第01讲 句子成分与基本句子结构（寒假复习讲义）（原卷版）2026年高一英语寒假自学课（人教版）

19/21第01讲句子成分与基本句子结构（寒假复习讲义）考点聚焦：归纳核心考点&中考/高考考点，有的放矢重点速记：重难点梳理，查漏补缺，即时巩固复习提升：真题感知&综合提升专练，全面突破一、句子成分思维导图二、句子结构思维导图重点01句子成分知识精讲一、英语句子的基础构成:主干+修饰英语句子的核心是主干成分,是句子表达的核心意思;剩下的是修饰成分,用于补充细节,让句子更丰富。二、主干成分（必须掌握，是理解长难句的基础）1.主语（Subject）定义及作用：是句子的动作发出者/被陈述的对象，一般由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、主语从句来充当例句：Thestudentworkshard.（名词作主语）Heismyteacher.（代词作主语）Readingisagoodhabit.（动名词作主语）【考点再现】：（1）请找出句子“Theflowersinthegardenareverybeautiful.”的主语是什么。______________________（2）指出句子“Playingfootballmakeshimhappy.”中真正的主语是什么。______________________2.谓语（Predicate）定义及作用：是说明主语的动作、状态或者特征的部分，是句子的核心，必须由动词（或动词短语）来充当，分为简单谓语和复合谓语（1）简单谓语：单个动词例句：Shesmiles.（2）复合谓语：情态动词/助动词+实义动词；系动词+表语例句：HecanspeakEnglish.（情态动词+实义动词）例句：Theflowerisbeautiful.（系动词+表语）【考点再现】：（1）Themachinedoesn’twork.A．主语 B．谓语 C．宾语 D．宾补（2）指出句子“Sheissingingasongbeautifully.”中的谓语动词是什么。______________________3.宾语（Object）定义及作用：是动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词或介词的后面，由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句来充当，分为直接宾语和间接宾语（1）直接宾语：动作直接作用的对象（2）间接宾语：动作的接收者（一般是人）例句：Mymothergaveme（间接宾语）abook（直接宾语）.Ienjoyreading.（动名词作宾语）【考点再现】：（1）请指出句子“Heshowedhisfriendshisnewbike.”中的间接宾语和直接宾语分别是什么。______________________（2）找出句子“Theyenjoyplayingbasketball.”中的宾语是什么。______________________4.表语（Predicative）定义及作用：放在系动词后面，用于说明主语的身份、特征、状态，由名词、形容词、代词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、表语从句来充当常见系动词：be动词；感官动词（look/sound/smell/taste/feel）；变化类动词（become/get/turn/grow）；保持类动词（keep/stay/remain）例句：Sheisadoctor.（名词作表语）Thefoodtastesdelicious.（形容词作表语）Mydreamistobeateacher.（不定式作表语）【考点再现】：（1）Talkingtohimisamistake.

划线部分的成分是A．主语 B．表语 C．宾语 D．宾补（2）指出句子“Heseemshappy.”中的表语是什么。______________________三、修饰成分（丰富句子细节，高考长难句中高频出现）1.定语（Attribute）定义及作用：用于修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征、数量等，分为前置定语和后置定语（1）前置定语：放在被修饰词的前面，一般由形容词、代词、数词、名词来充当例句：abeautifulgirl；mybook；threepens（2）后置定语：放在被修饰词的后面，一般由介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句来充当例句：thegirlinred（介词短语作后置定语）thewaytosolvetheproblem（不定式作后置定语）theboystandingthere（现在分词作后置定语）thebookwrittenbyLuXun（过去分词作后置定语）【考点再现】：（1）请找出句子“ThestudentsfromClassTwoareveryactive.”中修饰“students”的定语是什么。______________________（2）指出句子“Ilikethebookwhichhasmanypictures.”中修饰“book”的定语是什么。______________________2.状语（Adverbial）定义及作用：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子，说明动作的时间、地点、原因、方式、目的、结果、条件、让步等，由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句来充当例句：Herunsquickly.（副词作方式状语）Wewillhaveatripnextweek.（名词短语作时间状语）【考点再现】：（1）Ihaveofferedtopaintthehouseinexchangeforaweek’saccommodation.A．宾语 B．状语 C．表语（2）Wehadchemistryinthenewlybuiltlab.画横线的部分在句子中作_______成分。A．宾语 B．状语 C．定语 D．表语3.补语（Complement）定义及作用：用于补充说明主语或宾语的状态，分为主语补足语和宾语补足语主语补足语：补充说明主语的状态，一般放在被动语态的谓语后面例句：Hewasfoundalone.宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的状态，一般放在宾语的后面，常和make/let/have/get/ask/tell等词搭配使用例句：Imadehimhappy.【考点再现】：（1）Ifoundmostofclassmatesfriendlyandhelpful.(挑出句中宾语补足语)A．I B．found C．mostofclassmates D．friendlyandhelpful（2）Allofusconsideredhimhonest.A．谓语 B．宾语 C．宾补 D．定语四、特殊成分同位语（Appositive）定义及作用：用于对前面的名词或代词进行补充说明，一般由名词、代词、同位语从句来充当例句：Myfriend,Lucy,isfromtheUSA.（名词作同位语）Thenewsthathewillcomeistrue.（同位语从句作同位语））【考点再现】：（1）在句子“MybrotherJohnlikesplayingfootball.”中，指出同位语是什么。______________________（2）指出句子“Ourheadteacher,Mr.Li,isverykindtous.”中的同位语是什么。______________________好题精练一、单项选择1．Inthesentence“It’llbequitedifficulttogetusedtoallthehomework.”,theunderlinedpartis________.A．宾语 B．主语 C．表语 D．状语2．Theguynexttometriedtotalktomethewholetime.A．主语 B．谓语 C．宾语 D．表语二、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分3．Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.4．Hehandedmethenewspaper.5．Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.6．WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!7．Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.8．Theapplestastedsweet.9．Hiswishistobecomeascientist.10．Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.11．HefounditimportanttolearnEnglish.12．Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?三、分析句子，在下面的括号中写出画线部分在句中所做的成分。S(subject)

V(verb)

O(object)

P(predicative)

Ad(adverbial)DO(directobject)

IO(indirectobject)

OC(objectcomplement)

At(Attributive)13．ThereisanEnglishCornerinourschool.()14．Ihavesomethinginterestingtotellyou.()15．Thegameswereveryusefulinmylife.()16．Shemadeherdiaryherbestfriend.()17．Ibeganschoolatsix.()18．Iamlookingforwardtodoingthis.()19．Ihaveboughtyousomebooks.()20．ForTim,thatdreamhascometrue!()四、选出下划线部分属于何种句子成分。A主语

B．谓语

C．宾语

D．表语

E.定语

F.状语

G.补语21．Isitnecessaryforustohaveadiscussionmeeting?22．Wesawherenteringtheroom.23．ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.24．IthinkitveryimportanttostudyChinesewell.25．Theguynexttometriedtotalktomethewholetime.26．Ifoundmostofmyclassmatesandteachersfriendlyandhelpful.27．Heoftengoestothecountrytoseehisgrandparents.28．Idon’tfeelawkwardatall.29．Heeventoldusafunnystory.30．Whenwewillsendateamtherehasnotbeendecided.重点02句子结构知识精讲高中英语的句子结构主要可以分为5种基础类型，同时还有在此基础上拓展的复合句结构，精讲如下：一、五种基础简单句结构：简单句的核心是只包含一套主谓结构，具体分为：1、主语+谓语（vi.）这类结构的谓语是不及物动词，本身语义完整，不需要接宾语例句：Thesunrises.（太阳升起）例句：Shelaughed.（她笑了）2、主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语这类结构的谓语是及物动词，需要接宾语来补充完整语义例句：IloveEnglish.（我喜欢英语）例句：Hereadsbooks.（他读书）3、主语+谓语+表语表语用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态，常用的谓语是系动词（be动词、感官动词、变化类动词等）例句：Sheisateacher.（她是一名老师）例句：Theflowersmellssweet.（这朵花闻起来很香）4、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语这类结构有两个宾语，间接宾语一般是人，直接宾语一般是物，部分动词可以在间接宾语前加介词to/for例句：Mymothergavemeagift.（我妈妈给了我一个礼物）例句：Heboughtherapen.（他给她买了一支钢笔）5、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的动作、状态等，和宾语一起构成复合宾语例句：Wemadehimmonitor.（我们选他当班长）例句：Ifindthemovieinteresting.（我觉得这部电影很有趣）二、拓展的复合句结构在简单句的基础上，通过连词连接，可以构成复合句，主要分为：并列复合句：由并列连词（and/but/or/so等）连接两个或以上的简单句，每个简单句都有独立的主谓结构例句：IlikeEnglish,butIamnotgoodatit.（我喜欢英语，但是我不擅长它）主从复合句：由从属连词连接，分为主句和从句，从句充当主句的某个成分（主语、宾语、定语、状语等）主语从句例句：Whathesaidistrue.（他说的话是真的）定语从句例句：Thegirlwhoisstandingthereismysister.（站在那里的女孩是我的妹妹）好题精练一、单项选择1．Whatisthesentencepattern(句型)ofthesentence“Hetoldusafunnystory.”?A．SVA B．SVO C．SVIODO D．SVOA2．Ourteachertoldusaninterestingstory.A．SVOC B．SVOO C．SVC D．SVO3．Goingfromjuniorhighschooltoseniorhighschoolisareallybigchallenge.A．SVP B．SVO C．SP D．SVOC4．Studyinganddoinghomeworkseemmuchmorefunwhenyouareatsea!Thebasicstructureofthesentenceaboveis_______.A．S+V B．S+V+O C．S+V+P D．S+V+O+C5．Hefoundhisnewbookstolen.A．SVO B．SVIODO C．SVOC D．SVP二、分析句子成分并写出基本句型6．Thestudentsagreed.7．Mysisteriswritingaletter.8．Iheardhimsingasong.9．Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.10．Myteachergavemeabook.11．Hisfaceturnedred.12．ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.13．Therearemanycustomsinthevillage.14．Asportsmeetingwillbeheldinourschoolnextweek.15．I’llspendthesummerholidayinthecountryside.三、写出下列句子是什么简单句型。16．Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.17．Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou18．Allofusconsideredhimhonest.19．Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairof

sportsshoes.20．Hebrokeapieceofglass.21．Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．22．Atlasthegothome,tiredandhungry.23．Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.24．Theypushedthedooropen.25．Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.26．Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.27．Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching28．Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.29．HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.30．Don’tgetnervous.Helpyourselftowhatyoulike．真题感知一、单项选择1．（25-26高一上·广东广州·期中）Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.A．S.V.ID．DO B．S.V.O. C．S.V.O.OC D．S.V.A．2．（25-26高一上·江苏徐州·期中）Whatisthesentencestructureof“Thecompanyofferedthetalentedgraduateawell-paidjobimmediatelyaftergraduation.”?A．SVO. B．SVOC． C．SVOA． D．SVOO.3．（25-26高一上·江苏徐州·期中）Whatisthesentencestructureof“Thenicesmellfromthekitchenmademefeelhungry.”?A．SVOA． B．SVOC． C．SVOO. D．SVP.4．（25-26高一上·广东深圳·期中）Thesentencestructureof“Mymothertoldusaninterestingstory.”is________.A．SVP B．SVO C．SVOO D．SVOC判断并选择下列句子属于哪种句型。（24-25高一上·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）A．主+谓+宾

B．主+谓

C．主+系+表

D．主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语

E.主+谓+宾语+宾补5．Thepolicehelpedme.6．Theoldmanisreadingabook.7．Nothingisimpossible.8．Hehasbroughtusaspecialgift.9．Ifoundhissisterlisteningtomusicattentively.10．Ourcountryhasbecomestrongerandstronger.11．Theyareswimminginthepool.12．Shehasowedme500dollars.13．I’llhavemybikerepaired.14．Hefellasleep.三、写出下列句子中画线部分的成分（24-25高一上·全国·课前预习）15．Ilookedattheminpanic.16．Thegirlnexttomegavemeanudge17．Thecampuswasquiet18．Wesharethesamename19．Thebigdayfinallyarrived.20．Hegavemeasmile.21．Hiswordsmademealotmorerelaxed!综合提升专练一、阅读理解七选五（25-26高一上·山东青岛·期中）Sleepisnotjustapassiveactivity;it’sanimportantprocessthataffectseveryaspectofateenager’slife.1Researchshowsthatteenswhogetenoughsleep-typically8-10hoursnightly-performbetterinstudy,havereducedmoodswingsandstress,andevenlowertheriskofsportsinjuries.Notenoughsleepcanleadtoserioushealthresults,especiallyfordevelopingmindsandbodies.Duringdeepsleep,thebrainstrengthensmemoriesandprocessesinformationlearnedduringtheday,increasingneuralconnectionsthatarekeytokeepingnewknowledge.Thisiswhystayingupallnightbeforeexamsoftenhastheoppositeeffects.2Manyfactorscontributetopoorsleepinteenagers,frombusyschedulestobodychanges.3Thebluelightproducedbysmartphones,tablets,andlaptopsmakesithardertofallasleepandreducessleepquality.Expertsrecommendturningoffscreensatleastonehourbeforebedtimeandkeepingdevicesoutofthebedroomtocreateaclearerseparationbetweendaytimeactivityandsleep.Creatingasleep-friendlyenvironmentisequallyimportantforimprovingsleephabits.Keepingthebedroomcool,dark,andquiet,helpssetthestageforrestfulsleep.Developingaregularbedtimehabitalsotellsthebodythatit’stimetorelax.4Remember,regularexercisepromotesdeepersleep,butit’sbestdoneearlierinthedayasexercisingtooclosetobedtimecanhavetheoppositeeffect.5Bycreatingasleep-friendlyenvironment,avoidingfactorsthatinfluencesleepandengaginginregularexercise,teenagerscansignificantlyimprovetheirsleepqualityandleadahealthierandmoreproductivelife.A．Dietalsoplaysakeyroleinsleepquality.B．Electronicproductsareamongthebiggestcauses.C．It’sthefoundationforbothmentalandphysicalhealth.D．Theirbodyclocksnaturallychangeduringtheteenageyears.E．Thiscouldincludereadingabookorpracticinglightexercises.F．Inconclusion,enoughsleepisofgreatestimportanceforteenagers.G．Thebrainlosesitschancetoorganizeandstorethematerialproperly.二、完形填空（25-26高一上·浙江·期中）Lastsemester,ourschoollibraryannouncedabookrepairvolunteerprogram.Ihesitatedatfirst,feeling1aboutmyabilitytomakecontributions.However,myteacherencouragedmeto2thechallenge.Thefollowingweek,Ifoundmyself3anold,worn-outcopyofTheLittlePrince.Itscoverwastorn,andsomepageswereloose.Ifeltabit4,wonderingifIcouldrestoreit.MyclassmateLilynoticedmy5andofferedtohelp.Shehadexperiencewithbookrepairandtaughtmethe6techniques.Wespentseveralafternoonsarrangingthepages,7gluecarefully,andstrengtheningthespine(书脊).Attimes,theworkwas8,butwekeptgoing.Slowly,thebookseemedtolook9again.Throughthisprocess,Inotonlyacquiredanewskillbutalso10adeeperbondwithLily.Onthedaywereturnedthebooktothelibrary,thelibrariansmiled11andsaid,“You’vegiventhisbookanewlife.”Herwordsfilledmewith12.ItwasthenthatIrealizedthat13effortandcooperation,wecanovercomedifficultiesandcreatesomethingmeaningful.Thisexperiencetaughtmethathelpingothersdoesn’talwaysrequire14skills;sometimes,itjustrequireswillingnessand15.Now,Iamalwayslookingforopportunitiestomakeadifference,nomatterhowsmall.1．A．anxious B．confident C．excited D．curious2．A．takedown B．takeoff C．takeup D．takein3．A．buying B．donating C．borrowing D．holding4．A．upset B．satisfied C．inspired D．embarrassed5．A．excitement B．hesitation C．amazement D．annoyance6．A．modern B．advanced C．complex D．basic7．A．removing B．pressing C．applying D．wiping8．A．challenging B．boring C．confusing D．relaxing9．A．ugly B．ordinary C．new D．familiar10．A．broke B．formed C．lost D．forgot11．A．coldly B．warmly C．nervously D．seriously12．A．pride B．regret C．doubt D．fear13．A．without B．beyond C．through D．against14．A．particular B．simple C．natural D．obvious15．A．fame B．luck C．money D．patience三、语法填空（25-26高一上·江苏无锡·期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Inourdailylife,weoftencomeacrossvariouschallenges.Thesechallengesnotonlytestourcouragebutalsohaveapositiveeffectonourpersonal1(g