新医学大学英语视听说教程2（智慧版）scripts keys

Unit1

Openingup

1Matchthefollowingpicturesrelatedtomedicalitemswiththeircorrespondingmaterials.

Answers:1.D2.C3.B 4.A

Viewing

Didyouknowthatworldwideosteoporosiscausesmorethanninemillionfracturesannually?Asaresult,thereisanosteoporoticfractureeverythreeseconds.Imaginehowthesemillionsofpatientsmustfeel.AtEvonik’sMedicalDeviceCompetenceCenterinBirmingham,Alabama,expertsareworkingtogetherwithEvonikcolleaguesaroundtheworldonsolutionstohelpthosepatients.Theyaredevelopingpolymermaterialsthatarelightweight,increaseboneformationandcanalsobecompletelyabsorbedbythebody,reducingtheneedforremovalsurgery.Thesepolymersarealreadyusedinavarietyofapplications.Forexample,forthetreatmentoffracturesofthehands,feet,cranialandfacial,forthereconstructionoftendonsintheshoulderorknee,orforstentswhichkeepcloggedarteriesopenafteraheartattack.

Theadvantageofimplantsmadeofresinorpolymeristhattheycanbecompletelyabsorbedbythebodywithprecisecontrolofdegradation.Ideally,theimplantdegradesovertimeashealingprogressesandtheload-bearingcapacityoftheboneincreases.Thiseliminatestheneedofanunpleasantsecondarysurgerywhichwouldbeinevitableusingmetalapplications.Butiftheimplantneedstostayinthebodypermanently,anotherEvonikpolymerVESTAKEEPcanbeused.VESTAKEEPisbiocompatibleandcomparabletohumanboneinitselasticity.Butwe’renotstoppinghere:Evonik’sexpertsarealsodevelopingdifferentmaterialssuchaspowdersandfilamentsforvarious3Dprintingtechnologiesinordertocreatepatient-specificimplantsthatcomerightoutofa3Dprinter.

Currently,surgeonshavetoselectthemostappropriateimplantfromanumberofstandardsizes.Byusinga3DprinterandEvonikpolymerinstead,anindividualizedimplantcouldbeavailablewithinamatterofhours,perfectlymadespecifictothepatient’sneeds.AtEvonikwe’reconstantlyworkingonsolutionstoimprovepatients’lives.

1HowdoEvonik’sbiomaterialshelppatientswithbonefractures?Watchthevideoandfinishtheoutline.

Answers:1.solutions 2.formation 3.absorbed 4.treatment

5.3D

2Watchthevideoagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).

Answers:1.F 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.F

Listeningandspeaking

News

ScientistsatJohnsHopkinsUniversityaredevelopingnewmedicalmaterialstoimprovepatientcare.Thesematerialsareveryusefulindifferentmedicaltreatments.Oneisstrongmetal,whichiscommonlyusedforbonerepairandrepresentsaprimarychoiceinhipreplacementsurgeries.Anotherisaspecialplasticformakingartificialbloodvessels.Thereisalsoaceramicmaterialusedfordentalimplants,andnaturalmaterialstakenfromanimalsthathelpwoundshealfaster.

Recentresearchshowsthatusingtheseadvancedmaterialshelpspatientsrecoverabout30%fasterthantraditionalmethods.Dr.LisaWang,theleadscientist,sharedsomeexcitingnews:“Ourresearchshowsthatnewlydevelopedhydrogelbandageshavethepotentialtostopseverebleedingrapidly–insometestswithin30seconds.”Thiscansavemanylivesinemergencies.

Researchersarenowworkingtomakethesematerialssaferandmoredurable.Amajorfocusisoncreating“self-healing”materialsthatcanworkbetterwiththehumanbody.Theseimprovementswillhelpdoctorstreatpatientsmoreeffectivelyinthefuture.

1Listentoapieceofnewsandmatcheachbiomaterialwithitscorrespondingmedicalapplication.

Answers:1.D 2.A3.B 4.E 5.C

Conversation

Alex:

Dr.Chen,I’mdoingaschoolreportonnewmedicaltools.Canyoutellmesomethingabout“smartbandages”?

Dr.Chen:

Ofcourse,Alex.It’sanexcitingtopic.Normalbandagesjustcoverawound.Butsmartbandagesare

bioactive–theyactuallyworkwithyourbodytohelpitheal.

Alex:

Howdotheyworkwiththebody?

Dr.Chen:

Well,first,mostofthemare

antimicrobial.Thismeanstheyhavespecialmaterials,suchastinysilverparticles,whichfightgermsandstopinfectionsbeforetheystart.

Alex:

That’sclever.Dotheydoanythingelse?

Dr.Chen:

Yes,theyalsohelpyourbodybuildnewtissuefaster.Somecontainanaturalproteincalled

collagen.Thinkof

collagen

asatinyframeworkor

scaffold

thatgivesyournewskincellsastructuretogrowon,helpingthewoundclosequicklyandproperly.

Alex:

Whatmakesthem“smart”?

Dr.Chen:

Themostadvancedpartisthetiny

biosensors

wovenintothefabric.Theselittlesensorscancheckonthewoundbymeasuringthingslike

pH

levels,whichtellusifthewoundishealthyornot.Ifthenumberslookbad,itcanmeanthere’stoomuch

inflammatory

activity,asignofpossibleinfection.Thebandagecanthensendthisinformationdirectlytoadoctor.

Alex:

Sothedoctorgetsanearlywarning?

Dr.Chen:

Exactly.Thisissuperhelpfulforwoundsthathealslowly,like

diabeticulcers

onthefeet.It’saperfectexampleof

telemedicine–usingtechnologytomanagehealthfromadistance.Insteadofjustcoveringaproblem,thesebandagesactivelysupportyourbody’sown

healingprocess,guidingiteverystepoftheway.

Alex:

That’samazing.Thankyou,Dr.Chen!

1Listentoaconversationandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.

1.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweensmartbandagesandnormalones?

2.Whatistheprimaryfunctionofantimicrobialmaterialsinsmartbandages?

3.AccordingtoDr.Chen,howdoescollageninasmartbandagedirectlyaidthehealingprocess?

4.Whatwilltriggerthesmartbandagetosendanalert?

5.Whyaresmartbandagesespeciallyusefulfordiabeticpatients?

Answers:1.C 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.A

2Listenagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).

Answers:1.F 2.F3.T 4.F5.T

Passage1

Whatifwecouldprintlivingtissuesandorgansjustlikeweprintobjectswitha3Dprinter?Thisgroundbreakingfieldisknownas

bioprinting.Insteadofusingplasticormetal,3D

bioprinters

useaspecial“bio-ink”–agelcontaininglivingcellsandnutrientsthatsupportcellgrowth.

Theprocessbeginswithadetaileddigital

blueprint,typicallycreatedfromapatient’smedicalscans.Thisdigitalmodelguidestheprinterasitcarefullylayersthebio-inktobuildcomplex3Dstructures.Theseprintedconstructs,called

scaffolds,serveastemporaryframeworksthatprovideboththecorrectshapeandnecessarymechanicalsupportforcellulardevelopment.

Thelivingcellswithinthebio-inkthenbegintheirremarkablework.Theymultiply,communicatewitheachother,andorganizeintofunctionalunits.Gradually,thesecells

secrete

theirownnaturalsupportmaterialsthroughaprocesscalled

extracellularmatrix

formation.Thisnaturalmatrixeventuallyreplacestheartificialscaffold,whichistypicallymadefrom

biodegradable

materialsdesignedtosafelydissolveovertime.

Whilestillprimarily

experimental,thistechnologyshowstremendouspotentialforcreating

personalized

medicalsolutions.Researchersareactivelyworkingonprintingskin

grafts

forburnvictims,

cartilage

forjointrepairs,andeventuallyevencomplexorgans.Thisinnovativeapproachcouldsignificantlyreducetransplantwaitinglistsandimprovetreatmentoutcomesformillionsofpatientsworldwide.

1Listentoapassageandfinishthesummary.

Answers:1.bio-ink 2.medicalscans 3.scaffolds

4.multiply 5.dissolve 6.waitinglists7.outcomes

2Listenagainandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.

1.Whathappensasthecellsorganizeintofunctionalunits?

2.Whatisthecurrentstatusofbioprintingtechnology?

3.Whateventuallyreplacestheartificialscaffoldinthebody?

4.Whichspecificmedicalapplicationsareresearcherscurrentlyworkingon?

Answers:1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C

Passage2

Imagineasmallmedicaldevicethatcanenterthebodythroughatinycut,thenopenupintoacomplex3Dshapeinsideyou.Thisisn’tsciencefiction–it’stheamazingabilityof

shapememorypolymers.Thesesmartmaterialscan“remember”theiroriginalshapeandbetemporarilyfoldedintoadifferentshapeforeasyinsertion.Whentheyfeelaspecificsignallikebodyheatorcertainlight,theygentlyreturntotheirplannedform.

Thisspecialqualityischanging

minimallyinvasivesurgery.Forexample,asmall

stent,namelyatubethatkeepsbloodvesselsopen,orbonerepairframecanbedeliveredthroughathintubeinacompressedform.Whenitreachestherightplace,likeablockedbloodvesselordamagedbonearea,itexpandstoprovideperfectsupport.Allthishappenswithoutneedingmajorsurgerywithlargecuts.

Thisadvancedapproachcauseslessdamagetothebody,leavessmallerscars,andhelpspatientsrecovermuchfaster.Scientistsarenowmakingthesematerialsevenbetter.Theyareimprovingthematerialstomakesuretheychangeshapemoreaccurately.They’realsoaddingspecial

bioactive

coatings.Thesecoatingscanslowlyreleasemedicinetopreventinfections.Theycanalsohelpourbody’stissuesgrowbackbetterandstronger.Theseexcitingimprovementsarecreatingnewpossibilitiesinmodernmedicine,offeringpatientssafertreatmentsandquickerrecoverytimes.

1Listentoapassageandfinishthesummary.

Answers:1.remember 2.signals 3.compressed

4.expand 5.lessdamage 6.(bioactive)coatings

2Listenagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).

Answers:1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F

Medicalterms

Answers:1.biosensor2.fractures3.inflammatory4.coating

5.cellular6.stent7.hydrogel8.antimicrobial

UNIT2

Openingup

1Matchthefollowingpicturesrelatedtomedicaldeviceswiththeircorrespondingengineeringideas.

Answers:1.B2.A3.C4.D

Viewing

Medicaldevicesaresomethingeverybody’sgoingtoneedandwanttohavebetter.Growingupandseeingmygrandparentsgetolderandsick,IreallywantedtofindwaysthatIcouldhelpimprovetheirlivesandmakethemhealthier.ThiscoursefocusesonpreparingstudentsforthebiggestindustryintheUnitedStates.Healthcareprovidesincrediblycomplicatedchallenges.Andweteachthemhowtodesignamedicaldevicesoit’sbetter,cheaper.Itdoesn’thurtsomuch.Ithinkwhatmakesthisclassreallystandoutisitsbridgingtogetherofclinicalpracticeandengineeringprinciples.Weinvitedadozenorsoclinicianstocomeinatthebeginningoftheclassanddescribe–Ineedanewtypeofsplint,orIneedanewthingyfortreatingthis.Weareveryusedtousingmedicaldevicesinaclinicalenvironment.Andweoftenhaveideasonhowtooptimizeorchangethewaytheyoperate.Theproblemis,wecannotchangethefilterhere.Wecannot...Whatwewantourstudentsinthisclasstodoisnothackandtrythingsatrandom.Wewantthemtodesignanexperimentthoughtfully.Attheendofthe14weeks,youhavetodeliveraprototype.Itisalotofpressure,butanincrediblymotivatingandenrichingexperience.

Ourteamworkedonbuildingabluelightdisinfectiondevicetodecreasetheriskofsurgicalsiteinfections.RadioPhantomisadevicethat’scapableofplacingradio-opaquemarkersin3Dspacetosimulatethetopologyofapatient’sbrainlesions.Ourwearabledeviceallowselderlypatientstomoreeasilyandcomfortablymonitortheircardiorespiratoryfitness.Workingwithaclinicianthroughouttheprojectreallykeptusgroundedintherealitiesofin-homedialysisandhowincrediblyfrighteningandpainfulitcanbe.Theabilitytoactuallystepfootinthehospital,worksidebysidewithadoctorfortheentiresemester,experiencetheinnerworkingsoftheclinicenvironmentandbeabletoobserveitfirsthand,itmakesabigdifferencetohowtheythinkaboutthedesignandprototypingontheirownsolutions.Andit’sveryeasytoforgetthatthereisareal,livinghumanbeingontheotherendofthatdevice.OneofthebestmemoriesIhaveisgivingourfinalpresentationattheendofthesemester.Watchingthose11teamsgetupthereandshowtheincredibledevicesthattheyhadbuiltinthespaceofafewmonthswasbreathtaking.Iwalkedoutofthatlecturehall,allsmilesandwithrenewedhopeforthefuture,becauseifthisiswhatMITstudentscancomeupwithinthatspaceoftime,theworld’sproblemslooklessdifficulttosolve.

1Howdoesasimpleideaturnintoalife-savingmedicaldevice?Watchthevideoandnumberthefollowingstages.

Answers:1.22.33.44.1

2Watchthevideoagainandmatchthedescriptionwithitscorrespondingfunction.

Answers:1.B2.A3.D4.C

News

Losinganarmorlegcanmakelifeverydifficultforpeople.

Withoutprostheticlimbs,peoplefindithardtowalk,work,ordodailytasks.Butnow,3Dprintingtechnologyisbringingnewhope.

Unliketraditionalprosthetics,whichareoftenheavyandexpensive,3D-printedlimbsarelightweightandlow-cost.Theycanbemadequickly–sometimesinjustafewdays.Thisisespeciallyhelpfulforchildren,whoneednewprostheticsoftenastheygrow.With3Dprinting,theirartificiallimbscanbeeasilyresizedandreprinted.

Groupslike“EnablingtheFuture”and“CyborgBeast”areusingthistechnologytocreateprosthetichandsforkids.Thesedeviceslooklikecoolrobottoys,sochildrenaremorewillingtowearthem.HospitalsincountriessuchasUganda,Cambodia,andTanzaniaarealsotesting3Dprintingtohelpmorepeopleinlesstime.

Althoughthetechnologyisstillimproving,ithasalreadychangedmanylives.Withcontinueddevelopment,3D-printedprostheticscouldoffermorefreedomandindependencetomillionsofamputeesaroundtheworld.

1Listentoapieceofnewsanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).

Answers:1.T2.F3.T4.F5.F

Conversation

Host:Goodday,listeners!Todaywehaveaveryinterestingtopic–tinyrobotsthatcancleaninfectedsinuses.We’rejoinedbyDr.Lee,whoispartofaresearchteamworkingonthistechnology.Welcome,Dr.Lee!

Dr.Lee:Thankyou.I’mhappytoexplainthisnewidea.

Host:Canyoutelluswhatthesetinyrobotsare?

Dr.Lee:Sure.Theserobotsareextremelysmall,evensmallerthanahumanhair.Theyaremovedusingmagnetsandcanbeguidedintothesinusesthroughthenose.

Host:Howdotheyhelpwithinfections?

Dr.Lee:Whentheyreachtheinfectedarea,weuseasmalllighttoheatthem.Thisheathelpsbreakdownthebacteriaandcleartheinfectionwithoutusingantibiotics.

Host:Thatsoundslikesomethingfromasciencefictionmovie!Isthistechnologysafe?

Dr.Lee:Sofar,testsonanimalshaveshowngoodresults.Therobotsdidnotcausedamagetotissues.Butwestillneedmoreresearchbeforeusingtheminhumans.

Host:Whendoyouthinkpeoplecanusethistreatment?

Dr.Lee:Probablyin5to10years.Weneedtogetapprovalfirst.Inthefuture,theserobotsmayalsohelptreatinfectionsinthestomach,bladder,andotherareas.

Host:Whataresomechallengesyouarefacing?

Dr.Lee:Somepeoplemightfeeluncomfortablewithrobotsinsidetheirbodies.Wealsoneedtomakesurealltherobotsareremovedaftertreatment.Butwebelievethismethodcanbeveryhelpful.

Host:Thankyou,Dr.Lee,forsharingthisexcitinginnovationwithus.

Dr.Lee:You’reverywelcome.Thankyouforhavingme.

1Listentoaconversationandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.

1.Howarethetinyrobotsmovedinsidethebody?

2.Whathappenstothebacteriawhentherobotsareheated?

3.WhatdoesDr.Leesayaboutthesafetyofthetechnologysofar?

4.Whenisthistreatmentexpectedtobeavailableforpeople?

5.AccordingtoDr.Lee,whatisonechallengetheyneedtosolve?

Answers:1.C2.B3.B4.C5.C

2Listenagainandfinishtheoutline.

Answers:1.humanhair2.nose3.antibiotics

4.light5.stomach

Passage1

Researcherssaythatfullyautomatedrobotsurgerycouldbetestedonhumanswithinthenext10years.ThiscomesafteranAI-trainedrobotsuccessfullyremovedthegallbladdersofpigswithoutanyhumanhelp.

Therobotwastrainedusingvideosofhumandoctorsperformingsurgeryonpigorgans.Inarecentstudy,therobotcompletedeightsuchoperationswitha100%successrate.TheteamfromJohnsHopkinsUniversityintheU.S.ledthisproject.

Unlikehumansurgeons,therobotmovedmoresmoothlyandtookshorterpathsduringtheoperations.Itwasalsoabletocorrectitsownmistakesandadapttosmallchangesintheorgans.Thewholeprocesstookjustoverfiveminutespersurgery.

ExpertsintheU.K.havecalledthisdevelopment“exciting”and“impressive.”Theybelieveitcouldhelpmakehigh-qualitysurgerymoreavailableeverywhere.Inthefuture,onehumansurgeonmightbeabletooverseeseveralrobot-ledoperationsatthesametime.

However,therearestillchallenges.Surgeryonlivinghumansismorecomplex–patientsbreathe,bleed,andmove.Robotsmustlearntohandlethesesafely.Moretestingisneededbeforetheycanbeusedinrealhospitals.

Whilefullyautomaticrobotsurgeryisstillyearsaway,itisbecomingarealisticgoal.Withfurtherresearch,robotscouldsoonhelpdoctorsperformcommonoperationsmorequicklyandaccurately.

1Listentoapassageanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).

Answers:1.T2.F3.F4.T5.F

2Listenagainandfillintheblanks.

Answers:1.10/tenyears2.organs3.5/five4.robot-led

5.realhospitals

Passage2

HospitalsacrosstheUnitedStatesareincreasinglyusingrobotstohelpwithdailytasks.Thischangeishappeningbecausethereisaseriousshortageofhealth-careworkers.

OnecommonrobotiscalledMoxi.Itmovesonwheels,hasonearm,andfriendlyheart-shapedeyes.Moxihelpsnursesbydeliveringmedicine,pickingupsupplies,andcarryinglabsamples.Thisallowsnursestofocusmoreonpatientsinsteadofrunningaroundthehospital.

ThelackofworkersbecameevenworseaftertheCovid-19pandemic.Manynursesandmedicalstafffeltoverworkedanddecidedtoleavetheirjobs.StudiesshowthattheU.S.couldfaceashortageof100,000health-careworkersby2028.

Robotsarenowbeingusedforjobslikecleaningfloors,disinfectingrooms,takingouttrash,anddeliveringmeals.Nursesarehappytohavethishelp.Infact,robotscansavenursesupto40%oftheirworkingtime.

It’snoteasyforrobotstoworkinhospitals.Hallwaysareoftennarrowandbusywithpeople,beds,andequipment.However,withimprovementsinartificialintelligence,robotscannownavigateontheirown–theycanuseelevators,opendoors,andavoidobstacles.

Manybelievethatinthenextfiveyears,robotswillbecomeacommonsightinhospitals,helpingwithsimpleandrepetitivetasks.Itisimportanttounderstandthattheserobotsarenotreplacinghumans.Theyareheretoassisthealth-careworkerssothatdoctorsandnursescanprovidebettercaretotheirpatients.

1Listentoapassageandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.

1.Whatisthemainreasongivenforhospitalsstartingtouserobots?

2.WhichofthefollowingtasksisNOTmentionedassomethingtherobot“Moxi”cando?

3.Accordingtothepassage,howmuchworkingtimecanrobotssavefornurses?

4.Whatisaspecificchallengeforrobotsworkinginhospitalsmentionedinthepassage?

Answers:1.B2.B3.A4.B

2Listenagainandfinishthesummary.

Answers:1.heart-shapedeyes2.patients3.100,000

4.navigateontheirown5.obstacles

Medicalterms

Answers:

prototype2.splint3.phantom4.topology

5.lesion6.amputees7.antibiotic

Unit3

Openingup

1Matchthefollowingpicturesrelatedtomedicalsupplieswiththeircorrespondingchemicalprinciples.

Answers:1.B2.D3.C4.A

Viewing

Hi,I’mKathyTusslerfromtheChemicalHeritageFoundation,andthiscaseisallabouttheroleofchemistryinmedicine.

Forcenturies,physiciansbelievedinHippocrates’theoryofthefourhumors.Theywereyellowbile,blackbile,phlegm,andblood.Feelinggood?Yourhumorsareinbalance.Notfeelingsogood?Well,oneofthemisoutofbalance.

Thereweremanytreatmentswhenyouwereill,butoneofthemostpopularwasbloodletting.Allthetoolsthatyouseeherewereusedfortheprocessofbloodletting.Itwasverysimple.Theysimplytookaknife,cutyourvein,andcollectedthatbloodinabowlforlaterstudy.

Sincetherewasnogermtheoryatthetime,atbest,oncethebloodlettingwasdone,theywouldwipeoffthetool,placeitontheshelf,anduseitagainanotherday.Noteitherahumanorananimal.It’samazingtomethatanybodysurvivedthatprocess.

OneofthehazardsofbloodlettingisdemonstratedinGeorgeWashington’sfate.In1799,hecamedownwithlaryngitisandpneumonia,andinthecourseofoneday,hisdoctorstookalmosthalfhisblood.Notsurprisingly,hediedthenextday.Hisdoctorswerecondemnedforhavingkilledhim.

Butfrankly,forthetime,bloodlettingwasstate-of-the-artmedicine.Keepinmindthattheywerenotonlytryingtokeephisbloodinbalance,theywerealsotryingtostudyittodeterminethecauseofhisillness.

Inthebeginningofthe20thcentury,whenmoreknowledgeaboutvitaminsandhormonescamealong,thethinkingabouttheoperationofthehumanbodybegantochange.Nolongerweretheytryingtokeepthefourhumorsinbalance;nowitwasacaseofkeepingthechemicalsinbalance.Andoncethatnotiontookhold,manynewdeviceswerecreatedtostudythechemicalandcellularstructureofthebody.AmongthemistheAstrupapparatus,whichmeasuresthepHbalanceoracidiclevelinhumanblood.

Andwiththesuccessofthisdevice,itrapidlygaineduseinintensivecareunitsallovertheworld.Andthisdevice,theCoulterCounter,changedtheprocessofgettingabloodcountfromatediouserror-pronetestthattookatleastanhourtoatestthathappenedinlessthanaminuteandwasextremelyaccurate.

1Howdidmedicaldiagnosisevolvefromfocusingonthe“balance”ofbloodtoanalyzingits“composition?”Watchthevideoandfillintheblanks.

Answers:1.chemistry2.outofbalance3.germtheory4.condemned5.accurate

2Watchthevideoagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).

Answers:1.F2.F3.T4.F5.F

News

Anationalstudypublishedin

EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology

findschildrenagedtwotofouryearsintheUnitedStatesareroutinelyexposedtoabroadrangeofpotentiallyharmfulchemicals.Manyofthechemicalstheresearchersidentifiedarenotroutinelymonitoredandmayposehealthrisks.

TheresearchwasconductedbymultipleinstitutionsacrosstheUnitedStatesincoordinationwiththeEnvironmentalinfluencesonChildHealthOutcomes(ECHO),aprogramsupportedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH).

Theresearchersanalyzedurinesamplesfrom201childrenagedtwotofouryears.Theytestedfor111chemicals.Theirstudyfoundthat96chemicalsweredetectedinatleastfivechildren,48chemicalswerefoundinoverhalfofthechildren,and34chemicalsweredetectedinmorethan90%ofchildren–includingninechemicalsnotcurrentlytrackedinnationalhealthsurveysliketheNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey

(NHANES).

“Ourstudyshowsthatchildhoodexposuretopotentiallyharmfulchemicalsiswidespread.Thisisalarmingbecauseweknowearlychildhoodisacriticalwindowforbrainandbodydevelopment,”oneofthespeakerssaid.“Manyofthesechemicalsareknownorsuspectedtointerferewithhormones,braindevelopment,andimmunefunction.”

1Listentoapieceofnewsandfillintheblanks.

Answers:1.exposed2.Healthrisks3.Multiple

4.analyzed5.earlychildhood

Conversation

Doctor:Hello,thisistheEmergencyDepartment.We’vejustadmittedanunconsciouspatient.Hisfriendsaidhedranksomeliquidaboutanhourago,andthenlostconsciousness.Hismouthiswet,pupilsareconstricted,andlegmusclesaretwitching.Thesesymptomssuggestchemicalpoisoning,maybeinsecticide.

Pharmacist:Thisistheon-callpharmacistspeaking.Isee.Inthatcase,youcangivehimeffectiveantidotesforinsecticidepoisoning.Thechemicalstructureofthesedrugscancombinewiththetoxicsubstances,thuseliminatingthetoxicity.

Doctor:Great.Thanksfortheadvice.Anotherthing,wehaveapatientwhohasbeentakingmedicineAforawhile,andnowIwanttoprescribemedicineBforherforaweek.Doyouthinktherewillbeanydrug-druginteractions?

Pharmacist:It’shardtosaywithoutknowingthespecificcomponentsofthedrugs.Theremaybeacompetition,whichcouldleadtochangesinthebloodconcentrationofthedrugs,increasingtheriskofsideeffectsorreducingtheefficacy.Isuggestyoumonitorthedruglevelsinherbodyduringthetreatment.

Doctor:Okay,Iwill.Bytheway,Ioftengetquestionsfrompatientsabouttheappropriatedosageofdrugs.Howdoyouusuallydeterminethat?

Pharmacist:Well,itdependsonvariousfactors,suchasthepatient’sage,weight,andoverallphysicalcondition.Forsomedrugs,thedosageiscalculatedaccordingtothepatient’sbodysurfacearea,whichisrelatedtoheightandweight.Andforelderlypatientsorthosewithliverandkidneyfunctionimpairments,thedosagemayneedtobereduced.

1Listentoaconversationandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.

1.Accordingtothedoctor’sjudgment,whatmaytheunconsciouspatienthavesufferedfrom?​

2.Howdidthepatientloseconsciousness?​

3.Whichofthefollowingisasymptomoftheunconsciouspatient?​

4.Whatdoesthepharmacistsayaboutthemechanismoftheantidotes?​

5.WhatdoesthedoctorplantodoforthepatienttakingmedicineA?​

Answers:1.B2.B3.C4.A5.B

2Listenagainanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).

Answers:1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F

Speakingskill

Answers:

1.Bloodlettingwasstate-of-the-artmedicine.(Toemphasizetheadvancednatureofbloodlettingtherapyatthetime)

2.Thesechemicalsmayinterferewithhormonesandbraindevelopment.(Toemphasizetheprimarytargetofthechemicalhazards)

3.TheCoulterCounterchangedthebloodcounttestfromtedioustoaccurate.(Toemphasizethecorechangesbroughtaboutbytheequipment)

Passage1

Intoday’shealthcare,chemistryhasanimpactonhowwem