英美概况（第二版） 课件 Chapter One The Country

《最新英美概况》PARTONETheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandTheCountryChapterOneChapterOneTheCountry1.OfficialName,NationalFlag,NationalAnthemandNationalCapital2.LocationandSize3.Terrain,RiversandMountains4.NaturalResources5.Climate6.MajorCitiesandScenicSpots7.AdministrativeDivisions

1.OfficialName,NationalFlag,NationalAnthemandNationalCapital1.1OfficialName1.2NationalFlag1.3NationalAnthem1.4NationalCapital1.1OfficialNameTheofficialnameorthefullnameofthecountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.①ThenamereferstotheunionoftheislandofGreatBritain,thesmallnearbyislands(butnottheIsleofMan②ortheChannelIslands③),andthenortheasternpartoftheislandofIreland.ItisusuallyshortenedtotheUnitedKingdom,orUK.Peopleoftengetconfusedwiththetermsof“UnitedKingdom”,“GreatBritain”,“Britain”,“England”and“theBritishIsles”.1.1OfficialNameThename“UnitedKingdom”referstotheunionofwhatoncewereseparatecountries,England,Scotland,WalesandIreland.Thenin1922,theIrishFreeState(predecessoroftheRepublicofIreland④)stoppedbeingpartoftheUnion.SonowonlythenorthernpartofIrelandisincludedintheUnitedKingdom.1.1OfficialName“GreatBritain”conventionallyreferstotheislandofGreatBritain,orpoliticallytoEngland,ScotlandandWalesincombination.ItisalsothelargestislandoftheBritishIsles,thebiggestislandinEurope,andtheninthlargestislandoftheWorld.Theterm“GreatBritain”isoftenusedincorrectlyasasynonymfortheUnitedKingdom.Instead,theUnitedKingdomandGreatBritainarenotequivalentsincetheUnitedKingdomisastateformedfromtheunionofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.1.1OfficialName“Britain”alsoreferstothelargerislandofthetwomainislandsoftheBritishIsles(theotherbeingIreland).Britaincontainsmodern-dayEngland,WalesandScotland.Buttheterm“Britain”ismorecommonlyusedasapoliticalterm:analternativenamefortheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,orUKforshort.1.1OfficialName“England”,asareWalesandScotland,isapartofGreatBritain.EnglandisthelargestofthethreepoliticaldivisionswithintheislandofGreatBritain.About84percentofthetotalpopulationoftheUnitedKingdomlivesinEngland,andthenationalcapitalisthere,sothename“England”isoftenwronglyusedinreferencetothewholeUnitedKingdom,theentireislandofGreatBritain,ortheBritishIsles.ThisisnotonlyincorrectbutcancauseoffencetopeoplefromotherpartsoftheUnitedKingdom.1.1OfficialName“TheBritishIsles”isageographicalnamebutnotanameofthecountry.TheBritishIslesareagroupofislandsoffthenorthwesterncoastofcontinentalEuropethatincludetheislandsofGreatBritain,Ireland,theIsleofMan,theChannelIslands,ShetlandIslands,theIsleofWight,andmanyothersmallersurroundingislands.Therearetwocountrieslocatedontheislands:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,andtheRepublicofIreland.TheBritishIslesarethelargestgroupofislandsinEurope,withatotalareaof315,159km2andacombinedpopulationofalmost72million.1.1OfficialNameTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIrelandwastheformalnameoftheUnitedKingdomfromJanuary1,

1801untilApril12,1927.ThenitwaschangedtothecurrentnameoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandbytheRoyalandParliamentaryTitlesActof1927.ThechangeacknowledgesthattheIrishFreeStateisnolongerpartoftheKingdom.Notes1.1OfficialNameTheIsleofMan,ortheIsleofMann(马恩岛),isaself-governingCrowndependency(有自治权的皇家属地),locatedintheIrishSeaatthegeographicalcenteroftheBritishIsles.ItsheadofstateisKingCharlesIII.TheislandisnotpartoftheUnitedKingdom(theisland’sownparliamentandgovernmenthavecompetenceoveralldomesticmatters),buttheforeignrelations,defense,andultimategood-governanceoftheIsleofManaretheresponsibilityofthegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom.Notes1.1OfficialNameTheChannelIslands(海峡群岛)areintheEnglishChannel,offtheFrenchcoastofNormandy.Theyfallintotwoseparateself-governingbailiwicks(自辖区):theBailiwickofGuernseyandtheBailiwickofJersey.TheyareBritishCrowndependencies,butneitherispartoftheUnitedKingdom.Notes1.1OfficialNameTheRepublicofIrelandisanindependentstateoccupyingaboutfive-sixthsoftheislandofIreland,whichisdividedbetweentheRepublicofIrelandandNorthernIreland(apartoftheUK).OnDecember29,1937,IrelandbecamethesuccessorstatetotheIrishFreeState,itselfestablishedonDecember6,1922.OnApril18,1949,IrelandbecametheRepublicofIreland,formallyfreeofallegiancetotheBritishCrownandtheCommonwealthofNations.Notes1.1OfficialNameItisamemberoftheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnionandafoundingmemberoftheCouncilofEurope.Irelandisadevelopedcountry,withatotalareaof70,273km2andapopulationof5,380,000(2024data),anditscapitalisDublin.Notes1.1OfficialNameWhatarethedifferencesamong“Britain”,“theBritishIsles”,“GreatBritain”,“England”and“theUnitedKingdom”?IsittruethattheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandhasbeentheofficialtitleoftheBritishstateeversince1922?Andwhy?Can“England”,liketheterm“Britain”,beusedasashortformtorefertotheUK?Andwhy?WhyisNorthernIrelandspeciallymarkedinthecountry’sofficialname?WhatdoyouknowabouttheislandofIreland?Sharetheinformationyougetaboutitwithyourclassmatesinclass.Questions1.2NationalFlagTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandusestheroyalbannercommonlyknownastheUnionFlag①or,popularly,UnionJack②asitsnationalflag.ThecurrentdesignoftheUnionFlagdatesfromtheunionofGreatBritainandIrelandonJanuary1,1801,makingitoneoftheoldestnationalflagsintheworld.ItisalsooneofthemostrecognizableflagsintheworldasitsdesignandcolorshavebeenthebasisforanumberofotherflagsincludingotherCommonwealthcountries③andBritishoverseasterritories④.1.2NationalFlagTheformationoftheBritishnationalflagcameaboutastheresultoftheprogressivemergingoftheinhabitantsoftheBritishIslesunderoneruler:◎1606—ThefirstUnionFlagwascreatedbymergingtheEnglishflag(theredcrossofSaintGeorge)withtheScottishflag(thediagonalwhitecrossofSaintAndrewonabluebackground),andusedatsea.◎1707—DuringthereignofQueenAnne,thefirstUnionFlagwas,byroyalproclamation,made“thenationalflagofGreatBritain,foruseashoreandafloat”.1.2NationalFlag◎1801—TheadditionofIrelandtotheUnitedKingdomaddedtheIrishflag(theredSaintPatrick’scross)totheflagandthepresentUnionFlagwasformed.Theflagconsistsoftheredcross,outlinedinwhite,ofSt.George,thepatronsaint(守护神)ofEngland,representingEngland,andthediagonalwhitecross,onthebluefield,ofSt.Andrew,thepatronsaintofScotland,representingScotland.ThediagonalredcrossonthewhitefieldisthecrossofSt.Patrick,thepatronsaintofIreland.1.2NationalFlagWhenthecrossofSt.Patrickwasinsertedintotheflagin1801,itrepresentedallofIreland,butin1922mostofIrelandbecameaseparatecountryandsincethenthecrosshasonlyrepresentedNorthernIreland.WalesisnotrepresentedintheUnionFlag.Thisisbecause,whenthefirstversionoftheflagappeared,WaleswasalreadyunitedwithEnglandandwasthereforerepresentedbytheflagofEngland.TheflagofWales,areddragononafieldofwhiteandgreen,datesfromthe15thcenturyandcanbeseenthroughoutWales,thoughnotasfrequentlyasthecountry’sofficialflag.1.2NationalFlagThenationalflagoftheUKcanbeflownbyanyindividualororganizationinGreatBritainonanydayoftheirchoice,buttheFlagsRegulations(NorthernIreland)restrictstheuseofthenationalflagongovernmentbuildingsinNorthernIreland(exceptonspecificdays).Thenationalflagisflownfromgovernmentbuildingsathalf-mast(降半旗)overthedeathofthesovereign,amemberoftheBritishRoyalFamily,aformerBritishPrimeMinister,aforeignheadofstate,oronotherdaysthesovereignsometimesdeclares.1.2NationalFlagThenationalflagoftheUnitedKingdomiscalledtheUnionFlagbecauseitsymbolizestheadministrativeunionofthecountriesoftheUnitedKingdom.ItismadeupoftheindividualflagsofthreeoftheKingdom’scountriesallunitedunderonesovereign—thecountriesofEngland,ScotlandandIreland(since1922onlyNorthernIrelandhasbeenpartoftheUnitedKingdom).Notes1.2NationalFlag“UnionJack”wasofficiallyacknowledgedasanalternativenamefortheUnionFlagbyParliamentintheearly20thcentury.Theterm“jack”referstotheflagthatisflownfromthebowsprit(船首桅杆)ofaship,oftendenotingnationality.Notes1.2NationalFlagCommonwealthcountries(英联邦国家)arethecountriesthataremembersoftheCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNations(英联邦),whichisanassociationof56sovereignstateswithacombinedpopulationof2.6billion,almostathirdoftheworld’spopulation,scatteredoveralltheinhabitedcontinents(3inEurope,13inAmericas,21inAfrica,8inAsia,and11inOceania),mostofwhichwereformerBritishcolonies,ordependenciesofthesecolonies.Notes1.2NationalFlagTheBritishmonarch,currentlyKingCharlesIII,servesastheHeadoftheCommonwealth—thepositionispurelysymbolic,anditisnottechnicallyhereditary.ThemeetingoftheCommonwealthheadsofgovernmentisheldinadifferentmemberstateeverytwoyears.Notes1.2NationalFlagTheBritishoverseasterritories(BOTs)arethe14territories,whichareunderthesovereigntyoftheUnitedKingdom,butdonotformpartoftheUnitedKingdomitself.TheyallsharetheBritishmonarch(currentlyKingCharlesIII)asheadofstate.Collectively,theterritorieshaveapopulationofabout250,000peopleandalandareaofabout1,600,000km2.Notes1.2NationalFlagWhenwasthepresentBritishnationalflagadopted?Whywasn’ttheflagofWalesputintotheUnionFlag?Somecountries’nationalflagstillincludesthebasicdesignandcolorsoftheBritishnationalflag.Whatarethey?IsittruethatthenationalflagoftheUKcanbeflownbyanyindividualororganizationonanydayoftheirchoiceinNorthernIreland?Andwhy?Howdoyouunderstandandexplainthetwoterms“Commonwealthcountries”and“Britishoverseasterritories”?Questions1.3NationalAnthemThepresentnationalanthemoftheUnitedKingdomisGodSavetheKing(《神佑国王》).ItoriginatedinapatrioticsongfirstpubliclyperformedinLondonin1745,whichcametobeknownasthenationalanthematthebeginningofthe19thcentury.Thewordsusedtodayarethosesungin1745.Thewriterofthelyricsandthecomposerofthemusicofthesongareunknown.Beyonditsfirstverse,ithasmanyhistoricandextantversions:Sinceitsfirstpublication,differentverseshavebeenaddedandtakenaway,andeventoday,differentpublicationsincludevariousselectionsofversesinvariousorders.1.3NationalAnthemIntheUnitedKingdom,protocolandtraditiondemandthatthefirstverseistheonlyversesung,althoughsometimesthesecondverseorthethirdversearesunginadditiontothefirstverseonrareoccasions(e.g.duringthecoronationofKingCharlesIIIandQueenCamillaonMay6,2023atWestminsterAbbey),althoughthereareactuallyfiveversesinthefullversionofthesong.Thewordsofthesong,likeitstitle,areadaptedtothegenderofthemonarch,with“King”replacing“Queen”,“he”replacing“she”,“him”replacing“her”,andsoforth.

1.3NationalAnthemAsthereigningmonarchiscurrentlyKingCharlesIII,themaleversionoftheanthemisused.Thewordsofthefirstverseofthesong①

areasfollows:  GodsaveourgraciousKing,  LongliveournobleKing,  GodsavetheKing!  Sendhimvictorious,  Happyandglorious,  Longtoreignoverus;  GodsavetheKing!

1.3NationalAnthemThenationalanthemisusedintheUnitedKingdomanditsterritoriesanddependencies②,andanumberofCommonwealthrealms③.ItisplayedwhenevertheKingmakesapublicappearance,andisplayedbytheBritishBroadcastingCorporationeverynightbeforeclosedown.ItisalsosungattheendofallRemembranceDay④services,medalceremoniesforTeamGB⑤andEnglishfootballmatches.

1.3NationalAnthemTheChinesetranslationofthefirstverseis:神佑国王，祝他万寿无疆，神佑国王！常胜利，沐荣光，孚民望，心欢畅，治国家，王运长；神佑国王！Notes1.3NationalAnthemTheword“dependencies”herereferstotheCrownDependencies(英国皇家属地),whicharenotpartoftheUnitedKingdomnortheBritishoverseasterritories,butself-governingpossessionsoftheBritishCrown.TheycomprisethethreeislandterritoriesoffthecoastofGreatBritain:theBailiwickofGuernseyandtheBailiwickofJersey(bothlocatedintheEnglishChannelandtogetherknownastheChannelIslands),andtheIsleofMan(intheIrishSeabetweenGreatBritainandIreland).Notes1.3NationalAnthemACommonwealthrealm(英联邦王国)isasovereignstatewithintheCommonwealththathasKingCharlesIIIasitsmonarchandceremonialheadofstate.Asof2024,thereare15Commonwealthrealms:AntiguaandBarbuda,Australia,TheBahamas,Belize,Canada,Grenada,Jamaica,NewZealand,PapuaNewGuinea,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,SolomonIslands,Tuvalu,andtheUnitedKingdom.Notes1.3NationalAnthemRemembranceDay(阵亡将士纪念日),sometimesknowninformallyasPoppyDay,ArmisticeDayorVeteransDay,isaspecialdaysetasidetorememberthose—eithermembersofthearmedforcesorcivilians—whowerekilledduringtimesofthetwoworldwarsandotherconflicts.ItisobservedonNovember11everyyearinmanyCommonwealthcountries.Notes1.3NationalAnthemTeamGBisofficiallyknownastheGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandOlympicTeam,representingtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,andhasbeenrunbytheBritishOlympicAssociationsince1999.Becausetheletters“GB”aretheabbreviationforGreatBritain,whichisonlyonepartofthecountry,somepeoplesuggestachangetouseUKorBritaintoreplaceGB.Notes1.3NationalAnthemButmanyothersarguethatGBhasbeenarecognizedabbreviationfortheUnitedKingdomformanyyears,andGBisthe2-letterISOcountrycode(国际标准化组织国家代码)fortheUnitedKingdom.UK,ontheotherhand,isthe2-letterISOcodeforUkraine.Notes1.3NationalAnthemWhatisthetitleofthepresentnationalanthemoftheUK?WhenandwherewasthepredecessoroftheUKnationalanthemfirstpubliclyperformed?WhoistheauthoroftheUKnationalanthem?HowmanyversesarethereintheUKnationalanthem?Howmanyversesareusuallysungonofficialoccasions?OnwhatoccasionsistheUKnationalanthemplayed?Questions1.4NationalCapitalBesidesbeingthecapitalcityofEngland,LondonisthenationalcapitaloftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.LondonisthelargestcityintheUnitedKingdom.Itisthepolitical,financial,culturalandartisticcenterofthecountry,andalsoamajorport.ItisinthesoutheastofEngland,builtalongtheRiverThames.Thecityspreadsacrossanareaof1,572km2fromitscenterontheRiverThames.ItishometoBritain’scentralgovernment,royalty,nationalcollections,andmajorattractions,andexertsaconsiderableimpactuponthearts,commerce,education,entertainment,fashion,finance,healthcare,1.4NationalCapitalmedia,professionalservices,researchanddevelopment,tourismandtransportation.LondonisstilloneofEurope’smosteconomicallypowerfulcities,anditremainsoneofthemajorfinancialcentersoftheworld.Itisoneofthemost-visitedcitiesasmeasuredbyinternationalarrivalsandhasthebusiestcityairportsystemasmeasuredbypassengertraffic.Londonhasarecordedhistorythatgoesbackabout2,000years,toitsfoundingbytheRomans,whocalleditLondinium.Thecityhasexperiencedplagues①,devastatingfire②,aerialbombardments③

andterroristattacks④.Today’sLondonisnot1.4NationalCapitalonlyahistoricalandmulti-culturalcity,butalsooneofthemostsignificantworld’scapitalsoffinance,fashion,artsandentertainment.Londonhasawiderangeofpeoples,culturesandreligions,andmorethan300differentlanguagesarespokenwithinthecity,ensuringitbecomesoneofthemostcosmopolitancitiesintheworld.Itsestimatedmid-2024municipalpopulationwasaround9.7million,thethirdmostpopulousinEurope(afterIstanbulofTürkiyeandMoscowofRussia),andthefirstintheUnitedKingdom.1.4NationalCapitalLondondrawsincreasingnumbersofvisitorsfromallovertheworld,notonlytotheattractionsofitstheaters,cinemas,museums,galleries,shoppingstreets,restaurants,hotelsandnightclubs,butalsotoitshistorictreasuressuchasWestminsterAbbey,BigBen,WestminsterPalace(orthePalaceofWestminster)andBuckinghamPalace.Inaddition,LondonhasthevastgreenspacesofHydeandRichmondparks,excitingstreetmarketsandmanydistinctiveoldpubs.Andasacityofnumerousattractions,itwasthemost_x0002_visitedcityinEuropein2023.TheLondonUndergroundistheoldestrapidtransitsystemintheworld.1.4NationalCapitalLondonhashostedtheOlympicGames,thegreatestsportingeventintheworld,onthreeoccasions,in1908,1948and2012.The2012OlympicsmakesLondonthefirstcitythathashostedthreemodernSummerOlympicGames.LondonistheonlycityintheUnitedKingdomtohaveeverhostedtheOlympics;theUnitedStatesistheonlycountrytohavehostedtheSummerOlympicsonmoreoccasions⑤thantheUK.NocityintheUKhashostedtheWinterOlympicGames.LondonestablishedasistercityrelationshipwithBeijingonApril10,2006andwasofficiallytwinnedwith⑥ShanghaionMarch31,2009.1.4NationalCapitalLondonlostatleasthalfofitspopulationduringtheBlackDeathinthemid-14thcentury.Between1348andtheGreatPlagueof1665therewere16outbreaksofplagueinthecity.Notes1.4NationalCapitalTheGreatFireofLondonbrokeoutonSunday,September2,1666inthesouthernpartofthecity.Fannedbyaneasternwind,thefiresweptthroughthecentralpartsofthecity.OnTuesdaynightthewindfell,andonWednesdaythefirebecameweakandfinallydiedoutonThursday.Thefiredestroyedabout60%ofthecity,butthenumberofliveslostwassurprisinglysmall;itisbelievedtohavebeen16atmost.Notes1.4NationalCapitalDuringWorldWarI,LondonexperienceditsfirstbombingraidscarriedoutbyGermanairships(飞艇),whichkilledaround700peopleandcausedgreatterror.DuringWorldWarII,London,likemanyotherBritishcities,wasbombedextensivelybytheGermanAirForce.TheheaviestbombingtookplacebetweenSeptember7,1940andMay10,1941.Duringthisperiod,Londonwassubjectedto71separateraids,receivingover18,000tonnesofhighexplosives.Londonsufferedseveredamageandheavycasualties.Notes1.4NationalCapitalBytheendofthewar,justunder30,000Londonershadbeenkilledbythebombing,andover50,000seriouslyinjured,tensofthousandsofbuildingsweredestroyed,andhundredsofthousandsofpeopleweremadehomeless.Notes1.4NationalCapitalTheJuly7,2005LondonbombingswereaseriesofterroristattacksonLondon’spublictransportsystemduringthemorningrushhour.ThesuicidebombingswerecarriedoutbyBritishMuslimswhoweremotivatedbyBritain’sinvolvementintheIraqWar.At08:50,threebombsexplodedwithin50secondsofeachotheronthreeLondonUndergroundtrains.Afourthbombexplodedonadouble-deckerbusnearlyanhourlaterat09:47.Notes1.4NationalCapitalThebombingskilled52peopleandthefoursuicidebombersinjured700,andcausedwidespreaddisruptionofthecity’stransportsystem.TheseriesofsuicidebombexplosionsconstitutedthelargestanddeadliestterroristattackonLondon’stransitsysteminhistory.Notes1.4NationalCapitalTheUnitedStatesisthecountrythathashostedthemaximumnumberofOlympicGames.IthashostedtheSummerOlympicsfourtimes:inSt.Louis,Missouriin1904,inLosAngelesin1932,inLosAngelesagainin1984,andinAtlantain1996.IthasalsohostedtheWinterOlympicGamesfourtimes:inLakePlacidofNewYorkin1932,inSquawValleyin1960,againinLakePlacidin1980,andfinallyinSaltLakeCityin2002.

Notes1.4NationalCapital“Twinwith”meanstopairacityortownwithanotherinadifferentcountry(使不同国家的两个城市结成友好城市).Theterms“twintowns”,“partnershiptowns”,“partnertowns”and“friendshiptowns”aremostcommonlyusedinEurope,andtheterm“sistercities”isgenerallyusedforagreementswithtownsandcitiesintheAmericas.Notes1.4NationalCapitalWhydopeoplesayLondonisacitywithsomebitterexperiencesinitshistory?WhyisLondonsoattractivetovisitorsfromallovertheworld?Questions2.LocationandSize2.1Location2.2Size2.1LocationTheUnitedKingdomisanislandnationsituatednorthwestoftheEuropeancontinentbetweentheAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSea,andcomeswithin34kilometersoffthecoastofnorthernFrance,fromwhichitisseparatedbytheEnglishChannel①.TheUKisconnectedtocontinentalEuropebytheChannelTunnel②,thelongestunderwatertunnelintheworld.BeneaththeEnglishChannel,theChannelTunnellinkstheUKwithFrance.TheUnitedKingdomsharesalandborderwithIreland,andsharesmaritimeborderswithFrance,Belgium,theNetherlands,Norway,Germany,DenmarkandIceland.2.2SizeThetotalareaoftheUnitedKingdomisapproximately244,110km2comprisingoftheislandofGreatBritain,thenortheasternone-sixthoftheislandofIreland(NorthernIreland)andnumeroussmallersurroundingislands.2.2SizeEnglandisthelargestpartofthecountry,locatedinthesouthoftheisland,withanareaof130,395km2,accountingfor53percentofthetotalareaoftheUK.ItshareslandborderswithScotlandtothenorthandWalestothewest;theIrishSeaistothenorthwest,theCelticSeatothesouthwestandtheNorthSeatotheeast,withtheEnglishChanneltothesouthseparatingitfromcontinentalEurope.MostofEnglandcomprisesthecentralandsouthernpartoftheislandofGreatBritainintheNorthAtlantic.London,thecapitalofbothEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom,islocatedinsoutheasternEngland.2.2SizeScotland,withanareaof78,772km2,occupiesthenorthernthirdoftheislandofGreatBritain.ItisthesecondlargestpartoftheUK,accountingforaboutathird(32%)ofthetotalarea,sharingaborderwithEnglandtothesouthandisboundedbytheNorthSeatotheeast,theAtlanticOceantothenorthandwest,andtheNorthChannelandtheIrishSeatothesouthwest.LocatedinthesoutheastofScotland,Edinburgh,thecapitalcityofScotland,liesontheeastcoastoftheCentralBelt,neartheNorthSea.2.2SizeWalesisborderedbyEnglandtoitseast,theAtlanticOceanandtheIrishSeatoitsnorthandwest,andtheBristolChanneltothesouth,withanareaof20,779km2,accountingforlessthanatenth(9%)ofthetotalareaoftheUK.SituatedonthenarrowestpartoftheSouthWalescoastalplain,Cardiffisthecapital,thelargestcityandthemostpopulouscountyofWales.NorthernIreland,separatedfromGreatBritainbytheIrishSeaandtheNorthChannel,coversanareaof14,160km2ontheislandofIreland,accountingfor6percentofthetotalareaoftheUK.ItsharesaborderwiththeRepublicofIrelandtothe2.2Sizesouthandwest.LyingonNorthernIreland’seasterncoast,BelfastisthecapitalcityofNorthernIreland.FromthesoutherncoastofEnglandtothenorthofScotland,itisabout1,000kilometerslong,andthewidestpartofBritainisabout480kilometers.Thetotalboundarylengthof8,352kilometersincludesacoastlineof7,918kilometersandalandboundarywiththeRepublicofIrelandof434kilometers.2.2SizeTheEnglishChannel(英吉利海峡)isthebodyofwaterthatseparatesEnglandfromnorthernFrance,andjoinstheNorthSeatotheAtlantic.Itisabout560

kilometerslong,andvariesinwidthfrom240kilometersatitswidesttoonly34

kilometers.ItisthesmallestoftheshallowseasaroundthecontinentalshelfofEurope,coveringanareaofsome75,000

km2.Notes2.2SizeTheChannelTunnel(英吉利海峡隧道),shortenedtobecalledtheChunneloralternativelytheEuroTunnel,isatunnelbetweenEnglandandFranceundertheEnglishChannel.Itisonlyfortrains.SomeofthetrainsintheChannelTunnelcarryautomobilesaswell.Itis50.5kilometerslongandconnectsCheriton,KentintheUnitedKingdomtoCoquellesnearCalaisinnorthernFrance.TheChannelTunnelhasthelongestunderseaportionofanytunnelintheworld.Notes2.LocationandSizeWhereistheUKlocatedgeographically?WhatistheUnitedKingdomgeographicallyandpoliticallycomposedof?OfthefourmainterritoriesoftheUKwhichisthesecondlargestinarea?HowlongistheUK’slandborderwiththeRepublicofIreland?HowlongistheUKfromthesouthernpartofEnglandtothenorthernpartofScotland?Andhowwideisitfromeasttowest?Questions3.Terrain,RiversandMountains3.1Terrain3.2RiversandLakes3.3Mountains3.1TerrainTheBritishlandscape,thoughveryvariedfromtheGrampianMountains(格兰扁山脉)ofScotlandtothelowlandsofEngland,canbedividedroughlyintotwokindsofterrain—highlandandlowland.ThehighlandareacomprisesthemountainousregionsofScotland,NorthernIreland,NorthEnglandandNorthWales.Gentlyrollinghills,longvalleys,plainsandbasinsbreakupthelowlandareaintheeastandsoutheast(manycoastalareasarelow-lying,especiallyintheeastandsouthofEngland).The10tallestmountains(over1,214metershighabovesealevel)intheUKareallfoundinScotland.ThelowestpointoftheUKisintheFensofEastAnglia,inEngland,partsofwhichlie