托福阅读真题第309篇Transcendentalism（答案文章最后）

托福阅读真题第309篇Transcendentalism（答案文章最后）TranscendentalismBeginninginthe1820s,anewintellectualmovementknownastranscendentalismbegantogrowintheNortheast.Inthiscontext,totranscendmeanstogobeyondtheordinarysensoryworldtograsppersonalinsightsandgainanappreciationofadeeperreality,andtranscendentalistsbelievedthatallpeoplecouldattainanunderstandingoftheworldthatgoespastrational,sensoryexperience.TranscendentalistswerecriticalofmainstreamAmericanculture.Theyreactedagainsttheagetheylivedinwherepeoplewereencouragedtoactthesameasothersandarguedforgreaterindividualismagainstconformity.Europeanromanticism,amovementinliteratureandartthatstressedemotionovercold,calculatingreason,alsoinfluencedtranscendentalistsintheUnitedStates,especiallythetranscendentalists’celebrationoftheuniquenessofindividualfeelings.RalphWaldoEmersonemergedastheleadingfigureofthismovement.BorninBostonin1803,Emersoncamefromareligiousfamily.Hisfatherservedasaminister,andaftergraduatingfromHarvardDivinitySchoolinthe1820s,Emersonfollowedinhisfather’sfootsteps.However,afterhiswifediedin1831,helefttheclergy.OnatriptoEuropein1832,hemetleadingfiguresofromanticismwhorejectedthecold,strictrationalismofpopular18thcenturyEnlightenmentthought,emphasizingemotioninstead.WhenEmersonreturnedhomethefollowingyear,hebegangivinglecturesonhisromanticism-influencedideas.In1836,hepublished“Nature,”anessayarguingthathumanscanfindtheirtruespiritualityinnature,notintheeverydaybustlingworkingworldofcitiesandindustrialfactories.In1841,Emersonpublishedhisessay"Self-Reliance,”whichurgedreaderstothinkforthemselvesandrejectthemassconformityhebelievedhadtakenrootinAmericanlife.Emersonexpressedconcernthatapowerfulmajoritycouldoverpowerthewillofindividuals.Emerson’sideasstruckachordwithaclassofliterateadultswhoalsoweredissatisfiedwithmainstreamAmericanlifeandsearchingforgreaterspiritualmeaning.Manywritersweredrawntotranscendentalism,andtheystartedtoexpressitsideasthroughnewstories,poems,essays,andarticles.TheideasoftranscendentalismwereabletopermeateAmericanthoughtandculturethroughmagazines,journals,andnewspapersthatwerewidelyread.AmongthoseattractedtoEmerson’sideaswashisfriend,HenryDavidThoreau,whomheencouragedtowriteabouthisownideas.Thoreauplacedaspecialemphasisontheroleofnatureasagatewaytothetranscendentalistgoalofgreaterindividualism.In1848,Thoreaugavealectureinwhichhearguedthatindividualsmuststanduptogovernmentalinjustice,atopichechosebecauseofhisdisgustovertheMexican-AmericanWarandslavery.In1849,hepublishedhislecture,“CivilDisobedience,”andurgedreaderstorefusetosupportagovernmentthatwasimmoral.MargaretFulleralsocametoprominenceasaleadingtranscendentalistandadvocateforwomen’sequality.FullerwasafriendofEmersonandThoreau,andotherintellectualsofherday.Becauseshewasawoman,shecouldnotattendHarvard,asitwasamale-onlyinstitutionforundergraduatestudentsuntil1973.However,shewaslatergrantedtheuseofthelibrarytherebecauseofhertoweringintellect.In1840,shebeacametheeditorofTheDial,atranscendentalistjournal,andshelaterfoundemploymentasabookreviewerfortheNewYorkTribunenewspaper.Tragically,in1850,shediedattheageoffortyinashipwreckoffFireIsland,NewYork.Somecriticstookissuewithtranscendentalism’semphasisonindividualismbypointingoutthedestructiveconsequencesofcompulsivehumanbehavior.HermanMelville’snovel,MobyDick,emphasizedtheproblemswithindividualobsessionbytellingthetaleofCaptainAhab’ssingle-mindedquesttokillawhitewhale,MobyDick,whichhaddestroyedAhab’soriginalshipandcausedhimtoloseoneofhislegs.EdgarAllanPoe,apopularauthor,critic,andpoet,decried“theso-calledpoetryoftheso-calledtranscendentalists.”TheseAmericanwriterswhoquestionedtranscendentalismillustratetheunderlyingtensionbetweenindividualismandconformityinAmericanlife.Source:Corbett,S.P.,Janssen,V.,Lund,J.M.,Pfannestiel,T.,Waskiewicz,S.,&Vickery,P.(2014).

ReadingParagraph1

Beginninginthe1820s,anewintellectualmovementknownastranscendentalismbegantogrowintheNortheast.Inthiscontext,totranscendmeanstogobeyondtheordinarysensoryworldtograsppersonalinsightsandgainanappreciationofadeeperreality,andtranscendentalistsbelievedthatallpeoplecouldattainanunderstandingoftheworldthatgoespastrational,sensoryexperience.TranscendentalistswerecriticalofmainstreamAmericanculture.Theyreactedagainsttheagetheylivedinwherepeoplewereencouragedtoactthesameasothersandarguedforgreaterindividualismagainstconformity.Europeanromanticism,amovementinliteratureandartthatstressedemotionovercold,calculatingreason,alsoinfluencedtranscendentalistsintheUnitedStates,especiallythetranscendentalists’celebrationoftheuniquenessofindividualfeelings.1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatdidtranscendentalistsdo?a.Theyoverreactedtowardsthosewhoactedthesameaseveryoneelseb.Theyprotestedthegovernmentforgreaternonconformityc.Theycelebratedindividualismandnonconformityd.TheywrotearticlesinfavorofamorerationalcultureReadingParagraph2RalphWaldoEmersonemergedastheleadingfigureofthismovement.BorninBostonin1803,Emersoncamefromareligiousfamily.Hisfatherservedasaminister,andaftergraduatingfromHarvardDivinitySchoolinthe1820s,Emersonfollowedinhisfather’sfootsteps.However,afterhiswifediedin1831,helefttheclergy.OnatriptoEuropein1832,hemetleadingfiguresofromanticismwhorejectedthecold,strictrationalismofpopular18thcenturyEnlightenmentthought,emphasizingemotioninstead.2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutRalphWaldoEmerson?a.Hewasoneoftheleadersofthetranscendentalismmovementb.Likehisfather,heservedasaministerc.HewenttoEuropeafterhiswifehadpassedawayd.HemetcriticsofromanticismwhilevisitingEuropeReadingParagraph3WhenEmersonreturnedhomethefollowingyear,hebegangivinglecturesonhisromanticism-influencedideas.In1836,hepublished“Nature,”anessayarguingthathumanscanfindtheirtruespiritualityinnature,notintheeverydaybustlingworkingworldofcitiesandindustrialfactories.In1841,Emersonpublishedhisessay,“Self-Reliance,”whichurgedreaderstothinkforthemselvesandrejectthemassconformityhebelievedhadtakenrootinAmericanlife.Emersonexpressedconcernthatapowerfulmajoritycouldoverpowerthewillofindividuals.3.Whydoestheauthorsay“hisromanticism-influencedideas”?a.Toshowthathisideaswereromanticinnatureb.Toexplainwhyhepublishedhisessays“Nature”and“Self-Reliance”c.Toshowthathisbeliefswereinspiredbytheromanticistshemetd.Toprovethathisideascamefromothersources4.Thephrasetakenrootinparagraph3isclosestinmeaningtoa.Becomeabandonedb.Beenestablishedc.Beenexaminedd.BeendiscoveredReadingParagraph5AmongthoseattractedtoEmerson’sideaswashisfriend,HenryDavidThoreau,whomheencouragedtowriteabouthisownideas.Thoreauplacedaspecialemphasisontheroleofnatureasagatewaytothetranscendentalistgoalofgreaterindividualism.In1848,Thoreaugavealectureinwhichhearguedthatindividualsmuststanduptogovernmentalinjustice,atopichechosebecauseofhisdisgustovertheMexican-AmericanWarandslavery.In1849,hepublishedhislecture,“CivilDisobedience,”andurgedreaderstorefusetosupportagovernmentthatwasimmoral.5.Whichofthefollowingistrue,accordingtoparagraphfive?a.HenryDavidThoreaubelievedthatnaturecouldhelppeopleachievemoreindividualismb.HenryDavidThoreauwasEmerson’sclosestfriendandhadsimilarideasc.EmersonsuggestedthatHenryDavidThoreaushouldstartgivinglecturesd.ThoreauorganizedgroupsthatprotestedtheinjusticesofgovernmentsReadingParagraph6MargaretFulleralsocametoprominenceasaleadingtranscendentalistandadvocateforwomen’sequality.FullerwasafriendofEmersonandThoreau,andotherintellectualsofherday.Becauseshewasawoman,shecouldnotattendHarvard,asitwasamale-onlyinstitutionforundergraduatestudentsuntil1973.However,shewaslatergrantedtheuseofthelibrarytherebecauseofhertoweringintellect.In1840,shebecametheeditorofTheDial,atranscendentalistjournal,andshelaterfoundemploymentasabookreviewerfortheNewYorkTribunenewspaper.Tragically,in1850,shediedattheageoffortyinashipwreckoffFireIsland,NewYork.6.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTa.MargaretFullerdidresearchinthelibraryatHarvardb.HarvardUniversityremainedanall-maleschooluntilthe20th-centuryc.MargaretFullerwasatranscendentalistandsupportedtheequalityofwomend.MargaretFullermetEmersonandThoreauwhilestudyingatHarvard

ReadingParagraph6MargaretFulleralsocametoprominenceasaleadingtranscendentalistandadvocateforwomen’sequality.FullerwasafriendofEmersonandThoreau,andotherintellectualsofherday.Becauseshewasawoman,shecouldnotattendHarvard,asitwasamale-onlyinstitutionforundergraduatestudentsuntil1973.However,shewaslatergrantedtheuseofthelibrarytherebecauseofhertoweringintellect.In1840,shebecametheeditorofTheDial,atranscendentalistjournal,andshelaterfoundemploymentasabookreviewerfortheNewYorkTribunenewspaper.Tragically,in1850,shediedattheageoffortyinashipwreckoffFireIsland,NewYork.7.WhatcanbeinferredaboutMargaretFullerfromtheinformationinparagraphsix?a.Shewasthemostfamoustranscendentalistofhertimeb.SheattendedHarvardUniversityeventhoughwomenwerenotallowedatthattimec.Sheheldpositionsthatmostwomendidnotinhertimed.SheonlyreviewedbooksthatwereofinteresttoherwhileattheNewYorkTribuneReadingParagraph7Somecriticstookissuewithtranscendentalism’semphasisonindividualismbypointingoutthedestructiveconsequencesofcompulsivehumanbehavior.HermanMelville’snovel,MobyDick,emphasizedtheproblemswithindividualobsessionbytellingthetaleofCaptainAhab’ssingle-mindedquesttokillawhitewhale,MobyDick,whichhaddestroyedAhab’soriginalshipandcausedhimtoloseoneofhislegs.EdgarAllanPoe,apopularauthor,critic,andpoet,decried“theso-calledpoetryoftheso-calledtranscendentalists".TheseAmericanwriterswhoquestionedtranscendentalismillustratetheunderlyingtensionbetweenindividualismandconformityinAmericanlife.8.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph7?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.a.HermanMelvillewroteanovelcalledMobyDickandthemaincharacterisCaptainAhabb.ThestoryofCaptainAhab’squesttokillawhitewhaleistitledMobyDickc.Afterlearningabouttranscendentalism,HermanMelvilledecidedtowriteabookcriticizingitd.HermanMelville’sbook,MobyDick,wasinspiredbytheissuessurroundingtheobsessionwithindividualism9.Lookatthefoursquares(A,B,C,D)thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.However,aswithallmajormovements,transcendentalistsfacedcriticismfortheirbeliefs.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?ASomecriticstookissuewithtranscendentalism’semphasisonindividualismbypointingoutthedestructiveconsequencesofcompulsivehumanbehavior.BHermanMelville’snovel,MobyDick,emphasizedtheproblemswithindividualobsessionbytellingthetaleofCaptainAhab’ssingle-mindedquesttokillawhitewhale