语言学试题与答案

LDecId.whethe.eac.o.th.followin.statement.i.Tru.o.False.

1..Dialecta.synonym,ca.ofte.b.foun.i.differen.regiona.dial

ect.sue.a.Britis.Englis.an.America.Englis.bu.canno.b.foun.withi

.th.variet.itself,fo.example,withi.Britis.Englis.o.America.Engl

ish..

2..Sens.i.conccrne.wit.th.rclationshi.botwec.th.1inguisti.

elemen.an.th.non-linguisti.worl.o.experience,whi1.th.referenc.d

eal.wit.th.inheren.meanin.o.th.linguisti.form..

3..Linguisti.form.havin.th.sam.sens.ma.hav.differen.refere

nee.i.differen.situations.

4..I.semantics,meanin.o.languag.i.consider©,a.th.intrinsi.

an.inheren.relatio.t.th.physica.worl.o.experience..

5..Contextualis.i.base.o.th.presumptio.tha.on.ca.deriv.mea

nin.fro.o.reduc.meanin.t.observabl.contexts..

6..Behaviorist,attempte.t.defin.th.meanin.o..languag.for.a

.th.situatio.i.whic.th.speake.utter,i.an.th.respons.i.call,fort

.i.th.hearer..

7..Th.meanin.c..sentenc.i.th.su.tota.o.th.meaning,o.al.it.

components..

8..Mos.language,hav.set.o.lexica,item,simila.i.meanin.bu.r

anke.different1.accordin.t.thei.dogre.o.formality..

9.

“i.i.hot..i..no-plac.predicatio.becaus.i.contain,n.argument..

10..I.grammatica.analysis,th.sentenc.i.take.t.b.th.basi.unit.bu.i.

semanti.analysi.o..sentence,th.basi.uni.i.predication,whic.i.th.

abstractio.o.th.meanin.o..sentence..

II.Fil.i.eac.o.th.foliowin.blank,wit.on.wor.whic.begin,wit.th.let

te.given.

11..S.ca.b.define,a.th.stud.o.meaning.

12..Th.conceptualis.vie.hold.tha.ther.i.n.d.lin.betwee..lingu

isti.for.an.wha.i.refer,to.

13..R.mean.wha..linguist!,for.refer,t.i.th.real.physica.world

.i.deal.wit.th.relationshi.betwee.th.linguisti.elemen.an.th.non

-linguisti.worl.o.experience.

14..Word.tha.ar.clos.i.meanin.ar.calle,s_________.

15..Whe.tw.word.ar.identica.i.sound,bu.differen.i.spellin.an.meani

ng.the.ar.calle,h________.

16..R.opposite,ar.pair.o.word.tha.exhibi.th.reversa.o..rel

ationshi.bctwcc.th.tw.items.

17..C_analyst,i.base.upo.th.belie,tha.th.meanin.o..wor.ca.b.div

ide.int.meanin.components.

18..Whethe..sentenc.i.semantical!,meaningfu.i.governe.b.rule,calle

.s.restrictions,whic.ar.constraint,o.wha.lexica,item.ca.

g.wit.wha.others.

19..A.a.i..logica.participan.i..predication,largel.identica

.wit.th.nomina.element(s.i..sentence.

20..Accordin.t.th.n__.theor.o.meaning,th.word.i..lan-

guag.ar.take.t.b.label,o.th.object.the.stan.for.

III.Ther.ar.fou.choice,followin.eac.statement.Mar.th.choic.tha.ca

.bes.complet.th.statement.

21.Th.namin.theor.i.advance.b..B.Bio

omfie

A.Plat.................

Id

A.Plato

C.Geoffre.LeechD.Fir

th

22.B.con

“W.shal.kno..wor.b.th.coinpan.i.keeps..Thi.statemen.retexut

present.alls.

A.th.conceptualis.view

A.theconceptualistview

C.th.namin.theoryD.beh

avior

ism

23.Whic.o.th.foliowin.i.no.true.

A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthe

linguisticform.

B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguistic

form.

C.Senseisabstractandde_contextuali7ed.

D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenot

interestedin.

24.“Ca..borro.you.bike?._____.B.i.incon

uYo.hav..bike..sisten.wi

th

A.i.synonymou.with

A.issynonymouswith

C.entailsD.prcsupp

oses

25..i..wa.i.whic.th.meanin.o..woB.Compone

r.ca.b.dissecte.int.meanin.components,callntia.anal

e.semanti.features.ysis

A.Predicatio.analysis

A.Predicationanalysis

C.Phonemi.analysisD.Grammat

ica.analy

sis

26.“alive,an."dead.ar..B.relati

ona.oppo

A.gradabi.antonyrrs

sites

A.gradableantonyms

C.comp1ementar.antonymsD.Non.o.

th.above

27..deal.wit.th.relationshi.betB.Concep

wee.th.1inguisti.elemen.an.th.non-lingut

isti.worl.o.experience.

A.Referenc............................

A.Reference

C.Semantic................D.Sens..

28..refer,t.th.phenomeno.thB.Synony

a.word.havin.differen.meaning.hav.th.my

sam.form.

A.Polysemy

A.Polysemy

C.HomonymyD.Hypony

my

29.B.polysemy

Word.tha.ar.clos.i.meanin.ar.cal1e

A.homonyms

A.homonyms

C.hyponymsI),synonyms

30..Th.grammaticalit.o..senteB.selectiona.re

nc.i.governe.b..strictions

A.grammatica.rules

A.grammaticalrules

C.semanti.rulesI),semanti.featu

res

IV.Defin.th.followi32.33.

n.terms.sensereferenc

31.e

semanti

cs

34.35.36.

synonympolysemhomonymy

yy

37.38.39.

homophoHomogracomplete

nesphshomonyms

40.41.42.

hyponymantonymcomponen

yytialanalysis

43.44.45.

grammaticpredicatiArgument

almeaningon

46.47.

predicateTwo-place

predication

V.Answe.th.followin.questions.

48.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesum

totalofthemeaningsofal1itscomponents?

49..Wha.i.componentia.analysis.111ustrat.i.wit.examples.

50.HowdoyoudistinguishbetweenentaiImcntand

presuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?

51.Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetween

sentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationinterms

oftruthvalues?

52..Accordin.t.th.wa.synonym,differ,ho.man.group,ca.w.classif.

synonym,into.Illustrat.the.wit.examples.

53.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?

Howtheydiffer?

SuggestedAnswers

I.Decid.whethe.eac.o.th.foliowin2345678910

.statement,i.Tru.o.False...T

FTFTTFTT

l.F

II.Fil.i.eac.o.th.foliowin.b12.13.14.15.

lank.wit.on.wor.whic.begih

n.wit.th.lette.given.direRefesynomop

11.SemanticsCtrenconyhone

emss

16.Relational17.18.19.20.

n

Compseleargamin

onenctioumeg

tialnalnt

III.Ther.ar.fou.choice,followin.ea222222223

c.statement.Mar.th.choic.tha.ca.be234567890

s.complet.th.statement.

BDDBCACDA

21.A

IV.Defin.th.foliowin.terms.

31.Semantics.Semantic,ca.b.simpl.define,a.th.stud.o.meanin.i.la

nguagc.

32.Sense.Sens.i.concerne.wit.th.inheren.meanin.o.th.1inguisti.f

orm.I.i.th.collectio.o.al.th.feature,o.th.linguist!,form.i.i.

abstrac.an.d.-contextualized.

33.Reference.Referenc.mean.wha..linguisti.for.refer,t.i.th.real

.physica.world,i.deal.wit.th.relationshi.betwee.th.linguisti.

elemen.an.th.non-linguisti.worl.o.experienc.

34.Synonymy.Synonym,refer,t.th.samenes.o.clos.similarit.o.meani

ng.

35.Polysemy.Polysem.refer,t.th.fac.tha.th.sam.on.wor.ma.hav.mor

.tha.on.meaning.

36.Homonymy.Homonym,refer,t.th.phenomeno.tha.word,havin.differe

n.mean­

ing.hav.th.sam.form.i.e.differen.word.ar.identica.i.soun.o.sp

elling.o.i.both.

37.Homophones.Whe.tw.word.ar.identica.i.sound,the.ar.calle,homo

phones.

38.HnmngrAphs.Who.t.w.word.nr.idpntiCA.i.spel1ing.the.ar.hnmogra

phs.

39.Complet.homonyms.Whe.tw.word.ar.identica.i.bot.soun.an.spell

ing.the.ar.calle,complet.homonyms.

40.Hyponymy.Hyponym,refer,t.th.sens,rclatio.betwee..mor.general

.mor.inclusiv.wor.an..mor.specifi.word.

41.Antonymy.Antonym,refer,t.th.relatio.o.oppositenes.o.meaning.

42.Componentia.analysis.Componentia.analysi.i..wa.t.analyz.wor.

meaning.I.wa.pro­

pose.b.structura.semanticists.Th.approac.i.base.o.th.belie,th

a.th.meanin.o..wor.ca.b.divide,int.meanin.components,whic.ar.

calle,semanti.features.

43.Th.grammatica.meaning.Th.grammatica.meanin.o..sentenc.refer.

t.it.grammaticality,i.e.it.grammatica.well-formedness.Th.gram

maticalit.o..sentenc.i.governe.b.th.grammatica.rule.o.th.lang

uagc.

44.Predication.Th.predica-

tio.i.th.abstractio.o.th.meanin.o..sentence.

45.Argument.A.ar-

gumen.i..logica.participan.i..predication.I.i.general1.identi

ca.wit.th.nomina.elemen.(s.i..sentence.

46.Predicate..predicat.i.somethin,tha.i.sai.abou.a.argurnen.o.i.

state,th.logica.relatio.linkin.th.argument,i..sentence.

47.Two-plac.predication..two-plac.predicatio.i.on.whic.con­

tain.tw.arguments.

V.Answe.th.followin.questions.

48.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthe

sumtotalof*themeaningsofal1itscomponents?

..Th.meanin.o..sentenc.i.no.th.su.tota.o.th.meaning,o.al.it.com

ponent.becaus.i.canno.b.worke.ou.b.addin,u.al.th.meaning,o.it.c

onstituen.words.Fo.example.

........(A.Th.do.bi.th.man.

........(B.Th.ma.bi.th.dog.

I.th.meanin.o..sentenc.wer.th.su.tota.o.th.meaning,o.al.it.c

omponents.the.th.abov.tw.sentence.wou1.hav.th.sam.meaning.I.fac

.the.ar.differen.i.meanings.

A.w.know.ther.ar.tw.aspect,t.sentenc.meaning,grammatica.mean

in.an.semanti.meaning.Th.grammatica.meaning,o."th.dog.an.

“th.man.i.(A.ar.differen.fro.th.grammatica.meaning,o.

“th.clog.an.

“th.man.i.(B).Th.meanin.o..sentenc.i.th.produc.o.bot.lexica,an

.grammatica.meaning.I.i.th.produc.o.th.meanin.o.th.constituen.w

ord.an.o.th.grammatica.construction,tha.relat.on.wor.syntagmati

cal1.t.another.

49..Wha.i.componentia.analysis.Illustrat.i.wit.examples.

..Componentia.analysis.pro­

pose.b.structura.semanticists,i..wa.t.analyz.wor.meaning.Th.app

roac.i.base.o.th.belie,tha.th.meanin.o..wor.ca.b.divide,int.moa

nin.components,whic.ar.calle,semanti.features.Plu.an.minu.sign,

ar.use.t.indicat.whethe..certai.semanti.featur.i.presen.o.absen

.i.th.meanin.o..word.an.thes.featur.symbol,ar.usuall.writte.i.c

apitalize.letters.Eo.example,th.wor.aman.i.ana­

lyze.a.consistin.o.th.semanti.feature,o.[.HUMAN..ADULT..ANIMATE

.+MALE.

50.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentand

presuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?

.Entailmen.i..relatio.o.inclusion.Suppos.t

her.ar.tw.sentence..an.Y.

..X.H.ha.bee.t.France.

..Y.H.ha.bee.t.Europe.

T.term.o.trut.values,i..i.true..i.necessari1.true.e.g.i.h.ha.be

e.t.France,h.mus.hav.bee.t.Europe.

.I..i.false..ma.b.tru.o.false,e.g.i.h.ha.no.bee.t.France,h.ma

.stil.hav.bee.t.Europ.o.h.ha.no.bee.t.Europe.1..i.true..ma.b.tr

u.o.false.e.g.i.h.ha.bee.t.Europe.h.ma.o.ma.no.hav.bee.t.France

1..i.false..i.false,e.g.I.h.ha.no.bee.t.Europe,h.canno.hav.be

e.t.France.

Therefor,w.conclud.tha..entail..o..i.a.entailmen.o.X.

Thetruthconditionsthatweusetojudgepresuppositionisas

follows:

SupposetherearetwosentencesXandY:

.....X.john，.bik.need,repairing.

.....Y.Joh.ha..bike.

T..i.true..mus.b.true.e.g.i.John,.bik.need,repairing.Joh.mus.ha

v..bike.

I..i.false..i.stil.true.e.g.I.John*.bik.doe.no.nee.repairing.Jo

h.stil.ha..bike.I..i.true..i.eithe.tru.o.false,e.g.i.Joh.ha..bi

ke.i.ma.o.ma.no.nee.repairing.I..i.false,n.trut.valu.ca.b.sai.a

bou.X.e.g.i.Joh.doe.no.hav..bike,nothin,ca.b.sai.abou.whethe.hi

.bik.need,repairin.o.not.Therefore..presuppose.Y.o..i..presuppo

sitio.o.X.

51.Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetween

sentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationinterms

oftruthvalues?

I.term.o.trut.condition,o.th.tw.sentence..an.

Y.i..i.true..i.true.i..i.false..i.false,there

for..i.synonymou.wit.Y.

e.g.X.H.wa..bachclo.al.hi.life.

Y.H.neve,marrie.al.hi.life.

0.th.tw.sentence..an.Y.i..i.true..i.false,i..i.false..i.tru

e.the.w.ca.sa..i.inconsisten.wit.Y.

e.g.X.Joh.i.married.

...Y.Joh.i..bachelor.

52..Accordin.t.th.way.synonym,differ,ho.man.group,ca.w.classi

f.synonym,into.Illustrat.the.wit.examples.

..Accordin.t.th.way.synonym,differ,synonym,ca.b.divide,int.t

h.foliowin.groups..

i.Dialectalsynonyms

The.ar.synonym,whic.ar.use.i.differen.regiona.dialectsAm

.Britis.Englis.an.America.Englis.ar.th.tw.majo.geograper

hica.varietie.o.th.Englis.language.Fo.examples.ic

an

BritishEnglish

En

gl

is

h

autumnfa

11

liftel

ev

at

The.dialecta.synonym,ca.als.b.foun.withi.British,o.America.E

nglis.itself.Fo.example.〃girl.i.calle,"lass.o."lassie,i.Sco

ttis.dialect,an.vliquor,i.calle,“whisky,i.Iris,dialect.

ii.Stylisti.synonym.

The.ar.synonym,whic.diffe.i.styl.o.degre.o.formality.Som.o.th.s

tylisti.synonym,ten.t.b.mor.formal,other,ten.t.b.casual,an.stil

.other,ar.ncutra.i.style.Fo.example.

oldman,daddy,dad,father,maleparent

chap,pal,friend,companion

iii.Synonym,tha.diffe.i.thei.emotiv.o.evaluativ.meanin.

The.ar.th.word.tha.hav.th.sam.meanin.bu.expres.differen.emoti

on.o.th.user.Th.emotion,o.th.use.indicat.th.attitud.o.bia.o.t

h.use.towar.wha.h.i.talkin.about.Fo.example.ucollaborator,an.

aaccomplice,ar.synonymous,sharin.th.meanin.o.〃.perso.wh.help

.another”,bu.the.ar.differen.i.thei.evaluativ.meaning.Th.form

e.mean.tha..perso.wh.help,anothe.i.do-

in.somethin,good,whi1.th.latte,refer,t..perso.wh.help,anothe.

i..crimina.act.

iv.Collocationa.synonym.

The.ar.synonym,whic.diffe.i.thei.collocation.Fo.example,w.ca.

us.accuse,charge,rebuk.t.sa.tha.someon.ha.don.somethin,wron.o.e

ve.criminal,bu.the.ar.use.wit.differen.preposi­