雨课堂学堂在线学堂云《环境学（东北）》单元测试考核答案

第1题Whydowestudyenvironmentalscience?ABecausethereismuchtobeworriedaboutinourglobalenvironment.BBecausewecanlearnandusethetoolsandknowledgetocopewithenvironmentalcrises.CBecauseweshouldlearntospreadthebenefitsofourtechnologicalandeconomicprogressmoreequably.DBecausewehavetofindwaystolivesustainablyoverthelongrun.正确答案：ABCD第2题WhatisenvironmentalscienceAEnvironentalscienceisaninterdisciplinaryfieldthatincludesbothscientificandsocialaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld..BEnvironmentalscienceisthestudyofinterrelationshipsbetweenhumansandthenaturalworld.CEnvironmentalscienceinvolvesanunderstandingofscientificprinciples,economicinfluences,andpoliticalaction.DEnvironmentalscienceisamixtureofthetraditionalscience,individualandsocietalvalues,economicfactors,andpoliticalawarenessthatareimportanttosolvingenvironmentalproblems.正确答案：ABCD第3题WhichistheworkoftheClubofRome?ASilentSpringBTheLimitstoGrowthCSustainableDevelopmentDOnlyOneEarth第1题WhichofthefollowingstatementsarecorrectAEthicsisabranchof

philosophy.BEthicsseekstoresolvequestionsofhuman

morality

bydefiningconceptssuchasrightand

wrong.CProponentsofculturalrelativismtendtoarguethatthenormsandvaluesofonecultureshouldnotbeevaluatedusingthenormsandvaluesofanother.DWeshouldmakeagloballyenvironmentalcommitmentdespiteofculturalrelativism.正确答案：ABCD2.2EnvironmentalEthics(3points)第1题Environmentalethicscanbestbedefinedas(fromEnger)AUsingtheenvironmentwiselyBMaintainingenvironmentalsustainabilityCExamingthemoralbasisofenvironmentalresponsibilityanditsextentDNoneoftheabove第2题Theclaim"Allformsoflifehavetherighttoexist"is

AAnthropocentricBBiocentricCEcocentricDIndividualistic第3题Ifyouareananthropocenticenvironmentalist,youbelievethat(fromEnger)AWehaveenvironmentalresponsibilityduetohuman'srelianceonnature.BWehaveenvironmentalresponsibilitytoensurethattheEarthcansupporthumanlife.CWehave

environmentalresponsibilitytoensurethathumanlifeispleasant.DAlloftheaboveEnvironmentalAttitudes(2points)第1题Thosewhoholddevelopingattitudetendtobelieveineconomicgrowthandresourceexploitation.ATrueBFalse第2题TheenvironmentalconservationistbelievesthatAAlllandsshouldbeputintoconservationBAlllandsshouldbedevelopedCAbalanceshouldexistbetweenresourceuseandresourcepreservationDNoneoftheaboveEnvironmentalJustice(3point)第1题EnvironmentaljusticerequiresAThatallpeoplehaveaccesstocleanair.BThatnogroupofpeoplebearadisproportionateshareofnegativeenvironmentalconsequencesfromindustrialandcommercialoperations.CThatallpeopleareequallytreated.DNoneoftheabove第2题IssuesthatinvolveenvironmentaljusticeincludeAWheretoplacehazardousandpollutingfacilitiesBClimatechange(e.g.exposuretonaturaldisasters)

CAccesstoenvironmentalinformationDTransportation(e.g.emissionfromvehicles)正确答案：ABCDEcologicalConcepts(2points)第1题Habitatcanbestbedefinedas(fromEnger)ATheplaceanorganismlivesBThestudyofhoworganismsinteractwiththeirenvironmentCTheassessmentofwhatanorganismneedstosurviveDAlloftheabove第2题Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?(fromEnger)AApopulationiswidespreadandaspeciesislocatedinaspecificgeographicregionBAspeciesiswidespreadandapopulationislocatedinaspecificgeographicregionCIndividualsofapopulationcontainthesamegenesDIndividualsofaspeciescontainthesamegenesNaturalSelectionandEvolution(2points)第1题Whichofthefollowingstatementarecorrect?ANaturalselectionistheprocesswherebysuccessfulorganismspassonthecharacteristicswhichmadethemsuccessfultotheiroffspring.

BBynaturalselection,

eachorganismisfinelytunedtoaparticularhabitatandniche,andunfitindividualsareremovedfromthepopulation.CNaturalselectionisoneofthekeymechanismsofevolution.DTheprocessofevolutionhasgivenrisetobiodiversityateverylevel,fromgenetic,individualtospecieslevel.正确答案：ABCDKindsofOrganismInteractions(3points)第1题Commensalismis(fromEnger)AAcommunitystructureinwhichallorganismsshareresourcesBAtypeofsymbiosisinwhichoneorganismbenefitsandtheotherisnotaffectedCAformofparasitismDNoneoftheabove第2题PrimaryconsumersareAHerbivoresBCarnivoresCHerbivoresandcarnivoresDNoneoftheabove第3题SecondaryconsumersareAHerbivoresBCarnivoresCHerbivoresandcarnivoresDNoneoftheaboveEcosysteminteractionsandNutrientCycles(5points)第1题Inadditiontoburningfossilfuels,whichactivityhascausedsignificantchangestothecarboncycle?(fromEnger)ADammingofmajorriversBUseoffertilizersCBuildingofurbanareasDConversionofforeststoagriculturallands第2题Theenvironmentoforganismscontainbioticandabioticcomponents.ATrueBFalse第3题Ifeatingfishfromlakes,inordertoreducemetalintakeitisbesttoeatbigfish.ATrueBFalse第4题FertilizerusebyfarmingareasresultsinAFishdeathBAlgeabloomCBacteragrowthDLackofoxygeninlakes正确答案：ABCDPopulationCharacteristcs(3points)第1题Birthrateisthe(fromEnger)ANumberofindividualsbornper1000individualsperyearBNumberofindividualsbornper1000womenperyearCNumberofindividualsbornminusthenumberofdeathsperyearper1000individualsDNoneoftheabove第2题CharacteristicsofapopulationincludeANatalityandmortalityBSexratioandagedistributionCPopulationrowthrateDPopulationdensityandspatialdistribution正确答案：ABCDLimitingfactors(5points)第1题BioticpotentialisAThepotentialtosurvive.BTheabilityofeachspeciestoproduceoffspring.CTheabilitytofindfood.DNoneoftheabove第2题FactorsdeterminingcarryingcapacityAAvailabilityofrawmaterialsBAvailabilityofenergyCAccumulationofwasteproductsDInteractionsamongorganisms正确答案：ABCD第3题PopulationgrowthofbacteriagrowinginapetridishincludephasesofAAlagphaseBAnexponentialgrowthCAstabalizedphaseDAdeathphase正确答案：ABDReproductivestrategies(3points)第1题K-strategistsAArelargeorganismsBArelong-livedorganismsCProducefewoffspringDAlloftheabove第2题R-strategistsreproducequickly.ATrueBFalse第3题Density-independentlimitingfactorsincludeAFloodsBReproductiveratesCAgriculturalcropsDPopulationagestructureFossilFuelFormation(2points)第1题FossilfuelsareproducedfromAPlantmaterialBAnimalmaterialCOrganicmaterialDAlloftheabove第2题Toqualifyasareserve,asubstancemustbe(fromEnger)AExtractedeconomicallyBExtractedwithexistingtechnologyCExtractedprofitablyDAlloftheaboveIssuesrelatedtofossilfuel(4points)第1题OverburdenisthetermusedtodefineAMaterialontopofcoalveinsthatmustberemovedtoextractthecoalBThedifferencebetweentheweightofthecoal,andtheweightoftheextractedmaterialCMaterialleftoverfromrefiningcoalforindustrialuseDNoneoftheabove第2题UndergroundminingcanleadtoALandsubsidenceBDebrisaccumulationCBlacklungdiseaseDAlloftheabove第3题AprimarycauseofacidminedrainagefromcoalminingisACarbonBSulfurCOxygenDNoneoftheabove第4题Themajorityofoilpollutionintheoceansistheresultofroutineshippingoperations.ATrueBFalseNuclearEnergy(2points)第1题WhenaradioactiveatomundergoesspontaneousdecompositionitcanreleaseAProtonsBNeutonsCElectronsDAlloftheabove第2题ThecombiningoftwolighteratomicnucleitoformaheavieratomicnucleusiscalledANuclearfusionBNuclearfissionCRadioactivedecayDNoneoftheaboveNuclearConcerns(5points)第1题Whichofthefollowingarecorrect?AAdisadvantageoftheboiling-waterreactoristhattherearesomeradioactivematerialleftinthesteam.BAnuclearbreederreactorusesfastneutronsstrikethenucleusofaU-238atomtoformfissionablePu-239.

CThespentrodsarenonfissionableanymore,socanbelandfilledwithoutreprocessing.

DPressurizedwaterreactoristhemostcommontypeintheworld.正确答案：DAB第2题ThenuclearfuelcycleincludesAMiningBMillingCEnrichmentDFabricationEWashingFStorage正确答案：ABCDF第3题ThehighestleveloftheInternationalNuclearandRadiologicalEventScale(INES)is

A8B7C6D5BiomassandHydropower(2points)第1题Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?AWoodistheprimarysourceofenergyfornearlyhalfoftheworld"spopulation.BAbout80percentofmunicipalsolidwasteisburnable.CThecropresiduecanbeusedasabiomassfuel.DAlloftheabove第2题Hydropowerisrenewable,sodoesnotcreateenvironmentalimpacts.ATrueBFalseSolarandWindPower(2points)第1题Bothsolarandwindenergyareintermittent.ATrueBFalse第2题Solarandwindpowerareperpetualenergy.ATrueBFalseTidalandgeothermalenergy(2points)第1题Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?ATidalpowerispracticallyinexhaustible.BTidalpoweruseswaterflowsfromahigherleveltoalowerlevel,likehydroelectricpower,tospinanelectricity-generatingturbine.C

Tidalstreamgeneratorsmakeuseofthekineticenergyofmovingwatertopowerturbines.DAlloftheabove第2题Geothermalenergyoriginatesfromtheformationoftheplanetandfromradioactivedecayofmaterials.

ATrueBFalseBiodiversityIssues(10points)第1题Biodiversityisabroadtermthatdescribesthediversityof______inaregion.AGenesBSpeciesCEcosystemsDAlloftheabove第2题MutationsarechangesintheAAppearanceofanorganismBGeneticinformationofanorganismCThereproductiverateofanorganismDNoneoftheabove第3题SpeciesdiversityistheASurvivalrateofaspeciesinanareaBReproductiverateofaspeciesinanareaCMeasureofthenumberofdifferentspeciesinanareaDNoneoftheabove第4题ThetaxonomicgroupwiththegreatestnumberofdescribedspeciesisAFishBBirdsCPlantsDInsects第5题AccordingtotheWorldConservationUnion,themajorityofthreatenedspeciesareatriskduetoALossofhabitatBHuntingCPesticidesDNoneoftheabove第6题Forestsservenotonlyashabitats,butalsoAModifyclimatesBReducerun-offCReducesoilerosionDAlloftheabove第7题Patchworkclearcuttingisamoreenvironmentally-friendlymethodoftimberharvestingthanclearcutting.ATrueBFalse第8题Habitatlosscannotoccurinaquaticsystems.ATrueBFalse第9题Amajorenvironmentalconcernforfreshwateraquacultureisnutrientoverload.ATrueBFalse第10题InvasivespeciesareAPlantsBAnimalsCFishDAlloftheaboveSoilFormation(3points)第1题MechanicalweatheringofsoilADoesnotchangethechemicalnatureoftherockBOccursquicklyCChangesthechemicalmakeupoftheparentmaterialDNoneoftheabove第2题ExamplesofchemicalweatheringprocessesofsoilincludeAOxidationBHydrolysisCDissolutionDAlloftheabove第3题Biologicalprocessesdonotplayaroleinsoildevelopment.ATrueBFalseSoilProperties(3points)第1题Asoilprofileisaseriesofhorizontallayersofdifferentchemicalcomposition,particlesize,andamountoforganicmaterial.ATrueBFalse第2题ThebestsoiltypeforagricultureisAClayBSandCLoamDSilt第3题Topsoilisfoundinwhichsoilhorizon?

AAhorizonBB

horizonCC

horizonDE

horizonSoilErosion(1points)第1题Erosionisthetransportationofsoilbywater,windorice.ATrueBFalseSoilConservationPractices(1points)第1题Inordertoreducesoilerosionfromverysteepslopes,thebesttillagepracticewouldbeAContourfarmingBTerracingCStripfarmingDAlloftheaboveTheWaterIssues(3points)第1题Approximatelywhatpercentoftheworld'swaterisfreshwater?A3B8C15D18第2题IssuesrelatedtowateruseincludeADepletionofwaterresourcesBWaterpollutionCWaterrightDAlloftheabove第3题DiseaserelatedtowateruseincludeAMalariaBCholeraCDenguefeverDAlloftheaboveTheHydrologicalCycle(3points)第1题HumaninfluencesonthehydrologicalcycleincludeARunoffBEvaporationCInfiltrationDWaterwithdrawal正确答案：ABCD第2题ThevadosezoneisanareabelowthegroundthatisAAsourceofgroundwaterBConfinedaboveandbelowbyimperviouslayersCUnsaturatedDAlloftheaboveWaterUse(3points)第1题Waterwithdrawalistheamountofwatertakenfromasource.ATrueBFalse第2题Waterusedforirrigationisnonconsumptive.ATrueBFalse第3题In-streamusedoesnotconsumewater,nordoesitaddwasteproductstoit.ATrueBFalseKindsandSourcesofWaterPollution(6points)第1题NonpointsourcesofpollutionincludeAAiremissionsfromafactorysmokestackBAgriculturalrunofffromfieldsCWastewaterdischargefromanindustryDNoneoftheabove第2题SewagetreatmentthatprovideswaterpurificationusingphysicalsettlingoflargeparticlesisbestdefinedasAPrimarysewagetreatmentBSecondarysewagetreatmentCTertiarysewagetreatmentDNoneoftheabove第3题MajorsourcesofgroundwatercontaminationincludeAAgricultureBUndergroundstoragetanksCLandfillsDAlloftheabove第4题EutrophicationisbestdescribedasATheabilityofplantstogrowundernutrient-limitedconditionsBExcessivegrowthofalgaeandaquaticplantsduetonutrientadditionCCompetitionfornutrientandsunlightbetweentwoplantspeciesDNoneoftheabove第5题Secondarytreatmentinvolvesavarietyoftechniquestoremovedissolvedpollutantsleftafterprimaryandsecondarytreatments.ATrueBFalse第6题Dissolvedoxygen

istheamountofoxygenrequiredtodecayacertainamountoforganicmatter.Itisonewaytodeterminehowpollutedabodyofwateris.

ATrueBFalseWaterPlanning(1point)第1题Whichofthefollowingiscorrect？AGroundwaterminingmeansthatwaterisremovedfromanaquiferfasterthanitisreplaced.BWhenirrigatedplantsextractthewatertheyneed,saltsareleftbehindandcausethenaturalwatertobecomemoreconcentrated.CMetropolitanareasmustprovideawatersupplyforhumanandindustrialneeds,wastewatercollectionandtreatment,andstorm-watercollectionandmanagement.DAlloftheaboveTheAtmosphere(2points)第1题Inwhichlayerdoallthepressure,wind,andprecipitationchangesoccur?AOuterspaceBStratosphereCTroposphereDIonosphereEMesosphere第2题Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?AThereisapositivewatervaporfeedbackloopthatcontributesmoretototalgreenhouseeffectthangaseouscarbondioxideandmethane.BEarth’s“currentatmosphere”formedasplantsandanimalsthriveinbalance.

CAirmovementsasaresultoftheCoriolisEffectfromtheearth’sspincreatesthewindandweatherpatternsorconvectioncellsofdifferentregionsoftheworld.

DAlloftheaboveCategoriesofAirPollutants(3points)第1题ThemajorityofsulfurdioxidereleasedtotheatmosphereinChinaisfromAManufacturingindustriesBCoal-burningpowerplantsCWastewatertreatmentplantsDNoneoftheabove第2题TheprimarysourceofnitrogenoxidesreleasedtotheatmosphereisAAutomobilesBCoal-burningpowerplantsCManufacturingindustriesDChemicalcompanies第3题Whichofthefollowingissecondaryairpollutant?ACarbondioxideBSulfuricacidCOzoneDAlloftheaboveSulfurousandPhotochemicalSmog(1points)第1题Whichofthefollowingisnotcorrect?ASulfurousSmogismostlyrelatedtoautomobileuse,whilephotochemicalsmogisdirectlyfromtheburningofcoaloroilatlargepowerplants.BPhotochemicalreactionsinvolvenitrogenoxidesandorganiccompoundslikehydrocarbons.CBothsmogofteninvolvethermalinversion.

DVOCsreleasedbyvehiclesprovideanalternativepathwayforNOtooxidizetoformNO2andperoxyacetylnitrates(PANs).ControlofAirPollution(5points)第1题Whydocoal-burningpowerplantsandoilrefinerieshavetallsmokestacks?AToutilizethescrubbersinthesmokestacksthatremovepollutantsBTomakeuseofthenaturalverticalmovementsofairCToventexhaustshighintotheatmospherefordilutionanddispersalDToavoidphotochemicalreactionswithozoneneartheground第2题Wecancontrolofairpollutionfromtwoemissionsources:AIn-doorsourcesBOut-doorsourcesCStationarysourcesDMobilesources正确答案：CD第3题Wecanusefollowingtoolstocontrolairpollutions:AEconomictools,suchascarbontradeBTechnological,suchasscrubberCLegal,suchaslawofairpollutioncontrol

DEthical,suchaspersuasion正确