《汽车专业英语》-Chapter One Automotive Fundamentals

1.1TheAutomobileThemodernautomobile，asyouknow，evolvedfromthehorsedrawncarriage，whichwasgraduallyreplacedintheearlypartoflastcenturyEarlyautomobilesevenlookedlikecarriagesAstheautomobilemadeaplaceforitselfinourdailylives，italsobecamemoreandmoreexpensivetopurchase，use，andmaintainAutomobileexpensesnowaccountforasubstantialportionofmostfamilybudgetsInfact，oneoutofeveryfourretailsalesdollarsgoesforanautomotive-relatedpurchase.

下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileTomakethebestbuy，aconsumermustunderstandhowcarsworkandwhatkindsofattentiontheyneedtostayingoodshapeKnowledgeoftheautomobileisequallyimportantforanyoneconsideringemploymentintheautomotiveindustryThischapterwillbeginthestudyoftheautomobilewithanexaminationofitsmajorcomponents—frame，body，engine，drivetrain，andchassis（Fig1-1）.上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile1.1.1TheFrameTheframeisthebasicfoundationoftheautomobile，aplatformtowhichtherestoftheautomobilecomponentsareattachedEachframemember，orseparatepartoftheframe，isconstructedofheavysteelbarsweldedintoasquareorboxshapeThesetoughframemembers，well-suitedtosupportingthecar‘stremendousweight，arefastenedtogetherindifferentframeworkdesigns.

上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileOnepopularframedesignusestwolargesiderailsrunningbeneaththesidesofthecarandanumberofcrosspieceswhicharecalledcrossmembersThisdesignisoftencalledaladderframe（Fig1-2）becauseitresemblesastepladderTheladderframehasoneseriousdisadvantageDuringacollision，theimpactononeoranothercorneroftheframecouldpushtheframeoutofsquare，resultingintheneedforanexpensiveframestraightening.上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileInattemptingtostrengthentheladderframe，cardesignerscameupwiththex-memberframe，asshowninFig1-3Thex-memberframeusestwolargemembersthatcrossunderthecenterofthecarThesemembersareweldedtotheframe’ssiderailsandcrossmembersSomeautomobilesareconstructedwithoutaregularframeInthesevehiclesaverythicksheetofmetal，calledthefloorpan，isusedtosupportthecarThebodyofthecarisweldeddirectlytothefloorpanTheothercomponentsareattachedtothebody-floorpanassemblyThisdesign，aunitizedbody（Fig1-4）ormonocoquedesign，hassomeadvantagesintermsofweightsavings，andlowerfloorandproductioncosts上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileTherelativemeritsofframeconstructionversustheunitizedbody，intermsofabilitytowithstandacrash，havenotbeenfullydeterminedThereisagrowingconviction，however，thatthesheetmetalintheunitizedconstructionmayabsorbtheenergyofimpactmoreeffectivelythantherigidmembersofaframeUnitizedconstructionsuffersfromonecleardisadvantage：roadnoiseWhenacarhasaframe，thepassengercompartmentcanbeinsulatedfromroadnoisebytheinsertionofrubberbiscuitsbetweentheframeandthebodyWithunitizedconstruction，thenoisetelegraphsfromtheroaddirectlyintothepassengercompartment上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile1.1.2TheBody

Theautomobilebodyenclosesthechassis，makingthecarcomfortabletodriveItalsomakesthecarmoreusefulandnicertolookatThebodycomprisesfenders，hood，doors，roof，trunklid，floor，seats，windows，dashboard，lights，windshieldwipers，grille，andbumpers.

Today，bodydesignisinfluencednotonlybyadesiretoprotectpeoplefromtheelementsandofferanestheticallypleasingvehicle，butalsobytheneedtoprotectpassengersinacrashCrashtestingnowplaysamajorroleinbodydesign.

ThemodernautomobilebodyisconstructedfromsheetsofsteelformedtotherequiredshapeingiantpunchpressesMostofthebodycomponentsareweldedtogethertoformatight，rattle-freeunit上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile

AutomobilesoftodayhavedevelopedintomanydifferentbodystylesbefittingtheirvariedusesAlthoughbodiesaremanufacturedinanalmostinfinitevariety，itispossibletocategorizeallbodystylesbysizeandtype

Thefivebodysizesare：

Mini-compact—whichislessthan85cubicfeetofpassengerandluggagevolume

Subcompact—whichisbetween85to100cubicfeetofpassengerandluggagevolumeandhasthelowestoriginalcostanddeliversthebestfueleconomy上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile

Compact—whichisbetween100to110cubicfeetofpassengerandluggagevolumeandalargelyNorthAmericantermdenotinganautomobilesmallerthanamid-sizecar，butlargerthanasubcompactcar，andgivesadditionalroominthefrontandrearseatsaswellasaddedcrash-protectionforpassengers

Midsize—frequentlyreferredtoasanintermediate，whichisbetween110to120cubicfeetofpassengerandluggagevolumeandtheNorthAmericantermforanautomobilewithasizebetweenthatofacompactandafull-sizecarandprovideswhatmanyconsidertobethebesttrade-offbetweeneconomyandcomfort上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile

Large—afull-sizecar,theequivalentclassinAustralianterms，whichismorethan120cubicfeetofpassengerandluggagevolumeAfull-sizecarisatermusedinNorthAmericaforanautomobilelargerthanamid-sizecar

Two-doorsedan—whichissimilartothe2-doorcoupe，butasedanhasatleast33cubicfeetofrearinteriorvolume，whereasacoupehaslessthan33cubicfeet

Four-doorsedan—whichisa4-door，withaBpillarthatextendsfromthefloortotheroofThisstylegenerallyholds6passengers，andisusedinmanyyears

Convertible—whosebodystyleiswitharemovableorretractableroofandrearwindow上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile

Hardtop—originallyreferredtoaremovablesolidroofonaconvertible；later，alsoafixed-roofcarwhosedoorshavenofixedwindowframes，whichisdesignedtoresemblesuchaconvertible

Hatchback—identifiedbyareardoorincludingthebackwindowthatopensverticallytoaccessastoragearea,whichisnotseparatedfromtherestofthepassengercompartment

Stationwagon—whichisacarwithafull-heightbodyallthewaytotherear；theload-carryingspacecreatedisaccessedviaareardoorordoors

Pickuptruck—whichisasmallormediumsizedtruck

Van—inNorthAmericaavanreferstoatruck-basedcommercialvehicleofthewagonstyle，whetherusedforpassengerorcommercialuse.

上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile1.1.3TheEngineAnengine（Fig1-6）isamachinethatturnsheatenergyintomechanicalmotionInsodoingitconsumesfuelTheengine，sometimescalledthepowerplant，makesthecargobyusingtheexplosivepowerofamixtureofgasolineandairordieselfuelandairtopushthepistons.Thepistonsareconnectedtoacrankshaftandforceittoturn.Therotatingforceofthecrankshaftisusedtomakethecar‘swheelsturn上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileThemostcommonAmericanpracticeistoinstalltheengineinthefrontofthecar，becauseafront-mountedengineisreadilyaccessibleandcanbecooledeasily.Europeandesignershaveoftenusedrear-engineplacement，whichmeansthefrontofthecarcanbemademorestreamlinedforbetterfueleconomy.Also，thehoodcanbelower，drivervisibilitycanbeincreased，andtheengine’sweightovertherearwheelscanservetoincreasetractioninarear-drivecar.上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileAlthoughfront-orrear-engineplacementismostcommon，theenginecanalsobeplacedinthemiddleofthecarTheearliestcars，infact，usedmid-engineplacementWhensomethingwentwrongwiththeengine，thedriverhadtogetoutandliftuptheseattoworkonitMid-engineinstallationisnowenjoyingaresurgenceinsomecarsAmid-enginecarhandlesverywellbecausetheheavyengineinthemiddleofthecarprovidesthebestpossibleweightdistribution.Liketheearlyvehicles，however，today’smid-enginecarstillsuffersfrominaccessibilityAndinsteadofhavingtheengineundertheseat，amodernmid-enginesportscarhastheenginebehindthedriver，whicheliminatestherearseatm.上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile1.1.4.TheDrivetrainThepowerdevelopedbytheenginemustbetransferredtothedrivingwheelsDeliveringenginepowertothedrivingwheelsisthejobofthedrivetrain.Itcomprisestheclutch(onmanual-transmissioncar)，transmission，(sometimes)driveshaftwithuniversaljoints，differentialgearing，anddriveaxlesandwheelsThemaincomponentofthedrivetrainisthetransmission，whichcontainsasystemofgearsusedtomultiplytheengine’sturningefforttogetthecargoingforwardor，whennecessary，backwardAdriveshaftisusedtotransferpowerfromthetransmissiontothedriveaxleassembly.Thedriveaxleassemblycontainsanothersystemofgearsthattransferstheengine’spowertoeachofthedrivewheels

上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileTheengineismountedontheframeorunderbodyoftheautomobile.Thepositionoftheengineandthedriveaxlevarythelayoutoftheautomotivedrivetrain.Fourkindsofdrivetrainarrangements（Fig1-7）arecommonintoday’scars：frontengine/rear-drive，frontengine/front-drive，rearengine/rear-drive,andmid-engine/rear-drive上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobile1.1.5TheChassisThetermchassisdescribesallthepartsoftheautomobileunderthebodyThechassisformsthemainstructureofthemodernautomobileAlargenumberofdesignsinpressed-steelframeformaskeletononwhichtheengine，wheels，axleassemblies，transmission，steeringmechanism，brakes，andsuspensionmembersaremounted.Duringthemanufacturingprocessthebodyisflexiblyboltedtothechassis.Themajorcomponentsofthebasicchassisaretheframe，engine，drivetrain，wheels，tires，steering，brakes，suspensionandeverythingneededtodrivethecar.上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileInaddition，severalothersystemsaremountedtothechassisassemblyThewheelsoftheautomobileareconnectedtotheframebyasystemofsprings，shockabsorbers，andlinkagesthatmakeupthecar’ssuspensionsystemThesuspensionsystemabsorbsroadshocksasthevehicletravelsoverroughroadsandholdsthetireandwheelincorrectalignmentwiththecarandtheroadItalsoallowsthetiresandwheelstomoveupanddownrelativetothebodyoverbumpsandchuckholes.上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileAnotherimportantchassiscomponentisthesteeringsystem，whichallowsthedrivertocontrolthedirectionthecartravelsThesteeringwheel，whichthedrivercontrols，isconnectedtoagearboxthatmultipliesthedriver’seffortThegearboxislinkedtothefrontwheelsofthevehicle.Thelastmajorchassiscomponentisthebrakingsystem，thefunctionofwhichistoeitherreducethevehicle’sspeed，bringthevehicletoahalt，orkeepitstationaryifalreadyhaltedWhenthedriverpushesonthebrakepedal，hydraulicfluidisforcedoutofamastercylindertoeachofthefourwheels.Theresultinghydraulicpressureoperatesadrumordiskbrakeassemblytosloworstopthecar’swheels.上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileKeyWordsandExpressionsFrame—theplatformorfoundationoftheautomobiletowhichthebody，engineandrunninggearareattached车架

Crossmember—theframemembersthatrunbetweenthesiderails横梁

Body—thestructureofthecarthatenclosesthedriver，passengers，enginecompartmentandtrunk车身

Fender—anyfixedside-panelofavehiclethatpartiallyshroudsaroadwheel翼子板上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileHood—thehingedorremovablebodypanelbywhichaccessisgainedtotheenginecompartmentofavehicle发动机罩

Trunklid—theentirebackofthevehiclewhichcanliftup（usingaliftgateorhatch）.后箱盖

Dashboard—theinteriorpanelbeneaththewindscreenorwindshield，onwhichinstrumentsaremounted仪表板

Windshieldwiper—theoscillatingblade，withflexiblerubberblade，forcleaningandremovingwaterfromawindshieldorwindscreen刮水器上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileGrille—thedecorativeandprotectivegridatthefrontofvehicle格栅

Bumper—thehorizontalbarmountedatthefrontandtherearofvehicletopreventorreducedamageinlow-speedimpacts，andtoabsorbimpactenergy保险杠

Engine—themainpowerunitofavehicle，convertingtheenergyofliquidorgasfuelintomechanicalenergy发动机

Drivetrain—thepaththroughwhichpowerflowsfromtheenginetothedrivewheels传动系

Transmission—agearboxusedtomultiplytorqueandallowvariousvehiclespeedswhilekeepingtheenginespeedwithinitsdesignedrpmrange变速器上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileChassis—thestructurallowerpartofavehicletowhichtherunninggearandbodyisattachedThetruechassisisnowevidentonlyinheavygoodsvehicles，somepublicservicevehicles，andsomespecialistcars底盘

Floorpan—thebasepanelofapassengercar地板

Unitizedbody—abodytypeconstructionwherethereisnoframeandallassemblyunitsareattachedtothebodyAllthefunctionsoftheframearecarriedoutbythebodyandtheframethatareasingleunitweldedtogetherTheconstructionmakesthebodysheetsrelievethemetalframeworkofpartofthestressandresultsinsomeweightsavingovertheconventionalseparateframeandbodyconstruction整体式车身

上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobilePiston—acomponent，usuallyintheformofacylinderclosedatoneend，thatconvertsfluidpressureintomechanicalmovementandforce，orviceversa，withinasmoothwalledcylinder，inwhichitisaslidingfit活塞

Differential—asystemofgearscapableofdrivingtheinputtorqueofoneshaftbetweentwooutputshaftswhererotationatdifferentspeedsislikelytooccur差速器

Drivingaxle—anaxlecapableoftransmittingpowerbywayofadifferentialorothertransmissionarrangement驱动轴

上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileDriveshaft—ahollowsteelshaftthatconnectsthetransmissiontotherearaxleinafront-engine，rear-drivecar传动轴

Four-wheeldrive—atransmissionsysteminwhichenginepowerisdeliveredtothefrontandtherearwheelsofavehicle四轮驱动上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileCrankshaft—themainpowershaftofareciprocatingengine，comprisingthecranksthatimpartreciprocatingmotiontothepistonsbywayoftheircrankthroworoffsetfromtheshaftaxis，andthejournalswherebyitislocatedandsupportedbythecrankcasemainbearings曲轴

Front-wheeldrive—atransmissionsysteminwhichtheenginepowerisdeliveredtothefrontwheelsofavehicle前轮驱动

Transaxle—acombinedgearboxanddifferentialunitattachedtotheengineinsomefront-wheeldrivevehicles.Itmeanscontractionoftransmission-axle驱动桥（与变速箱连成一体，用于前轮驱动的汽车）上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileShockabsorber—themechanismfordampingvibrationinaspringsystem减振器

Suspensionsystem—thesystemofspringsthatsupportsthebodyandframeonthewheels悬架系统

Steeringsystem—amechanismbywhichamotorvehicleissteered转向系

Brakingsystem—thehydraulicsystemoflevers，cylinders，surfacesandfluidusedtostoporslowdownavehicle制动系

Brakepedal—foot-operatedcontrolbywhichtheservicebrakeisapplied制动踏板上一页下一页返回1.1TheAutomobileMastercylinder—primarysourceofpressureinabrakesystem，containingthepistonbywhichpressureisappliedandconnectedtoasourceofhydraulicfluid制动主缸

Drumbrake—thebrakeinwhichfrictionblockscalledbrakeshoeslinedwithfrictionmaterialarebroughttobearontheperipheryofadrumorcylinder鼓式制动器

Diskbrake—thebrakeinwhichexternalfrictionpadsarebroughttobearonthefacesofadick，usuallybytheclampingactionofacaliper盘式制动器上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem1.2.1EngineConfigurationsThetermengineconfigurationreferstothewaythatthecylindersofanenginearearrangedThecylinderscanbein-line，opposed，oratanangle（V-type）.Withinthesethreebasicarrangements，thereareanumberofvariations(1)In-LineEnginesWithin-lineengines，thecylindersarearrangedinastraightline，onebehindtheother.Mostin-lineengineshavetheircylindersvertical，butsomeareslanted.Thatis，theengineistiltedatanangletoreducetheoverallheight.Theseenginesaresometimescalledasslantedengines

上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystemSomein-lineengineshavetheircylindershorizontal，sothattheengineismoreorlessonitsside.ThisreducestheoverallheightoftheengineThisarrangementisusedmainlyinlargercommercialvehicleswiththeenginemountedunderthepartofthecab.(2)HorizontallyOpposedEnginesThisarrangementhasitscylindersarrangedintwoflatbankswiththecrankshaftbetweenthem.Theenginehasashortrigidcrankshaftwithseveralbearings.Ahorizontallyopposedenginehasevenfiringimpulsesandgoodbalance.MovementofapistoninonedirectionisopposedbymovementofapistonintheoppositedirectionThebasicarrangementofahorizontallyopposedengineisshowninFig1-11上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystemHorizontallyopposedengines，withtheirflatdesign，givetheenginealowheightandalsohelptokeepthecentreofgravityofthevehiclelow.Alowcenterofgravitygivesthevehiclestability（showninFig1-12）.(3)V-TypeEnginesWithV-typeengines，thecylindersarearrangedintwobanksatanangle.Thisreducesthelengthoftheengineandmakesitmorecompact.Thisalsoreducesthelengthofthecrankshaft，whichcanbedesignedtobemorerigidthanalongshaft.ThearrangementofaV-typeengineisshowninFig1-13

上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem1.2.2TheEngineAssemblyandComponents

Thecompleteengineassemblyconsistsofthemechanicalcomponentsthatmakeuptheengineitselfandalsoanumberofassociatedsystems.Thesearethesystemsthatareneededtostarttheengineandalsotocontrolitandkeepitrunning.Themechanicalpartsoftheengineassemblycanbebrokendownintoanumberofsub-assemblies，orgroupsofassociatedcomponents，forexample，cylinder-headassemblyandpistonassembly.上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystemThecylinderblockisthelargestpartoftheengineTheotherpartsareeitherfittedintotheblockorattachedtoit.Asitsnamesuggests，itisbasicallyablockofcastmetal，usuallycastiron，butitcanbealuminumalloywithcastironorsteellinersAluminumisusedtoreducetheweight.ThelowerpartoftheblockisknownasthecrankcaseandthishasbearingsthatcarrythecrankshaftThewater-jacketsthatsurroundthecylindersarefilledwithcoolant.上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystemThecrankshaftismountedinbearingsinthelowerpartofthecylinderblock（thecrankcase）.Theconnectingrodsconnectthepistonstothecrankshaft，whichisrotatedbythepowerstrokesofthepistonswhentheengineisrunningTheup-and-down，orreciprocating，motionofthepistonsischangedtorotarymotionbythecombinationactionoftheconnectingrodsandthecranksofthecrankshaft.上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystemTheflywheelisaheavycastironwheelattachedtotherearofthecrankshaft.ItreducesenginevibrationsbysmoothingoutthepowerimpulsesofthepistonsTheflywheelabsorbsenergyduringthepowerstrokeandgivesupenergyduringtheotherstrokesandthishelpstokeeptheenginerunningsmoothly.Aringgearisfittedtotherimoftheflywheelsothattheenginecanberotatedbythestarterpinionwhenstartingtheengine.Withautomatictransmissions，adriveplateandtorqueconvertertaketheplaceoftheflywheelandperformthesamefunctionsasaflywheel，asfarastherunningoftheengineisconcerned上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystemThepistonhasgroovesthatcarrythepistonringsandtheseprovideasealbetweenthepistonandthecylinderwall.Compressionringsareusedasagassealandtheoilringisusedtopreventexcessoilfromfindingitswayuppastthepistonintothecombustionchamber.TheconnectingrodhasaremovablecapandasplitbearingatitslowerendwhereitisconnectedtothecrankshaftItsupperendhasapistonpinthatprovidesawrist-typeofactionwiththepistonBecauseofitsaction，thepistonpinissometimesreferredtoasawristpin上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystemThecamshaftandthevalvemechanismareusedtoopenandclosethevalvesatthecorrecttime.Thecamshaftisdrivenfromthecrankshaftathalfthecrankshaftspeed.Thevalvecover，alsocalledthecylinder-headcover，isfittedtothetopofthecylinderhead.Thisenclosesthevalvemechanism.Anadditionalcoverontopoftheenginecoverstheignitioncoils.上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem1.2.3EngineSystemsTheenginesystemsthatenabletheenginetostartandtocontinuetooperateareasfollows：①Startingsystem;②Fuelsystem;③Ignitionsystem;④Coolingsystem;⑤Lubricatingsystem;⑥Intakesystem;⑦Exhaustsystem;⑧Chargingsystem;⑨Engineelectroniccontrolsystem上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem(1)StartingSystemThestarterisusedtorotatetheengineduringstartingItconsistsofanelectricmotorandadriveThedrivehasasmallpinionthatmesheswiththeringgearontheflywheelduringstartingThebatterysuppliestheelectricalenergytooperatethestarterandrotatetheengineuntilitfiresandrunsonitsown.

上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem(2)FuelSystemTherearefourbasictypesoffuelsystems：carburetorsystemsforpetrolengines，fuelinjectionsystemsforpetrolengines，gasfuelsystems（LPGorNGV），anddieselinjectionsystems.Allthesesystemsoperateindifferentways，buttheyallhavesomewheretostorefuel（afueltankoracylinder）andawayofsupplyingtheenginewiththefuel.Theyalsohaveawayofsupplyingairandfuelmixedinthecorrectproportionssothatitcanbeeffectivelyburntinthecombustionchambers.上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem(3)IgnitionSystemPetrolenginesandenginesoperatingongasrequireanignitionsystemThisisneededtoprovidethesparksthatfirethechargesinthecombustionchambersForthisreason，petrolenginesaresometimesreferredtoasspark-ignitionengines.Thisdistinguishesthemfromdieselenginesthatdonotneedasparkbecausetheyusecompressionignition.CombustioninadieseloccurswhenthefuelissprayedintothecombustionchamberTheairinthecylinderisathightemperaturefrombeingcompressed—highenoughtoignitethefuelthatissprayedfromtheinjector.上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem(3)IgnitionSystemPetrolenginesandenginesoperatingongasrequireanignitionsystemThisisneededtoprovidethesparksthatfirethechargesinthecombustionchambersForthisreason，petrolenginesaresometimesreferredtoasspark-ignitionenginesThisdistinguishesthemfromdieselenginesthatdonotneedasparkbecausetheyusecompressionignitionCombustioninadieseloccurswhenthefuelissprayedintothecombustionchamberTheairinthecylinderisathightemperaturefrombeingcompressed—highenoughtoignitethefuelthatissprayedfromtheinjector上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem(5)LubricatingSystemTheengine-lubricatingsystemconsistsofanoilpump，areliefvalveandafilter；alsopipes，passagesanddrillingsinvariouspartsoftheenginethroughwhichtheoilcanflowAquantityofoilisheldintheoilpanFromthis，oilistakenbytheoilpumpandcirculatedthroughouttheenginebeforereturningtotheoilpanTheoillubricatesallthemovingpartsandthisnotonlyreducesfriction，butpreventswearanddamage.Theoilpumpisdrivendirectlybythecrankshaft.Thissystemhasanoilcooler，locatedatthefiltermountingunderthefilter上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem(6)IntakeSystemInpetrolenginewithelectronicfuelinjection，theintakesystemincludestheaircleaner，ducting，thethrottlevalveassemblyandtheintakemanifold.TheintakesystemprovidescleanairandcarriesitintotheenginethroughtheintakemanifoldNozzlesofthefuelinjectorssprayfuelintotheairpassingfromtheintakemanifoldintotheintakeportsWithcarburetorfuelsystems，amixtureofairandfueliscarriedfromthecarburetor，throughtheintakemanifoldandintotheenginethroughtheintakeportsForenginesthatoperateongas，amixtureofairandgasiscarriedintotheenginebytheintakemanifoldInpetrolengineswithfuelinjection，andindieselengines，onlycleanairisprovidedbytheintakesystem上一页下一页返回1.2TheEngine’sSystem(7)ExhaustSystemTheexhaustsystemcarriestheburntgasesawayfromtheengineandalsoreducesnoise.Thesystemconsistsoftheexhaustmanifold，exhaustpipes