人教版初中数学八年级下册二次根式加减法教学设计

人教版初中数学八年级下册二次根式加减法教学设计

一、设计理念

本教学设计以《义务教育数学课程标准（2022年版）》为根本遵循，立足于发展学生核心素养，聚焦运算能力、推理能力与抽象能力的协同培养。设计秉承“以学生为主体，以学习为中心”的现代教学观，将二次根式的加减运算置于“数与式”运算体系发展的宏观脉络中进行审视与建构。通过创设具有现实意义或数学意义的问题情境，引导学生主动进行“观察—猜想—验证—归纳—应用”的完整数学探究过程，实现从算术平方根的概念、二次根式的乘除到二次根式加减的知识逻辑自然生长。教学强调对“同类二次根式”概念本质的理解，通过类比整式加减中“同类项”的合并法则，促进学生在原有认知结构上进行顺应与同化，构建关于“式”的运算的统一认知框架。教学过程注重数学思想方法的渗透，如类比思想、转化思想、分类讨论思想，并尝试在信息技术支持下，通过可视化、动态演示等手段，将抽象的数学运算过程具象化，助力学生突破“化简与判断”的思维难点，实现深度学习与高效课堂的统一。

二、学情分析

八年级下学期的学生，在知识储备上已经掌握了实数（包括无理数）、算术平方根的概念，完成了二次根式的定义、性质以及乘除运算的学习，具备了初步的二次根式化简能力。在思维发展层面，学生的逻辑思维能力正处于从经验型向理论型过渡的关键期，具备了一定的观察、比较、归纳和概括能力。在经验储备上，学生对于整式（特别单项式）的加减运算，即“合并同类项”有着熟练的掌握，这为通过类比学习新知识奠定了坚实的正迁移基础。

然而，潜在的学习障碍也不容忽视：其一，部分学生对最简二次根式和同类二次根式的判断标准可能存在混淆，尤其在面对被开方数含有字母或需先化简再判断的情形时容易出错；其二，在运算过程中，学生可能受限于算术思维，对“先将二次根式化为最简形式，再识别同类二次根式”这一程序性要求执行不彻底，导致运算错误或繁琐；其三，对于加减运算结果需化为最简形式这一规范性要求，学生可能在意识上有所松懈。因此，教学设计需通过清晰的对比、反复的辨析和阶梯式的练习，引导学生厘清概念，固化规范的操作流程。

三、教学目标

1.理解同类二次根式的概念，能准确识别两个或多个二次根式是否为同类二次根式。

2.掌握二次根式加减运算的法则，能熟练进行二次根式的加减运算，并能将运算结果化为最简形式。

3.经历从具体数字运算到一般符号表达的抽象过程，体会类比整式加减中合并同类项的方法学习二次根式加减的思维路径，发展类比迁移和归纳概括的能力。

4.通过解决与二次根式加减相关的实际问题，感受数学与生活的联系，在严谨的运算训练中养成一丝不苟、规范表达的科学态度。

四、教学重点与难点

教学重点：同类二次根式的概念；二次根式加减运算的法则与步骤。

教学难点：准确、熟练地识别同类二次根式，特别是需要先化简再判断的情形；理解二次根式加减运算的本质是合并同类二次根式。

五、教学准备

教师准备：精心设计的多媒体课件（包含问题情境动画、概念对比图表、例题解答过程分步演示、课堂练习即时反馈等）；实物投影仪或希沃白板等交互设备；预设的课堂探究活动任务单。

学生准备：复习二次根式的性质及化简方法，回顾整式加减中合并同类项的法则；准备课堂练习本。

六、教学过程

（一）情境导入，唤醒旧知

1.创设情境，提出问题

课件展示一个实际生活中的数学问题：学校准备在校园内一块矩形空地进行绿化改造，已知这块空地的长为（

5

3

+

2

2

）

（5\sqrt{3}+2\sqrt{2}）

（53<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​+22<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​）米，宽为（

3

3

−

2

）

（3\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}）

（33<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​−2<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​）米。为了计算需要购买的草皮面积和围栏长度，我们首先需要求出这块空地的周长。周长公式为P

=

2

(

长

+

宽

)

P=2(长+宽)

P=2(长+宽)。那么，如何计算（

5

3

+

2

2

）

+

（

3

3

−

2

）

（5\sqrt{3}+2\sqrt{2}）+（3\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}）

（53<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​+22<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​）+（33<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​−2<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​）呢？这涉及到了带根号的式子之间的加法运算。

2.回顾类比，搭建桥梁

教师引导学生回顾：我们之前学习过哪类式子的加减运算？其核心法则是什么？

学生回答：整式的加减，核心法则是“合并同类项”。

教师追问：什么是同类项？如何合并同类项？

学生总结：所含字母相同，并且相同字母的指数也相同的项叫做同类项。合并同类项时，系数相加，字母及字母的指数不变。

教师引导迁移：今天我们要学习的“二次根式的加减”，它与“整式的加减”有没有类似之处？能否借鉴我们已有的经验？这就是本节课要探究的核心问题。

（二）合作探究，建构新知

活动一：探究同类二次根式的概念

1.计算感知

请学生尝试计算下列各式：

（1）2

3

+

5

3

2\sqrt{3}+5\sqrt{3}

23<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​+53<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​

（2）5

2

−

3

2

5\sqrt{2}-3\sqrt{2}

52<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​−32<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​

（3）12

+

27

\sqrt{12}+\sqrt{27}

12<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

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c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

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​+27<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

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​

（4）8

+

18

\sqrt{8}+\sqrt{18}

8<pathd="M95,702

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c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

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​+18<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​

学生独立计算后，教师选取代表利用实物投影展示过程。

对于（1）（2），学生能直观得出7

3

7\sqrt{3}

73<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​和2

2

2\sqrt{2}

22<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​。

对于（3）（4），教师引导学生先将每个二次根式化为最简二次根式：12

=

2

3

\sqrt{12}=2\sqrt{3}

12<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=23<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，27

=

3

3

\sqrt{27}=3\sqrt{3}

27<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=33<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，故（3）式为2

3

+

3

3

=

5

3

2\sqrt{3}+3\sqrt{3}=5\sqrt{3}

23<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​+33<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=53<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​；8

=

2

2

\sqrt{8}=2\sqrt{2}

8<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=22<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，18

=

3

2

\sqrt{18}=3\sqrt{2}

18<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=32<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，故（4）式为2

2

+

3

2

=

5

2

2\sqrt{2}+3\sqrt{2}=5\sqrt{2}

22<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​+32<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=52<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​。

2.观察归纳

教师引导学生观察（1）（2）与化简后的（3）（4）算式，提出问题：

这些能够直接进行加减运算的二次根式，它们在形式上有什么共同特征？

学生通过小组讨论发现：这些能够相加或相减的二次根式，化简后，被开方数都相同。

教师精讲点拨：类似于整式中的“同类项”，在二次根式的加减中，我们将化简后被开方数相同的二次根式称为“同类二次根式”。几个二次根式能否进行加减运算，关键在于它们是否为同类二次根式。

3.概念辨析

教师出示辨析练习，判断下列各组二次根式是否为同类二次根式：

（1）2

\sqrt{2}

2<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​与1

2

\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}

2<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​1​

（2）75

\sqrt{75}

75<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​与48

\sqrt{48}

48<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​

（3）3

a

\sqrt{3a}

3a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​与12

a

\sqrt{12a}

12a<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

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c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

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M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​(a>0)

（4）a

2

b

\sqrt{a^2b}

a2b<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​与a

b

2

\sqrt{ab^2}

ab2<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​(a>0，b>0)

学生先独立判断，再小组交流。重点在于强调判断步骤：第一步，将每个二次根式化为最简二次根式；第二步，观察化简后的被开方数是否相同。

以（1）为例：1

2

=

2

2

\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}

2<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​1​=22<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​​，与2

\sqrt{2}

2<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​被开方数相同，是同类二次根式。

以（4）为例：a

2

b

=

a

b

\sqrt{a^2b}=a\sqrt{b}

a2b<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=ab<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，a

b

2

=

b

a

\sqrt{ab^2}=b\sqrt{a}

ab2<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=ba<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，化简后被开方数不同，不是同类二次根式。

通过辨析，强化“先化简，再判断”的程序意识。

活动二：归纳二次根式加减法则

1.法则生成

基于以上计算和概念理解，教师引导学生类比合并同类项，尝试用自己的语言概括二次根式加减的法则。

学生归纳：二次根式加减时，可以先将各个二次根式化成最简二次根式，再将同类二次根式进行合并。

教师用规范数学语言板书法则：二次根式加减的实质是合并同类二次根式。步骤可概括为：一化（化为最简二次根式）；二找（找出同类二次根式）；三并（合并同类二次根式）。

2.法则解析与对比

教师通过课件将“合并同类项”与“合并同类二次根式”进行对比展示：