库及参考答案

全国托福考试阅读真题题库及参考答案考试时长：120分钟满分：100分全国托福考试阅读真题题库及参考答案考核对象：托福考试考生题型分值分布：-判断题（10题，每题2分）——总分20分-单选题（10题，每题2分）——总分20分-多选题（10题，每题2分）——总分20分-案例分析（3题，每题6分）——总分18分-论述题（2题，每题11分）——总分22分总分：100分---一、判断题（共10题，每题2分，总分20分）1.ThepassagementionsthatthemainpurposeoftheancientcityofMachuPicchuwasforreligiousceremonies.2.Accordingtothepassage,theIncaEmpiredidnothaveawrittenlanguage.3.TheauthorsuggeststhatthedeclineoftheIncaEmpirewasprimarilyduetoSpanishdiseases.4.ThepassagestatesthatMachuPicchuwasbuiltduringtheheightoftheIncaEmpire.5.TheauthorcomparestheIncaroadsystemtomodernhighways.6.ThepassageindicatesthattheIncasusedquinoaastheirmainsourceoffood.7.TheauthormentionsthatarchaeologistshavefoundevidenceofadvancedagriculturaltechniquesinMachuPicchu.8.ThepassagedescribestheIncasasapeacefulcivilizationwithnomilitaryconflicts.9.TheauthornotesthattheSpanishconquestoftheIncaEmpirewascompletedwithinafewyears.10.ThepassagesuggeststhatMachuPicchuwasabandonedduetoenvironmentalfactors.---二、单选题（共10题，每题2分，总分20分）1.WhatwastheprimarypurposeofMachuPicchuaccordingtothepassage?A.AmilitaryfortressB.AreligiouscenterC.AtradehubD.Aroyalpalace2.HowdidtheIncascommunicateacrosstheirempire?A.ThroughwrittenlettersB.ByusingmessengersonroadsC.ByradiocommunicationD.Throughtelegraphs3.WhatwasthemaincauseoftheIncaEmpire'sdecline?A.CivilwarsB.SpanishdiseasesC.EnvironmentaldisastersD.Economiccollapse4.ThepassagedescribestheIncaroadsystemas:A.NarrowandwindingB.OnlyformilitaryuseC.ConnectedtoallmajorcitiesD.Builtonlyinmountainousregions5.WhatdidtheIncasuseastheirmainsourceoffood?A.RiceB.CornC.QuinoaD.Wheat6.HowdidarchaeologistsdiscoverMachuPicchu?A.ThroughsatelliteimageryB.ByfollowingancientIncatrailsC.DuringamilitaryexpeditionD.Throughalocallegend7.WhatwastheclimatelikeintheregionwhereMachuPicchuwasbuilt?A.TropicalandhumidB.ColdanddryC.WarmandwetD.Mildandtemperate8.ThepassagesuggeststhattheIncas:A.WeretechnologicallyadvancedB.LivedinisolationfromotherculturesC.HadnoknowledgeofastronomyD.Wereprimarilyafishingsociety9.WhatdidtheSpanishbringtotheIncaEmpirethatcontributedtoitsdecline?A.NewfarmingtechniquesB.AdvancedweaponsC.BetterhealthcareD.Economicaid10.HowdidtheIncasadapttotheirmountainousterrain?A.BybuildinglargecitiesinvalleysB.ByusingboatsfortransportationC.ByconstructingterracedfarmsD.Bylivinginundergroundcaves---三、多选题（共10题，每题2分，总分20分）1.WhatfeaturesmadeMachuPicchuasignificantcity?A.ItslocationonamountainpeakB.ItsadvancedarchitectureC.ItsreligiousimportanceD.Itsroleasatradecenter2.WhatdidtheIncasusetheirroadsfor?A.TransportationofgoodsB.MilitarymovementsC.ReligiouspilgrimagesD.Communicationbetweencities3.WhatevidencesupportstheideathattheIncaswereadvancedengineers?A.TheirterracedfarmingtechniquesB.TheirstonemasonrywithoutmortarC.TheiraqueductsystemsD.Theiruseofmetaltools4.WhatchallengesdidarchaeologistsfacewhenstudyingMachuPicchu?A.ThelackofwrittenrecordsB.TheremotelocationC.TheharshclimateD.Thepresenceofmodernsettlements5.WhatdidtheSpanishfindwhentheyarrivedintheIncaEmpire?A.Alarge,organizedempireB.AdvancedcitieswithcomplexinfrastructureC.AsocietywithnowrittenlanguageD.Acivilizationthatwastechnologicallysuperiortotheirown6.WhatdidtheIncasusequinoafor?A.AsaprimaryfoodsourceB.AsamedicinalplantC.AsadecorativecropD.Asatradecommodity7.WhatdidtheauthoremphasizeabouttheIncaroadsystem?A.ItslengthandextentB.ItsusefortradeandcommunicationC.ItsconstructiontechniquesD.Itsimpactonmoderntransportation8.WhatdidtheIncasdotoadapttotheirenvironment?A.BuiltcitiesinmountainousareasB.DevelopedterracedfarmingC.UsedirrigationsystemsD.Relyedonfishingforfood9.WhatdidtheSpanishdoafterconqueringtheIncaEmpire?A.DestroyedmanyIncacitiesB.ForcedtheIncastoadoptSpanishcustomsC.ProtectedIncacultureandtraditionsD.AllowedtheIncastomaintaintheirindependence10.WhatdidtheauthorsuggestaboutthefutureofMachuPicchu?A.ItwouldbepreservedasahistoricalsiteB.ItwouldbedevelopedfortourismC.ItwouldbelosttomodernizationD.Itwouldberebuiltbymodernengineers---四、案例分析（共3题，每题6分，总分18分）1.CaseStudy:TheIncaRoadSystemTheIncaEmpirewasknownforitsextensiveroadnetwork,whichconnecteditsvastterritories.Theroadswerebuilttofacilitatethemovementofpeople,goods,andmessengers.Theywereconstructedusingstoneandgravel,withnomortarusedinthemasonry.Theroadsalsoincludedsuspensionbridgesinsomeareas.Questions:a.WhatwerethemainpurposesoftheIncaroadsystem?b.HowdidtheconstructionoftheroadsdemonstratetheIncas'engineeringskills?c.WhatchallengesmightmodernengineersfaceiftheyweretoreplicatetheIncaroadsystemtoday?2.CaseStudy:MachuPicchu'sDeclineMachuPicchu,acitybuiltbytheIncasinthe15thcentury,wasabandonedaroundthetimeoftheSpanishconquest.Archaeologistsbelievethatthecitywasabandonedduetoacombinationoffactors,includingenvironmentalchangesandtheSpanishinvasion.TheSpanishbroughtdiseasestowhichtheIncashadnoimmunity,leadingtoasignificantpopulationdecline.Questions:a.WhatwerethemainreasonsforthedeclineofMachuPicchu?b.HowdidtheSpanishconquestimpacttheIncaEmpire?c.WhatlessonscanbelearnedfromthedeclineofMachuPicchuabouttheimportanceofculturalpreservation?3.CaseStudy:QuinoaasaStapleCropQuinoawasastaplecropfortheIncasandremainsanimportantfoodsourceinmoderntimes.TheIncasgrewquinoainthehigh-altituderegionsoftheirempire,whereothercropscouldnotthrive.Quinoaisrichinnutrientsandhasahighproteincontent,makingitavaluablefoodsource.Questions:a.WhywasquinoaanimportantcropfortheIncas?b.Howhasquinoabeenusedinmoderntimes?c.Whatarethebenefitsofgrowingquinoainhigh-altituderegions?---五、论述题（共2题，每题11分，总分22分）1.DiscussthesignificanceofMachuPicchuinunderstandingIncacivilization.ProvideexamplesofhowMachuPicchu'sarchitecture,location,andpurposereflecttheInca'sadvancedknowledgeinengineering,religion,andagriculture.2.ExplainhowtheSpanishconquestoftheIncaEmpireimpactedtheregion'scultureandsociety.Discussthelong-termeffectsoftheconquest,includingchangesinpopulation,agriculture,andculturalpractices.---标准答案及解析一、判断题1.√2.×（ThepassagementionsthattheIncashadaquipusystemforrecord-keeping,whichisaformofnon-writtencommunication.）3.√4.√5.×（ThepassagecomparestheIncaroadsystemtoancientRomanroads,notmodernhighways.）6.√7.√8.×（ThepassagementionsthattheIncashadmilitaryconflicts,suchaswarswithneighboringtribes.）9.×（TheSpanishconquesttookabout50yearstocomplete.）10.√二、单选题1.B2.B3.B4.C5.C6.B7.B8.A9.B10.C三、多选题1.A,B,C2.A,B,D3.A,B,C4.A,B,C,D5.A,B,C6.A,B,D7.A,B,C,D8.A,B,C,D9.A,B10.A,B,C四、案例分析1.CaseStudy:TheIncaRoadSystema.Themainpurposesweretransportationofgoods,militarymovements,andcommunicationbetweencities.b.Theroadswerebuiltwithoutmortar,usingprecisestonemasonry,andincludedsuspensionbridges,showingadvancedengineeringskills.c.Modernengineersmightfacechallengessuchasenvironmentalinstability,lackoflocalmaterials,andtheneedforadvancedmachinery.2.CaseStudy:MachuPicchu'sDeclinea.ThemainreasonswereenvironmentalchangesandtheSpanishinvasion,includingdiseases.b.TheSpanishconquestledtothedeclineoftheIncaEmpire,destructionofcities,andforcedadoptionofSpanishcustoms.c.Lessonsincludetheimportanceofculturalpreservationandtheimpactofexternalinvasionsonindigenoussocieties.3.CaseStudy:QuinoaasaStapleCropa.Quinoawasimportantbecauseitwasahigh-nutrient,high-proteincropsuitableforhigh-altitudefarming.b.Inmoderntimes,quinoaisusedasahealthfoodandispopularinvegetarianandvegandiets.c.Benefitsincludeitsabilitytothriveinpoorsoilandhigh-altitudeconditions,makingitaresilientcrop.五、论述题1.DiscussthesignificanceofMachuPicchuinunderstandingIncacivilization.MachuPicchuissignificantbecauseitshowcasestheIncas'advancedengineering,asseeninitsstonemasonryandterracedfarming.