2025-2026学年高二英语上学期第一次月考试卷含答案02

………………○………………外………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○………………○………………外………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○………………○………………内………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○………………此卷只装订不密封………………○………………○………………内………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○………………○………………外………………○………………装………………○………………订………………○………………线………………○…学校：______________姓名：_____________班级：_______________考号：______________________试题第=PAGE6*2-111页（共=SECTIONPAGES7*214页）试题第=PAGE6*212页（共=SECTIONPAGES7*214页）试题第=PAGE7*2-113页（共=SECTIONPAGES7*214页）试题第=PAGE7*214页（共=SECTIONPAGES7*214页）2025-2026学年高二英语上学期第一次月考卷02（江苏专用）（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）考生注意：1．答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试题卷和答题纸规定的位置上。2.答题时，请按照答题纸上“注意事项”的要求，在答题纸相应的位置上规范作答，在本试题卷上的作答一律无效。3．难度系数：0.65。4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，请先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1．Howdoesthewomanfeelaboutthetigers?A．Frightened. B．Sympathetic. C．Familiar.2．Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A．Atarestaurant. B．Atatheatre. C．Atastore.3．Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A．Classmates. B．Parentandchild. C．Teacherandstudent.4．Whatdoesthewomanthinkofbuildingaschoolnow?A．Itisgoodtimingtobuildit.B．Itshouldhavebeenbuiltearlier.C．Shedoubtstheeffectoftheplan.5．Whydoesthemanlikethefashionshow?A．It’sfashionable. B．It’screative. C．It’soutofdate.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。6．Whatisthewomanprobably?A．Astudent. B．Acoach. C．Abasketballplayer.7．Whendidthegamebegin?A．5minutesago. B．7minutesago. C．10minutesago.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。8．Whoisthemanprobably?A．Abankclerk. B．Afarmer. C．Ateacher.9．WhatdidthewomandoinSouthAfrica?A．Sheprotectedwildlife. B．Shecampedintheforest. C．Sheworkedinazoo.10．Whatdoesthewomansayabouttheexperience?A．Itischallenging. B．Itisrewarding. C．Itisexciting.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。11．WhatmainlymadethemanhesitatetovisittheWhiteHouse?A．Lackofinterest.B．Thetightsecurity.C．Thehistoricalatmosphere.12．Howdidthewomangetthetourinformation?A．Fromthewebsite. B．Fromthelocalpaper. C．Fromthetravelguide.13．Wherearethespeakersprobablynow?A．IntheWhiteHouse. B．Inadininghall. C．Atanairport.14．Whatisthemanlike?A．Serious. B．Humorous. C．Careful.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。15．Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A．Atripplan. B．Acookingcourse. C．Abirthdayparty.16．Wherewillthespeakersmeet?A．Atthesupermarket. B．Intherestaurant. C．Attheyouthclub.17．Whatwillthemandonext?A．Makesandwiches. B．Contacthismom. C．Findablanket.听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。18．HowmanybooksdidEricCarlecreateforchildren?A．Lessthan55. B．Over70. C．Almost90.19．Whichbookisthemostfamousone?A．TheGrouchyLadybug.B．TheMixed-UpChameleon.C．TheVeryHungryCaterpillar.20．WhydidEricCarlewrite?A．Tomakeschoolafunandwelcomingplace.B．Tohelpchildrengetinspiration.C．Tooffermaterialstoteachers.第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。AYouthSportsCoachYouthSports&Fitnessisseekingvolunteercoachesforyouthsoccerleaguesandthetrack&fieldprogram.DesiredQualificationsBasicknowledgeofsoccerandrunningisrequired.Applicantsmustberesponsible,trustworthy,andwillingtoputforthagoodeffort.Specificeducationalbackgroundsorpriorexperienceisnotamust.Andphysicalconditionshouldbesufficienttoengageinsoccer-relatedactivities,butexcellentathleticismisnotnecessary.ApplicationPleasedownload,completeandsubmitthefollowingtoemccaslin@.Ifyouhavequestions,contactErinviae-mailorphoneat425-452-4627.★VolunteerApplication:pleaseincludethenameoftheleagueorprogramforwhichyouwouldliketovolunteer.★BackgroundChecks:pleaseincludethefollowinginformationinyourapplicationemailsowecanrunabackgroundcheckthroughEmployersChoiceScreening.(Yourfullname/Yourcellphonenumber/Youre-mailaddress/Awaiverofliability(免责声明))PS:Iftheapplicantisunder18,aparentmustsignonyourwaiverofliability.SelectionProcedures★Applicationpaperworkisprocessed.★Applicantsselectedwillbeinformedviae-mailfollowingaclearedbackgroundcheck.★Selectedapplicantswillreceiveon-sitetraining.21．WhatfeaturesofapplicantsdoesYouthSports&Fitnessfindvaluable?A．Richcoachingexperience. B．Majoringinsports.C．Astrongsenseofresponsibility. D．Excellentphysicalfitness.22．Whatmustapplicantsprovideintheirapplication?A．Thecontactinformation. B．Thecoachingcertification.C．Aletterofrecommendation. D．Awaiverofliabilitysignedbyaparent.23．Howcanapplicantslearnaboutthelatestapplicationresult?A．Bycontactingtheclub. B．Bycheckingtheiremail.C．Byphoningat425-452-4627. D．Byvisitingemccaslin@.BEversincemydaughterGabiwasjustayoungchild,shehasbeencuriousabouttheworldaroundher,alwaysreadytoask“why”and“how”questions.Ithoughtitcouldbefuntotalktomydaughteraboutfemalescientists.Idiscoveredtherewasascientist,AdaLovelace.Shehadaloveformathematicsandabeliefthatcomputerscanbeusedtofinishmanytaskshumansdo.ItoldGabiaboutLovelace'scontributionstothefieldandtheimpactshehadonmeasascientistandmathematician.Today,computersaresuchanessentialpartofourdailylives;wecan’timaginelivingwithoutthem.Theideathatcomputerscangobeyondjustcalculatingnumbersandperformanyabstractoperationisthephenomenonofourtechnology.However,noteveryoneknowsthatthisideadatesbacktolongbeforethefirstprogrammable,general-purposedigitalcomputerwasintroducedinthe1940s.Thisconceptgoesbacktothe1800s,thankstoLoveluce,apioneerinmathematicsandcomputing,whowasrecognizedasthefirstcomputerprogrammer.Lovelacealsoheldherbeliefthatwhilecomputershadendlesspotential,theycouldnotbetrulyintelligent.ShearguedthatAIcan’tcreateanythingoriginalwithoutlearningfromhumaninput.ThisisstilltruetodayasAIbecomesincreasinglycommoninoureverydaylives.WhileChatGPTandsimilarAItoolsmayseemtohavea“mind”oftheirown,thosetoolsaresimplyparrotinghuman-generatedcontentontheinternet.Lovelacewasanincrediblyintelligentwoman,whocontributedsomuchtomathematicsandcomputerscience.Herenthusiasmanddeterminationledhertolookfurtherandsearchdeeper.IhopeLoyelacewillinspiremydaughterandotheryounggirlstoconsiderfollowinginherfootsteps.24．WhatcanbelearnedaboutGabi?A．ShehasgreatadmirationforLovelace. B．Shehasadreamofbecomingascientist.C．Sheshowsstrongcuriosityabouttheworld. D．Shebelievescomputersareassmartashumans.25．Whatdoestheauthorstressinparagraph2?A．Theinventionofcomputers. B．Lovelace’scontributiontoscience.C．Thedevelopmentoftechnology. D．Lovelace’seducationbackground.26．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“parroting”inparagraph3mean?A．Repeating. B．Creating. C．Appreciating. D．Imagining.27．What’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthetext?A．Toshowherinterestinscience. B．Toexplainthesignificanceofcomputers.C．Toprovideanexampleforgirlstofollow. D．Todemonstratethedisadvantageofcomputers.CSomepeoplearelikehumancompasses,magicallynavigatingcitystreetstoarriveatfrontdoorshiddeninbackalleys（巷子).Theycanstepoutofanundergroundsubwaystationandimmediatelyknowwhichwaytowalk.However,othersareupsetwithoutmaps.Whenthepowergoesout,thesepeoplewanderblindly,stoppingtoaskfordirectionsleftandright.It’sembarrassingwhenyoucan’tfindyourway,butitmaynotbeyourfault.Blameyourhometown,saysarecentpaperinNature.Accordingtoresearchers,peoplewhosechildhoodenvironmentsdemandedmoreintelligentspatialnavigation,unsurprisingly,arebetteratitasadults.Specifically,thosewhogrewupincitieswithgrid-like(网格状的)patternsarelessskilledthanthosewhogrewupinthecountryandhadtofindtheirhousebydrivingpastthefirstthreeforksintheroad,turningrightatthehaybale,andthenleftatthesecondbigrock.ResearcherscametothisconclusionbystudyingplayersofthemobilegameSeaHeroQuest,whichwasdesignedasadatafeederforunderstandingdementia(痴呆),whichattackspeople’snavigationskills.Thegame’splotrequiresplayerstovoyageacrossvirtualseastolocatehiddendestinations,puttingway-findingtothetestalongtheway.Asitturnsout,forthenearly400,000playersacross38countriessurveyed,performanceappearedtobeinfluencedbytheirhometown,evenafterresearcherscontrolledforconfoundingfactorsofage,educationandgender.Hometownswererankedbyentropy（熵）ofstreetnetworks,whereruralvillageswithrandom,disorderedlayoutshavehigherentropy.Peoplecomingfromgrid-layoutcities—likeNewYorkorChicago—wereworseattheway-findingtask,whilepeoplefromcitieswithorganicandlessorderlylayouts—likePrague—performedalmostaswellasthosefromruralareas.Butifyou’re,say,aNewYorkerfrombirth,youcanstillbea“cityhero”.AmetropolitanversionofSeaHeroQuestcalledCityHeroQuesthasbeendevelopedtotrainandassistyou.28．Howdoestheauthordevelopparagraph1?A．Bydoingacontrast.B．Bylistinganexample.C．Byconductingaresearch.D．Byexplainingaphenomenon.29．Whatcanyoulearnaboutpeoplebroughtupinruralarea?A．Theyaremoreintelligentatmaps.B．Theirskilltolocatetherouteispoor.C．Theytendtohavesuperiorcapabilityofnavigation.D．Theirnurserysurroundingsrequirelessspatialnavigation.30．WhomightperformbestinSeaHeroQuest?A．ANewYorkerfrombirth.B．ApolicemanfromChicago.C．Atourguidefromorderedlayoutarea.D．Amalestudentfromrandomlayoutarea.31．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．Thesurroundingsyouliveinreallycounts.B．Livingstylediffersinurbanandruralareas.C．Mobilegamesdevelopyournavigationskills.D．Hometownsmightdecideyournavigationskills.DHaveyoueverwalkedintoaroomandforgottenwhyyouwentthere,orbeenabouttospeakbutsuddenlyrealizedyouhadnoideawhatyouweregoingtosay?Thehumanbrainnormallybalancescountlessinputs,thoughtsandactions,butsometimes,itseemstoshort-circuit(短路).Sowhatreallyhappens?Understandingwhyweforgetfirstrequiresustoteardownthemythaboutmemory.“Itisgenerallybelievedthatmemoryisjustonething,”saidSusanneJaeggi,aprofessorofpsychology.“Indeed,thereareverydifferentcomponentsofmemory,andthey’realsorelatedtodifferentcognitive(认知的)processes.”Therearetwodifferenttypesofmemory:long-termandworkingmemory.Theformerisabroadcategoryofmemoriesthatinvolveexperienceandskillsstoredinthebrainforextendedperiods.Ontheotherhand,thoughtsinworkingmemoryareonlypresentforabriefperiod.“Workingmemoryislikethesketchpad(速写本)ofconsciousthought,”saidEarlK.Miller,aprofessorofneuroscienceatMIT.“Everypieceofnewinformation,innerdialogueandsensoryinputisroutedthroughworkingmemoryandcertaincharacteristicsofworkingmemoryexplainwhyweforgetthosethoughts.”First,psychologistsestimatethatpeoplecanholdonlyaboutfourtoseven“chunks”(块)ofinformation—suchasletters,digits,wordsorphrases—intheirworkingmemoryatatime.Ratherthanbeingawareofallofthese“chunks”allatonce,thebrainbouncesaroundfromoneideatoanother,makingitmorelikelytoforgetone.Second,thebrainquicklywipesoutunimportantthingsfromworkingmemorytomakeroomfornewinformation.Sounlessthoseshort-termmemoriesaretransferredintolong-termmemories(aprocesscalledconsolidation),they’llsoondisappear.Butforthosewhoregularlystrugglewiththoughtsslippingtheirmind,JaeggiandMillerhavesomewordstosay.Inthefirstplace,Millersaysmultitaskingmakesforgettingmorelikely.Jaeggimentionsifyouwalkintoaroomandforgetwhyyouwentinthere,gobackintotheroomyouwerebefore.Thecontextcluesmightgivethebraintheextraboostitneedstoreachbackafewsecondsinworkingmemoryandbringbackthethoughtthat’salreadygone.32．Whatcanbelearntabouthumanbrainsfromparagraph1?A．Theycanbecomeeasilyoverloaded.B．Theyexperienceoccasionalmemoryslips.C．Theyaresensitivetoashortcircuitcondition.D．Theyfrequentlyswitchbetweendifferenttasks.33．WhatroledoesworkingmemoryserveasaccordingtoEarlK.Miller?A．Astrategyformakingmultitaskingbrains.B．Aplaceforrecordingexperienceandskills.C．Ashort-termspaceforprocessinginformation.D．Atoolforincreasingtheamountofsensoryinput.34．WhatisJaeggi’ssuggestionforrecoveringalostthought?A．Settingareminderaheadoftime.B．Centeringonthenewtaskathand.C．Returningtothepreviouscontext.D．Visualizingthethoughtinyourmind.35．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheSecretofMemoryLossB．CognitiveProcessesinLearningC．Multitasking’sImpactonMemoryD．TheImportanceofWorkingMemory第二节（共5小题：每小题2.5分,满分12.5分）阅读短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Whenmeetingsomeoneforthefirsttime,whowon’tknowyouhabituallyfrownifyou’reconcentrating,youwillbemisunderstood.36Herearefourmore.Ignorethecontext37Dependingonthecontext,thesamenonverbalsignalscantakeontotallydifferentmeanings.Peoplecan’treallyunderstandsomeone’snonverbalmessageunlesstheyunderstandthecircumstancesbehindit.Ifyouyawninastaffmeetingbecauseyouwereupearlyforaninternationalbusinesscall—letpeopleknowwhyyou’retired.FindmeaninginasinglegesturePeopleoftentrytoevaluateyourstateofmindbymonitoringyourbodylanguage.Buttheytakemorenoticeofanysinglesignthatindicatesyou’reinabadmoodandnottobeapproached.38Sowhenyouarestandingwithyourarmsfoldedforyourcomfort,othersmayjudgeyourbodylanguageasresistantandunapproachable.Evaluateyouthroughthebiases(偏见)Aneighbourlikesmefromthemomentwemet.Beforelong.Iknowit’sbecauseIresembleherfavoriteaunt.That’showbiasescanwork—theso-called“haloeffect.”Butbiasescanalsoworkagainstyou.Whatifyouremindpeopleofsomeonetheydislike?Inthatcase,theiroriginalresponsetoyouwouldn’tbeagoodone.39CompareyourbehaviorwiththeircultureMostofculture’svaluesareabsorbedunconsciouslyatanearlyage.Suchvaluesaffecthowpeoplethinkandact,andmoreimportantly,thekindofcriteriabywhichpeoplejudgeothers.40Forinstance,people’sgreetings,handgesturesetc.varywithcultures.Therefore,therearemanymistakespeoplemakewhenreadingyourbodylanguage.Under-standingthem,andtryingnottomakethesamemistakes,willhelpyoudisplaynonverbalability.A．Nonverbalsignalsareverycommoninourdailylife.B．Theywouldevenlookforyourbehaviorthatconfirmedthisbias.C．Whattheydidn’trealizewasthat,forthisindividual,itwasanormalbehavior.D．Infact,peopleeasilymakemistakesreadingandreactingtoothers’bodylanguage.E．What’sproperandcorrectinoneculturemaybeineffectiveorevenrudeinanother.F．Besides,theyoftenassignmeaningtonegativemessagesthanitdoestopositiveones.G．Contextincludeslocations,relationships,time,experience,andevenroomtemperature.第三部分语言运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共15小题：每小题1分，满分15分）阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Perhapsyou’veheardtheoldsaying“curiositykilledthecat.”It’saphrasethat’softenusedto41people—especiallychildren—nottoasktoomanyquestions.Yetit’swidelyagreedthat42actuallymakeslearningmoreenjoyableandeffective.43,researchhasshownthatcuriosityisjustasimportantasintelligencein44howwellstudentsdoinschool.Curiosityalso45ustoembraceunfamiliarcircumstances,bringsexcitementintoourlives,andopensupnewpossibilities.Beingcuriousrequiresustobebothhumbleenoughtoknowwedon’thavealltheanswers,andbraveenoughto46it.Askingthequestionsthathelpus47thegapbetweenwhatwealreadyknowandwhatwe’dliketoknowcanleadustomakeunexpecteddiscoveries.Inscience,basiccuriosity-drivenresearch—conductedwithoutpressuretoproduceimmediatepracticalresults—canhave48andincrediblyimportantbenefits.49,onedayin1831,MichaelFaradaywasplayingaroundwithacoil(线圈)andamagnet(磁铁)50hesuddenlysawhowhecouldgenerateanelectricalcurrent.Atfirst,itwasn’tclearwhatusethiswouldhave,butitactuallymade51availableforuseintechnology,andsochangedtheworld.Unsurprisingly,therearechemicalandevolutionarytheoriesto52whyhumansaresuchcuriouscreatures.Whenwebecomecurious,ourbrains53achemicalcalleddopamine(多巴胺),whichmakestheprocessoflearningmorepleasurableandimprovesmemory.Itisstillnotknownwhylearninggivesussuch54,butonetheoryisthatwemayhavedevelopedabasicneedtofightuncertainty—themoreweunderstandabouttheworldaroundus,themore55wearetosurviveitsmanydangers!41．A．warn B．scold C．beg D．order42．A．creativity B．intelligence C．curiosity D．imagination43．A．Asaresult B．Inturn C．Inaddition D．Infact44．A．checking B．determining C．discovering D．describing45．A．allows B．requires C．convinces D．reminds46．A．know B．deny C．admit D．report47．A．ignore B．narrow C．widen D．identify48．A．unfamiliar B．unnecessary C．unexpected D．uncertain49．A．Forexample B．Inreturn C．Foronething D．Asaconsequence50．A．then B．as C．while D．when51．A．fuel B．electricity C．magnet D．energy52．A．examine B．indicate C．explain D．evaluate53．A．release B．reduce C．reproduce D．refresh54．A．comfort B．pleasure C．relaxation D．pain55．A．impossible B．potential C．definite D．likely第二节（共10小题：每小题1.5分,满分15分）阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Wespendamajorpart—aboutone-third—ofourlivessleeping.Duringthistime,ourbodygrowsstrongerandourbrain56(get)torest.Humansneeddifferentamountsofsleepatdifferent57(stage)oflife.Childrenusuallyneedmoresleep,58(compare)toadults,becausetheyarestillgrowing.Olderpeopleneedtosleepfor59(short)periodsoftimethantheyoung.60(general）,mostindividualsneedseventoeighthoursofsleepanight.Alotofpeople,however,don’tgetenoughsleep.Manyof61(we)areunderalotofpressurebecauseofthebusynatureofmodernlife.Thiscausesproblemsforthepartofthebrain62controlsourfeelings.Forexample,63enoughsleep,webecomeangryorworriedeasily.Ifyouhavetroublesleeping,youshouldprepareforyoursleepbytaking64warmshower,listeningtomusic,ordrinkingwarmmilk.Milkcontainsmelatonin(褪黑素）,whichcausesus65(feel)sleepy.第四部分写作（共两节,满分40分）第一节（满分15分）66．假定你是李华，你校将举办音乐节。请写封邮件邀请你的英国朋友Allen参加。内容包括：1.时间；

2.活动安排；3.欢迎他表演节目。注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡相应位置作答。DearAllen,___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Lookingforwardtoyourearlyreply!Bestwishes.Yours,LiHua第二节（满分25分）67．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。DaveandBendecidedtogocampingatthefootofamountainonasunnySunday.Theywereexcitedabouttheadventureandpackedtheirtents,sleepingbags,clothes,drinksandsomefood.Davewasanexperiencedcamper,alwayswell-preparedforanysituationthatmightariseduringhisoutdooradventures.Soheputatorch,awhistleandacompassinhisbag.Theybegantheirgreatadventureearlyinthemorning.Afteralongwalk,theyarrivedatthecampsitewhichwasatthefootofabeautifulmountain.Theskywasclear,andtheriverbesidetheircampsiteflowedgently.Theysetuptheirtentsandspenttheafternoonexploringtheareaaroundthemountain.Astheeveningapproached,theskystartedtocloudover.Suddenly,itbegantorainheavily.Therainhitthetentswithaloudnoise,andtheriverbegantoriserapidly.DaveandBenwereabitworriedbutthoughtitwouldpasssoon.However,thesituationgotworse.Theheavyraincontinued,andtheriverflooded.Theircampsitewasquicklyfloodedbytheriver,andinthechaos,bothofthemquicklygrabbedtheirbagsandrushedoutofthetents.Thentheygotseparatedandlosttheirway.Benwasinapanic.Hehadtriedtofollowthedirectionoftheriver,thinkingitmightleadhimtoafamiliararea.Butthefloodhadchangedthelandscape,andhecompletelylosthisway.HekeptcallingoutforDave,fearanddesperationfloodingoverhim.Meanwhile,Davewasscaredbuttriedtostaycalm.HelookedaroundforanysignsofBenorawayout.Thesurroundingareawasnowamuddymess,andthewaterwasstillrising.HeshoutedforBenbuttherewasnoreply.Hedecidedtomovehigherupthemountain,hopingtofindasaferplaceandmaybeabetterviewtolookforBen.AsDaveclimbedhigher,hefinallyfoundasmallcavethatwasrelativelydry.Hesatdownonthegroundtocatchhisbreath,thinkingaboutwhattodonext._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Atthatmoment,Daveheardsomefootstepsinthedistance.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________