水利英语 课件 U3 Geology and Soil Geology and Soil Mechanics

Unit3

GeologyandSoilGeologyandSoilMechanics1.understandthebasicconceptsofgeologyandengineeringgeology;2.understandthebasicconceptsofsoilmechanics;3.understandthebasicconceptsofseepageanddyke;4.understandtherelationshipbetweenanti-seepageandtheYellowRiverLevee.Afterlearningthisunit,youshould:

PartⅠLead-in

PartⅡProfessionZoomIn

PartⅢCareerZoomIn

PartⅣReal-LifePracticeTask1Thinkaboutthefollowingquestions.PartⅠ

Lead-in

1.Geologicalsciencestudiesthenatureoftheearth,mainlythematerialpropertiesoftheearth’scrustandstrata.Isthemainresearchmethodexploration?

2.EngineeringGeologyisabranchofGeologyandabranchofgeologicalscienceservingengineering.Itisusedtosolvethemechanicalproblemsofengineeringfoundationsandslopes.IsengineeringgeologyaninterdisciplinarysubjectofGeologyandmechanics?

3.Pleaselistexamplesofgeologicalandengineeringgeologicalproblemsyouknow.Task

2Listentothedialogueandfillintheblankswithwhatyouhear.PartⅠ

Lead-in(A=lecturer;B=student)A:Asforgeology,wearemostconcernedaboutmineralresources.Canwelistthosemineralresourcesrelatedtotheenergyweneedinourdailylives?Mineralresourcescloselyrelatedtoourdailylifemainlyinclude(1)________,coal,etc.Hydrogeologyisalsoaconcernofgeology.Inadditiontoriverwaterresourcesandgroundwaterresources,whatotherwaterresourcesarethere?Ifwediscussfreshwaterresources,inadditiontoriversandgroundwaterresources,anotherveryimportantwaterresourceisthewaterresourcescontainedin(2)_______.Waterresourcesincludehydraulicresources,thatis,hydropowerresourcesusedforhydropowergeneration.Whatotherhydropowerresourcesaretherebesidesriverhydropowerresources?B:petroleumB:A:A:glaciersPartⅠ

Lead-inWhenitcomestohydropowerresources,inadditiontothehydropowerresourcesonland,therearealsoabundanthydropowerresourcesintheocean,suchasthehydropowerresourcescontainedin(3)_______andoceancurrents.Geologicaldisastersareanaspectthatpeopleareconcernedabout.Whatarethegeologicaldisastersonland?Geologicaldisastersonlandbringgreatdangertomankind.Themaingeologicaldisastersincludevolcanoeruption,earthquake,(4)_________anddebrisflow,andsinkholes.Engineeringgeologyisabranchofgeology,whichmainlyservesengineeringconstruction.Whatgeologicalservicesarerequiredforengineeringconstruction?Themaingeologicalproblemsconcernedbyengineeringconstructionareearthquakegrade,foundationgeologicalstructureandmechanicalindex.Theseresultsareprovidedbygeological(5)____________andexperimentalanalysis.B:B:A:A:B:tidelandslideexplorationProfessionZoomInReading

EngineeringGeology

Themaincontentofengineeringgeologicalresearchis:

(1)todeterminethecomposition,organizationalstructure,physical,chemicalandmechanicalattributesofrockandsoil,andtheirimpactonthestabilityofconstructionengineering;

(2)tostudythehazardsofnaturalcollapse,landslide,debrisflow,earthquakeandotherphysicalandgeologicalactionsonengineeringbuildingsandtheirprediction,evaluationandpreventionmeasures;

(3)tostudyandsolvethefoundationstabilityinvariousengineeringbuildings,suchasslopes,subgrades,damfoundations,bridgepiers,andcaverns,aswellasthecollapseofthesoillayerandthedamageofrockcracks,anddevelopasetofscientificsurveyprocedures,methodsandmeans,whichdirectlyprovideageologicalbasisforthedesignandconstructionofvariousprojects;译文返回原文工程地质研究门类工程地质工程地质研究的主内容有:（1）确定岩土组分、组织结构、物理、化学与力学性质及其对建筑工程稳定性的影响；（2）研究自然发生的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及地震等物理地质作用对工程建筑的危害及其预测、评价和防治措施；（3）研究解决各类工程建筑中的地基稳定性，如边坡、路基、坝基、桥墩、硐室，以及黄土的湿陷、岩石的裂隙的破坏等，制定一套科学的勘察程序、方法和手段，直接为各类工程的设计、施工提供地质依据；Reading

(4)tostudythelawofgroundwatermovementintheconstructionsiteanditsimpactontheengineeringbuildings,andformulatenecessaryutilizationandprotectionplans;

(5)andtostudythecharacteristicsofregionalengineeringgeologicalconditions,predictthechangescausedbytheimpactofhumanengineeringactivities,makeregionalstabilityevaluations,andcarryoutengineeringgeologicalzoningandmapping.

GeotechnicalEngineering

Geotechnicalengineeringisthescienceandtechnologyinvolvedintheutilization,treatmentorimprovementofrockandsoilincivilengineering(NationalStandard“BasicTerminologyStandardofGeotechnicalEngineering”).Thetheoreticalbasisofgeotechnicalengineeringismainlyengineeringgeology,rockmechanics,andsoilmechanics.Theresearchcontentofgeotechnicalengineeringinvolvesmanyaspectssuchasrockandsoilasthebearingbodyoftheproject,astheengineeringload,astheengineeringmaterial,asthetransmissionmediumorenvironmentalmedium,andalsoincludestheinvestigation,design,construction,detection,andmonitorofgeotechnicalengineering.译文返回原文（4）研究建筑场区地下水运动规律及其对工程建筑的影响，制定必要的利用和防护方案；（5）研究区域工程地质条件的特征，预报人类工程活动对其影响而产生的变化，作出区域稳定性评价，进行工程地质分区和编图。岩土工程岩土工程是土木工程中涉及岩石和土的利用、处理或改良的科学技术(国家标准《岩土工程基本术语标准》)。岩土工程的理论基础主要是工程地质学、岩石力学和土力学。研究内容涉及岩土体作为工程的承载体、作为工程荷载、作为工程材料、作为传导介质或环境介质等诸多方面，还包括岩土工程的勘察、设计、施工、检测和监测等。Reading

Althoughtheresearchobjectofengineeringgeologyandgeotechnicalengineeringisrockandsoil,theybelongtogeologyandcivilengineeringrespectively.Engineeringgeologyisabranchofgeology,anditsessenceisanappliedscience.Geotechnicalengineeringisabranchofcivilengineering,anditsessenceisengineeringtechnology.Engineeringgeologyoriginatesfromtheneedsofcivilengineering.Asabranchofcivilengineering,geotechnicalengineeringisdevelopedonthebasisoftraditionalmechanicaltheory.

However,simplemechanicalcalculationscannotsolvepracticalproblems.Geotechnicalengineerscan’tbelievetheresultsofsimplemechanicalcalculations.Asimplecalculationisunreliablebecauseoftheuncertaintyofengineeringgeologicalconditionsandgeotechnicalparameters,thefuzzinessofcalculationconditions,andtheincompletenessofinformationtovaryingdegrees.

Therefore,althoughsoilmechanics,rockmechanicsandcalculationtechnologyhavemadegreatprogressandplayedanimportantroleingeotechnicalengineeringdesign,duetomanyinconsistenciesbetweenthecalculationassumptions,calculationmodels,calculationmethods,calculationparameters,etc.andtheactualsituation,thecalculationresultsarealwaysdifferentfromtheactualsituationtoacertainextent,anditneedstobecomprehensivelyjudgedbyexperience.译文返回原文虽然工程地质与岩土工程的研究对象都是岩土，但它们却分属地质学和土木工程。工程地质是地质学的一个分支,其本质是一门应用科学;岩土工程是土木工程的一个分支,其本质是一种工程技术。工程地质学的产生源于土木工程的需要,作为土木工程分支的岩土工程,是以传统的力学理论为基础发展起来的。但单纯的力学计算不能解决实际问题,岩土工程师不敢相信单纯的力学计算结果,单纯的计算是不可靠的,原因就在于工程地质条件的不确知性和岩土参数的不确定性,不同程度地存在计算条件的模糊性和信息的不完全性。因此，虽然土力学、岩石力学、计算技术取得了长足进步,并在岩土工程设计中发挥了重要作用,但由于计算假定、计算模式、计算方法、计算参数等与实际之间存在很多不一致,计算结果总是与工程实际有相当大的差别,需要进行综合判断。Reading译文

SoilMechanics

Soilmechanicsisanapplieddisciplinethatstudiesthestress-strainorstress-strain-timerelationshipandstrengthofsoilundertheactionofforce.Itisabranchofengineeringmechanics.Itprovidesthetheoreticalbasisandmethodofquantitativeresearchforengineeringgeologytostudythepossiblegeologicalprocessesinsoil.Itismainlyusedincivilengineering,transportation,waterconservancyandotherprojects.

Soilmechanicsappliesthemethodofengineeringmechanicstostudythemechanicalpropertiesofsoil.Theresearchobjectofsoilmechanicsisthesoil,includingartificialsoilandnaturalsoil.Soilmechanicsiswidelyusedinthedesignoffoundations,retainingwalls,geotechnicalbuildingsanddams.Itisanimportantbranchofcivilengineering,geotechnicalengineering,engineeringgeologyandotherengineeringdisciplines.返回原文土力学土力学是研究土体在力的作用下的应力-应变或应力-应变-时间关系和强度的应用学科，是工程力学的一个分支。为工程地质学研究土体中可能发生的地质作用提供定量研究的理论基础和方法。主要用于土木、交通、水利等工程。土力学应用工程力学方法来研究土的力学性质。土力学的研究对象是土体,包括人工土体和自然土体,以及与土的力学性能密切相关的地下水。土力学被广泛应用在地基、挡土墙、土工建筑物、堤坝等设计中，是土木工程、岩土工程、工程地质等工程学科的重要分枝。structure[ˈstrʌktʃə(r)]n.结构，构造stability[stəˈbɪləti]n.稳定性collapse[kəˈlæps]n.塌陷landslide[ˈlændslaɪd]n.滑坡earthquake[ˈɜːθkweɪk]n.地震subgrade[ˈsʌbˌɡreɪd]n.路基damfoundation坝基pier[pɪə(r)]n.码头construction[kənˈstrʌkʃn]n.建造monitor[ˈmɒnɪtə(r)]n.监督stress-strain[stresstreɪn]n.应力应变engineeringgeology工程地质学engineeringdesign工程设计geologicalzoning地质分区geotechnicalengineering岩土工程，岩土工程学rockmechanics岩石力学soilmechanics土力学civilengineering土木工程，土木工程学engineeringtechnology工程技术geotechnicalparameters岩土参数calculationassumption计算假定retainingwall护墙，挡土墙Theresearchcontentofgeotechnicalengineeringinvolvesmanyaspectssuchasrockandsoilasthebearingbodyoftheproject,astheengineeringload,astheengineeringmaterial,asthetransmissionmediumorenvironmentalmedium,andalsoincludestheinvestigation,design,construction,detection,andmonitorofgeotechnicalengineering.译文：岩土工程的研究内容涉及例如岩土体作为工程的承载体、作为工程荷载、作为工程材料、作为传导介质或环境介质等诸多方面，还包括岩土工程的勘察、设计、施工、检测和监测等。注释：主语“Theresearchcontentofgeotechnicalengineering”有两个谓语动词involves和includes。“asthebearingbodyoftheproject,astheengineeringload,astheengineeringmaterial,asthetransmissionmediumorenvironmentalmedium”的共同主语为rockandsoil，表示“岩土体作为工程的承载体、作为工程荷载、作为工程材料、作为传导介质或环境介质等”。❶Althoughtheresearchobjectofengineeringgeologyandgeotechnicalengineeringisrockandsoil,theybelongtogeologyandcivilengineeringrespectively.译文：虽然工程地质与岩土工程的研究对象都是岩土，但它们却分属地质学和土木工程。注释：respectively副词，表示“分别”“各自”。在英语中，although和but不能出现在同一句话中，这一点区别于中文的“虽然……但是……”。❷ReadingTask1Matchthewordsontheleftwiththeirmeaningsontheright.ReadingTask

2Completethefollowingsentenceswiththewordsinthebox.Changetheformifnecessary.Soilmechanicsisasubjectthatappliesthemethodofengineering__________tostudythemechanicalpropertiesofsoil.Rockmechanicsstudiesthemechanicalpropertiesof_____________.Engineeringgeologyistoanalyzethegeologicalstructureoftheprojectareaanddeterminethemechanicalparametersofrockandsoilbyusingthemethodsof____________andtesting.1.2.3.mechanicsrockcivil

exploration

mechanics

site

rockexplorationReadingGeotechnicalengineeringisabranchof_____________engineering,whichmainlysolvesthegeotechnicalstabilityproblemsofbuildingfoundations,undergroundengineeringandhighslopes.Engineeringgeologyisthebasisofhydraulicengineeringdesignandconstruction,anditsexplorationresultsplayakeyroleinthe___________selectionofhydraulicengineeringbuildings.4.5.civilcivil

exploration

mechanics

site

rocksiteReadingTask

3Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.Alandslideisacommongeologicaldisaster.Throughgeologicalsurvey,dangeroushillsidesandsteepslopescanbefound,whichprovidesagoodscientificbasisfordisasterpreventionandreduction.Inadditiontodiscoveringdangeroushillsidesandsteepslopesthroughgeologicalsurveys,thestabilityofhighslopescanalsobeanalyzedbyusingthesoilmechanicstheoryofgeotechnicalengineering,whichcanimprovetheaccuracyofdisasterpreventionandreduction.()1.()2.TTReadingInadditiontousinggeologicalexplorationtoselectasafefoundation,thetreatmentofsoftsoilfoundationcannotprovideasafefoundationforbuildings.Fortheseepageproblemofhydraulicstructures,itisnecessarytousethetheoryofengineeringgeology.Soilmechanicsmainlysolvestheproblemsoffoundationandslopestabilityofbuildings,andcanalsosolvetheseepageproblemofhydraulicstructures.Thehydraulicstructuremostcloselyrelatedtosoilmechanicsisdyke.()3.()4.()5.FFTListeningListentothedialogueandfillintheblankswithwhatyouhear.Thefloodcontrolleveeisahydraulicstructuremostcloselyrelatedtosoilmechanics.Whatarethesoilmechanicsproblemsofthefloodcontrollevee?Soilmechanicsmainlysolves(1)________problemssuchasfoundationsettlement,displacementandfailure,aswellasseepageproblems.TheYellowRiverleveeisafloodcontrolbarriertoprotectthevastareaoftheHuang-HuaiRiverBasin.The(2)________ofthefloodcontrolleveeisveryimportant.WhatistheprominentproblemoftheYellowRiverlevee?ThewateroftheYellowRiverwillseepintothegroundbehindtheembankment.Atthesametime,theembankmentbodyalsobearsgreatwater(3)________,whichisextremelyunfavorabletotheembankmentbody.A:Inclass,teachersandstudentsdiscusswatertransportationengineering.B:mechanical(A=teacher,B=student)A:B:safetypressureListeningThesiltcontentoftheYellowRiverisverylarge,sothesiltationoftheYellowRiverisveryserious,especiallyinthemiddleandlowerreaches.Whatproblemswillthesiltationbring?ThesedimentdepositionoftheYellowRivercausestheriverbedofthemiddleandlowerreachestobemuchhigherthantheground,whichgreatlyendangersthesafetyofthe(4)____________.WhyisthesedimentconcentrationoftheYellowRiververyhigh?TheupperreachesoftheYellowRiverBasinistheNorthwestPlateau,whichisahighandcoldarea.Duetohumaninfluence,thevegetationwasdestroyedinthewatersourceareaoftheYellowRiverhasbeendamaged,resultinginserioussoilandwaterloss.Alargeamountof(5)______________enterstheriverchannelwithrainwater,resultinginalargesedimentconcentrationintheYellowRiver.A:B:embankmentA:B:A:B:sedimentListeningfloodcontrollevee防洪堤YellowRiverlevee黄河大堤siltcontent含泥量，含沙量sedimentconcentration沉积物浓度soilandwaterloss水土流失SpeakingBasedonthegivensituation,usetheusefulexpressionsprovidedbelowtoengageinaconversation.Yourconversationcanbebasedonyourknowledgeofwaterconservation.

Inaclass,ateachertalkswithhisstudentsaboutthehistoryofthechangesoftheYellowRiver.SpeakingUsefulexpressionsyoumayuse:1.The…isfamousforits…2.…whichissaidtobe…3.Thenorthernmostdiversionisto…,andthenentertheseafrom…4.The…isthefundamentalreasonforthe…5.easy…,easy…andeasy…6.Afteracertaintime,the…willbe…7.…is…problem8.Whileinthedryseason,itmainlysiltsupthedeepchanneloftheriverchannel.9.Forthisreason,therearedifferentschemesforharnessingtheYellowRiver,suchasmidstreammethodanddownstreammethod,biologicalmeasuremethodandengineeringmeasuremethod,concentratedflowmethodanddiversionmethod.10.Generally,takingMengjinasthestartingpoint,itgoesnorthtoTianjinandsouthtoalargedeltaformedbytheHuaiheRiver.CareerZoomInReading

Ourcountryisacountrywithveryseriousflooddisasters.Preventingfloodsandreducingdisasterlossesaretheprimarytasksofwaterconservancyprojects.Itisrelatedtotheoverallsituationofsocialstabilityandsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopment.

TheareaswiththemostseriousflooddisastersinourcountryarethemiddleandlowerreachesofthesevenmajorriverssuchastheYangtzeRiver,theYellowRiver,andthecoastalplain.ItisalsothemostdenselypopulatedandeconomicallydevelopedareainChina.Althoughitsareaaccountsforonly8%ofthetotallandarea,ithas40%ofthepopulation,35%ofthecultivatedlandand70%ofthetotalindustrialandagriculturaloutputvalueofthecountry.Therefore,theflooddisasterinthisareaisserious,whichisthebiggesthiddendangertothesustainabledevelopmentofChina’snationaleconomyandsociety.译文返回原文堤防工程我国是洪涝灾害非常严重的国家。防御洪涝灾害、减少灾害损失是水利工程首要的任务，它关系到社会安定、经济社会持续发展的大局。我国洪涝灾害最严重的地区是长江、黄河等七大江河的中下游及沿海平原地区，这里也是中国人口最密集、经济最发达的地区。虽然其面积仅占国土总面积的8％，但是这里有全国40％的人口和35％的耕地以及占70%的全国工农业总产值，因此该地区的洪涝灾害严重，是我国国民经济社会持续发展的最大隐患。Reading

However,ourcountryalwaysfollowstheprinciplesofputtingsafetyfirst,placingemphasisonpreventionandenhancingthecapacityfordisasterprevention,mitigation,andreliefandforrespondingtoandprovidingsupportduringmajorpublicemergencies.Regionalemergencyresponsecapacityhasbeenalsostrengthened.Therefore,ourcountryhasmadegreatachievementsintheengineeringconstructionoffloodcontrolanddisasterreduction.Themainrivershavebasicallyformedafloodcontrolengineeringsystemwithreservoirs,levees,floodstorageanddetentionareasorflooddiversionchannelsasthemainbody,whichcombinesblocking,drainage,detentionanddiversion,andhastheabilitytopreventmediumandsmallfloods.

Riverleveesareanimportantpartofthefloodcontrolengineeringsystem.Atpresent,Chinahas250,000kmofvariouslevees,including65,700kmofmainlevees.译文但我国坚持安全第一、预防为主的原则，提高防灾减灾救灾和重大突发公共事件处置保障能力。国家区域应急力量建设也已得到加强。因此，我国在防洪减灾的工程建设方面，取得巨大的成就，各主要江河基本形成了以水库、堤防、蓄滞洪区或分洪河道为主体的拦、排、滞、分相结合的防洪工程体系，具备了防御中小洪水的能力。河道堤防是防洪工程体系的重要组成部分。目前我国建有各类堤防25万公里，其中主要堤防6.57万公里。返回原文Reading译文

China’sembankmentprojectsarefacedwiththreemajorproblems:First,theconditionoftheembankmentfoundationispoor,andthefoundationismostlysandfoundation.Thesecondisthepoorqualityoftheembankment.Third,theterrainbehindtheembankmentislow-lying,andwhenfloodsoccur,dangeroussituationssuchaspiping,landslides,bankcollapseandoverflowoftenoccur,whichmayleadtothecollapseoftheembankment.

Leveesisabankprotectionstructurebuiltalongtheriverbank.Mostofthemadoptthestructuralformofearthrockdams.Itisawater-retainingdammadeofsoil,stoneorearth-rockmixturebydumping,filling,rollingandothermethods.Duetothecharacteristicsofsimplestructure,convenientconstruction,localmaterialsandlowinvestment,theearthrockdamisnotonlythemostwidelyusedandfastestdevelopingdamtypebutalsothedamtypewiththelongesthistory.我国堤防工程面临三大问题。一是堤基条件差，基础大多为沙基，大部分堤防的基础基本上没有进行处理。二是堤身质量差，不少堤防是在原民堤的基础上，经历年逐渐加高培厚而成，工程质量得不到保证。三是堤后地势低洼，发生洪水时，经常发生是管涌、滑坡、崩岸和漫溢等险情，严重者导致大堤溃决。堤防是沿河岸构筑的护岸建筑物，大多数采用土石坝的结构形式，是一种由土料、石料或土石混合料，采用抛填、碾压等方法堆筑成的挡水堤坝。由于结构简单、施工方便、可就地取材和投资低等特点，因而土石坝是应用最为广泛和发展最快的一种坝型，也是历史最为悠久的坝型。返回原文Reading译文

Earthrockleveesarefilledwithearthrockmaterials.Itmainlyusesthefriction,cohesion,andcompactnessbetweenearthrockparticlestomaintainitsownstability,resistwaterpressureandpreventseepagedamage.Generallyspeaking,theearthrockleveesneedalargesectionsizetomaintaintheirownstability,soithassufficientcapacitytoresistwaterpressure.Therefore,leveeengineeringmainlyfacestwoproblems:ensuringitsownstabilityandpreventingseepagedamage.Self-stabilityincludeslandslide,subsidence,andscouring.Seepagedamageincludestubefountainsandflowingsoil.土石堤防是土石材料的堆筑物，主要利用土石颗粒之间的摩擦、粘聚特性和密实性来维持自身的稳定、抵御水压力和防止渗透破坏。一般来说，土石堤防为维持自身稳定需要较大的断面尺寸，因而有足够的能力抵御水压力。因此，堤防工程主要面对两个问题：确保自身稳定和防止渗透破坏。其中自身稳定包括滑坡、沉陷和冲刷问题；渗透破坏包括管涌和流土等。返回原文primary[ˈpraɪməri]adj.最重要的，基本的conservancy[kənˈsɜːvənsi]n.(对自然环境的)保护，管理coastal[ˈkəʊst(ə)l]adj.沿海的storage[ˈstɔːrɪdʒ]n.贮存，贮藏combine[kəmˈbaɪn]v.联合overflow[ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ]v.溢出dumping[ˈdʌmpɪŋ]n.倾倒filling[ˈfɪlɪŋ]n.填充friction[ˈfrɪkʃ(ə)n]n.摩擦；摩擦力cohesion[kəʊˈhiːʒ(ə)n]n.黏合compactness[kəmˈpæktnəs]n.密实度scour[ˈskaʊə(r)]v.冲刷成；冲刷出flooddisaster洪涝灾害socialstability社会安定sustainabledevelopment可持续发展floodcontrolengineeringsystem防洪工程体系simplestructure结构简单convenientconstruction施工方便Itisrelatedtotheoverallsituationofsocialstabilityandsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopment.译文：它关系到社会安定、经济社会持续发展的大局。注释：此句的用词“关系到”有很多的近义词，如“涉及到”“影响”“决定”“与……关联”，翻译时要注意理解表达。❶Duetothecharacteristicsofsimplestructure,convenientconstruction,localmaterialsandlowinvestment,theearthrockdamisnotonlythemostwidelyused...译文：由于结构简单、施工方便、可就地取材和投资低等特点，土石坝不仅是应用最为广泛……注释：翻译时可以用“由于具有结构简单、施工方便、可就地取材和投资低等特点，因而……”来表述。❷Itmainlyusesthefriction,cohesion,andcompactnessbetweenearthrockparticlestomaintainitsownstability,resistwaterpressureandpreventseepagedamage.译文：（土石堤防）主要利用土石颗粒之间的摩擦、黏聚特性和密实性来维持自身的稳定、抵御水压力和防止渗透破坏。注释：maintain，resist和prevent是三个并列的动词不定式，用以表达土石堤防的用途。❸ReadingTask1Basedonthepassage,choosethecorrectanswerforeachstatement.Embankmentisarevetmentstructure,whichmainlypreventsfloodfromdestroying________.A.protectedareasB.bothbanksofembankmentC.leveeD.city1.ReadingEmbankmentisarevetmentstructure,andthebuildingmaterialsusedaremainly________.A.reinforcedconcreteB.earthandstoneC.stoneD.concrete2.ReadingTheembankmentisanearthrockdamstructure,anditsstructuralstabilitymainlydependson________.A.strengthofembankmentmaterialB.concretesupportC.frictionbetweenearthrockparticlesD.blockstonesupport3.ReadingTheembankmentisanearthrockdamstructure,anditssectionformisa________.A.straightwallB.trapezoidC.stepshapeD.steepslope4.ReadingTheembankmentisanearthrockdamstructure,whichhastheadvantagesof________.A.simpleoperationB.nolandoccupationC.nospecificrequirementsformaterialsD.theconstructionbeingsimpleandlocalmaterialsbeingused5.ReadingTask

2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.Seepagepreventionrequirestheconstructionofaseepagepreventionstructureonthebacksurfaceoftheembankment.Themaintechnicalproblemofearthrockdamembankmentisfoundationtreatmentandpilefoundationneedstobeset.Themaintechnicalproblemofearthrockdamembankmentisseepageprevention.Seepagewillcauseseepagedamageandendangerthesafetyoftheembankment.Themaintechnicalproblemofanearthrockdamembankmentisseepageprevention,andseepagewillinundatetheprotectedarea.Theembankmentofearthrockdamhaslowrequirementsforafoundation,andspecialtreatmentofthefoundationisgenerallynotrequired.()1.()2.()3.()4.FFTF()5.T

Incaseofflood,theriverwaterlevelrisescontinuously,formingacertainwaterleveldifferencebetweentheupstreamsurfaceandthebacksurfaceoftheearthrockembankment,whichwillformseepagefromtheupstreamsurfacetothebacksurfaceintheembankmentbody,andtheseepageflowsoutfromthebacksurface,causingthelossanddeformationofsoilparticlesintheembankmentbodyonthebacksurface,causingseepagedamagesuchastubefountainandflowingsoil.Concentratedseepagewillalsooccuronthejointsurfaceoftheembankmentbodyandfoundation,embankmentjointandothernon-soilbuildings.

Seepagepreventionismainlycarriedoutfromtwoaspects:oneistoreduceseepageandtheotheristodischargeseepagefromtheembankmentbody.Theprincipleofpreventingseepagedamageis“blockingthefrontandblockingtheback”.Anti-seepageandleakproofengineeringmeasuresshallbetakeninfrontofthedam(upstreamsurface)toreducetheseepageflow.Atthesametime,theamountofwaterinfiltratingintothedambodyshallbeexcludedasfaraspossibletoreducetheadverseimpactofseepageonthedambody.译文SeepagePrevention防渗当发生洪水时，河道水位不断上升，在土石堤防的迎水面与背水面之间形成一定的水位差，会在堤身内形成由迎水面向背水面的渗流，渗流从背水面流出，使背水面堤身的土体颗粒流失、变形，引起管涌和流土等渗透破坏。在堤身与地基、堤防结合部以及其他非土质建筑物的结合面，还会产生集中渗流现象。当发生洪水时，河道水位不断上升，在土石堤防的迎水面与背水面之间形成一定的水位差，会在堤身内形成由迎水面向背水面的渗流，渗流从背水面流出，使背水面堤身的土体颗粒流失、变形，引起管涌和流土等渗透破坏。在堤身与地基、堤防结合部以及其他非土质建筑物的结合面，还会产生集中渗流现象。返回原文

Ononehand,preventwaterfromseepingintotheembankmentbody,thatis,makeananti-seepagestructureontheupstreamsurface;Ontheotherhand,drainthewaterinfiltratingintotheembankment,thatis,setdrainagefacilitiesonthebacksurface.

There’sonethingveryimportant.Drainagefacilitiesrefertoreversefiltrationdrainagefacilities,whichnotonlydischargeseepagebutalsofiltersoilparticlestopreventthelossofsoilparticlesintheembankmentbody.译文通俗来说，一方面防止水渗入堤身，即在迎水面做防渗结构；另一方面将渗入堤身的水排出来，即在背水面设置排水设施。有一点很重要，排水设施是指反滤排水设施，即既要排出渗水，又要滤住土颗粒，不让堤身的土颗粒流失。返回原文seepageprevention防渗waterleveldifference水位差upstreamsurface迎水面backsurface背水面deformation[ˌdiːfɔːˈmeɪʃn]n.损形，变形soilparticle土颗粒tubefountain管涌drain[dreɪn]v.排水flowingsoil流土concentratedseepage集中渗流foundation[faʊnˈdeɪʃ(ə)n]n.地基drainagefacility排水设施reversefiltration反滤filter[ˈfɪltə(r)]v.过滤ListeningListentothedialogueandfillintheblankswithwhatyouhear.(A=Tom;B=Mike)Hey,Mike,whatarethemainengineeringmeasuresforseepagepreventionofearthrockembankments.Accordingtotheprincipleofanti-seepagework(1)_____________blockingandrearblocking,theslopeprotectionstructureoftheupstreamsurfaceshallbewelldoneintheproject,anddrainagefacilitiesshallalsobesetinthedownstreamsurface.Whatmethodisadoptedforthearmourstructureontheupstreamsurfaceoftheembankment?Therevetmentstructureoftheupstreamsurfaceisgenerallyconcreterevetmentormortarmasonryrevetment.Inaddition,ananti-scourstructureshallalsobesetatthe(2)_____________foot.A:B:frontA:B:embankmentListeningWhatistheroleofearthrockembankmentfaceprotectionstructureinadditiontoanti-seepage?Whatistheembankmentfootstructureofthebacksurface?B:Inadditiontoanti-seepage,theslopeprotectionstructureoftheembankmentalsohasantiscourfunction,mainlypreventingthescouringof(3)___________andrain.Theslopeprotectiononthebacksurfaceismainlyanti-scouredbyrainwater,generallyturfslopeprotection.Howtoensurethesafetyofearthrockembankmentstructures?Embankmentisakindofaccumulationstructure,whichmainlyensuresslopestability.Inordertoprevent(4)__________instability,consideringsafetyandeconomy,theslopeoftheembankmentisbetween1:2and1:4.Whataretherequirementsandrequirementsforthetopstructureofearthrockembankment?Thetopoftheembankmenthasthefunctionsofmaintenance