2015年12月大学英语六级考试真题（二）

PAGEPAGE12015年12月大学英语六级考试真题(二)PartⅠ Writing (30minutes)Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldfocusonthedifficultyinacquiringusefulinformationinspiteofadvancedinformationtechnology.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Wejustdon’thavemuchusefulinformation.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。PartⅡ ListeningComprehension (30minutes)SectionADirections：Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。A)Sheisimpatienttolearncomputerprogramming.Sheisunawareheroperationsystemisoutdated.Sheisunabletousethenewcomputerprogram.Sheisamazedatthefastchangeoftechnology.A)Hehaslongbeenfedupwithtraveling.Hepreferstostayhomefortheholiday.Heisgoingoutoftownforacoupleofdays.Heisannoyedbytheheavytrafficdowntown.A)ThechallengesfacingEastAsia. tThelocationfortheirnewoffice.Theirexpansionintotheoverseasmarket.ThelivingexpensesinTokyoandSingapore.A)Anumberofcellphoneswerefoundafterthelastshow.Thewomanforgotwhereshehadlefthercellphone.Thewomanwasverypleasedtofindhercellphone.Reservedticketscouldbepickedupattheticketcounter.A)Thebuildingmaterialswillbedeliveredsoon.Theprojectisbeingheldupbybadweather.Theconstructionschedulemaynotbemet.Qualifiedcarpentersarenoteasytofind.A)Sheisgettingveryforgetfulthesedays.Shedoesnotholdontobitterfeelings.Sheresentsthewaysheistreated.Sheneverintendstohurtanyone.A)Themanwantstorentasmallapartment.Thewomanhastroublegettingamortgage.Thewomanismovingtoaforeigncountry.Themanistryingtosellthewomanahouse.A)TheyarewritingastoryfortheMorningNews.Theyarefacinggreatchallengestogetre-elected.Theyarelaunchingacampaigntoattractwomenvoters.Theyareconductingasurveyamongthewomenintown.Questions9to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Touchhisheart. C) Remindhimofhislife.Makehimcry. D) Makehimfeelyoung.A)Heisgoodatsinging operas. C) Hecansinganysongifhelikesit.Heenjoyscomplicated music. D) Helovescountrymusic inparticular.A)Gotoabaranddrinkforhours.Gotoanisolatedplacetosingblues.Gotoseeaperformanceinaconcerthall. Gotoworkandwraphimselfupinmusic.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12.A)Howhebecameanannouncer. C)Howhemakeshisliving.Howhewritesnewsstories. D)Howhedoeshisjob.13.A)Theywritethefirstversionofnewsstories.Theygathernewsstoriesonthespot.Theypolishincomingnewsstories.Theywritecommentsonmajornewsstories.14.A)Readingthroughthenewsstoriesinagivenperiodoftime.Havinglittletimetoreadthenewsbeforegoingontheair.Havingtochangethetoneofhisvoicefromtimetotime.Gettingallthewordsandphrasespronouncedcorrectly.15.A)Itshowswhereadvertisementscomein.Itgivesasignalforhimtoslowdown.Italertshimtosomethingimportant.Itservesasareminderofsadnews.SectionBDirections：Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B)，C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。PassageOneQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Itgivespleasuretobothadultsandchildren.Itisoftencarriedaroundbysmallchildren.Itcanbefoundinmanypartsoftheworld.ItwasinventedbyanAmericanIndian.17.A)Theyweremadeforearningaliving.Theyweredelicategeometricfigures.Theyweresmallcircusfiguresmadeofwire.Theywerecollectedbyanumberofmuseums.18.A)Inart. C)Inengineering.Ingeometry. D)Incircusperformance.PassageTwoQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.19.A)Theyofferstudentsawidevarietyofcourses.Theyattractstudentsfromallovertheworld.Theadmitmorestudentsthantheycanhandle.Theyhavetroubledealingwithoverseasstudents.20.A)Everyonewillbenefitfromeducationsoonerorlater.Agoodeducationcontributestotheprosperityofanation.Agoodeducationisnecessaryforonetoclimbthesocialladder.Everyonehasarighttoaneducationappropriatetohispotential.21.A)Helikesstudentswithhighmotivation.Heenjoysteachingintelligentstudents.Hetailorshisteachingtostudents’needs.Hetreatsallhisstudentsinafairmanner.PassageThreeQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)ItismostlyimportedfromtheMiddleEast.Itisasureindicatorofitseconomicactivity.Ithasadirectimpactontheinternationaloilmarket.Itequalsmorethan30millionbarrelsofoileachday.23.A)Iteventuallyturnsintoheat.Itisusedinavarietyofforms.Itsuseischieflyresponsibleforairpollution.Partofitislostintheprocessoftransmission.24.A)Whenitisusedinruralareas.C)Whenitoperatesatnearcapacity.Whenitisenvironment-friendly.D)Whenitoperatesatregulartimes.25.A)Trafficjamsincities.C)Fuelshortage.Inefficientuseofenergy.D)Globalwarming.SectionCDirections：Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime，youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime，youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。Graphicsareusedintextbooksaspartofthelanguageofthediscipline,asinmathoreconomics,orasstudyaids.Authorsusegraphicaidsto26andexpandonconceptstakenupinthetextbecausegraphicsareyetanotherwayofportrayingrelationshipsand27connections.Graphicsareusedextensivelyinnaturalsciencesandsocialsciences.Socialscientistsworkwithstatistics28data,andthebestwaytopresentthesestatisticsisofteningraphicform.Graphicsareincludednotmerelyasameansofmakingtheinformationeasierforthestudenttograsp,butasanintegralpartofthewaysocialscientiststhink.Manytextbooks,29thoseineconomics,containappendixesthatprovidespecificinformationonreadingandworkingwithgraphicmaterial.Makeitapracticeto30attentivelythetitles,captions,headings,andothermaterialconnectedwithgraphics.Theseelements31andusuallyexplainwhatyouarelookingat.Whenyouareexamininggraphics,the32questionstoaskare(a)Whatisthisitemsabout?and(b)Whatkeyideaistheauthor33.Onewarning:Unlessyouintegrateyourreadingofgraphicswiththetext,youmaymakeawrongassumption.34,fromachartindicatingthat33percentoffirstbornchildreninaresearchsampledidnotfeelclosetotheirfathers,youmightassumethatsomedreadfulinfluencewasatworkonthefirstbornchildren.However,acarefulreadingofthetext35thatmostofthefirstbornchildreninthesamplewerefromsingle-parenthomesinwhichthefatherwasabsent.PartⅢ ReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections：Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AccordingtoareportfromtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,manyeverydayproducts,includingsomebugspraysandcleaningfluids,couldleadtoanincreasedriskofbrainandbehavioraldisordersinchildren.Thedevelopingbrain,thereportsays,isparticularly36tothetoxiceffectsofcertainchemicalstheseproductsmaycontain,andthedamagetheycausecanbe37.Theofficialpolicy,however,isstillevolving.Healthandenvironmental38havelongurgedUSgovernmentagenciesto39theuseofsomeofthe11chemicalsthereportcitesandcalledformorestudiesontheirlong-termeffects.In2001,forexample,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency40thetypeandamountofleadthatcouldbepresentinpaintandsoilinhomesandchild-care41,afterconcernswereraisedaboutleadpoisoning.Theagencyisnow42thetoxiceffectsofsomeofthechemicalsinthelatestreport.Butthethresholdforregulationishigh.Becausechildren’sbrainandbehavioraldisorders,likehyperactivityandlowergrades,canalsobelinkedtosocialandgeneticfactors?It’stoughtopinthemonexposuretospecificchemicalswithsolid43evidence,whichiswhattheEPArequires.EventheHarvardstudydidnotproveadirect44butnotedstrongassociationsbetweenexposureandriskofbehavioralissues.Nonetheless,it’ssmartto45caution.Whileitmaybeimpossibletopreventkidsfromdrinkingtapwaterthatmaycontaintraceamountsofchemicals,keepingkidsawayfromlawnsrecentlysprayedwithchemicalsandfreshlydry-cleanedclothescan’thurt.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)advocatesF)interactionK)restrictedB)compactG)investigatingL)simulatingC)correlationH)overwhelmedM)statisticalD)exerciseI)particlesN)tightenE)facilitiesJ)permanentO)vulnerableSectionBDirections：Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived•Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheImpossibilityofRapidEnergyTransitionsPoliticiansarefondofpromisingrapidenergytransitions.Whetheritisatransitionfromimportedtodomesticoilorfromcoal-poweredelectricityproductiontonatural-gaspowerplants,politicianslovetotalkbig.Unfortunatelyforthem(andoftenthetaxpayers),ourenergysystemsareabitlikeanaircraftcarrier:theyareunbelievablyexpensive,theyarebuilttolastforaverylongtime,theyhaveahugeamountofinertia(meaningittakesalotofenergytosetthemmoving),andtheyhavealotofmomentumoncetheyaresetinmotion.Nomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan’tturnsomethingthatlargeonadime(10美分硬币）,orevenafewthousanddimes.Inphysics,movingobjectshavetwocharacteristicsrelevanttounderstandingthedynamicsofenergysystems：inertiaandmomentum.Inertiaistheresistanceofobjectstoeffortstochangetheirstateofmotion.Ifyoutrytopushaboulder(大圆石）,itpushesyouback.Onceyouhavestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.Momentumissaidtobe“conserved,”thatis,onceyoubuilditup,ithastogosomewhere.Soaheavyobject,likeafootballplayermovingatahighspeed,hasalotofmomentum—thatis,onceheismoving,itishardtochangehisstateofmotion.Ifyouwanttochangehiscourse,youhaveonlyafewchoices:youcanstophim,transferring(possiblypainfully)someofhiskineticenergy(动能)toyourownbody,oryoucanapproachalongsideandslowlyapplypressuretograduallyalterhiscourse.Butthereareotherkindsofmomentumaswell.Afterall,wedon’tspeakonlyofobjectsorpeopleashavingmomentum;wespeakofentiresystemshavingmomentum.Whetherit’sasportsteamorapresidentialcampaign,everybodyrelisheshavingthebigmomentum,becauseitmakesthemhardertostoporchangedirection.Onekindofmomentumistechnologicalmomentum.Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.Considertheincandescent(白炽灯的）bulb,anobjectcurrentlyhatedbymanyenvironmentalistsandenergy-efficiencyadvocates.Theincandescentlightbulb,inventedbyThomasEdison,whichcametobethesymbolofinspiration,hasbeendevelopedintohundreds,ifnotthousands,offorms.Today,avisittoalightingstorerevealsastunningarrayofchoices.Therearestandard-shapedbulbs,flame-shapedbulbs,coloredglobe-shapedbulbs,andmore.Itisquiteeasy,withallthatchoice,tochangealightbulb.Butthemomentumofincandescentlightingdoesnotstopthere.Allofthosespecializedbulbsledtothebuildingofspecializedlightfixtures,fromthedesklampyoustudyby,totheuglybutbelovedhand-paintedChineselampyouinheritedfromyourgrandmother,totheceilingfixtureinyourcloset,tothelightinyourovenorrefrigerator,andtothelightthatthedentistpointsatyou.Itiseasytochangealightbulb,sure,butitishardertochangethebulbanditsfixture.Andthereismoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,butroomsandentirebuildingshavebeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.AslightingexpertHowardBrandstonpointsout,“Generally,therearenobadlightsources,onlybadapplications.”TherearesomeverycommendablecharacteristicsoftheCFL[compactfluorescent(焚光的）lightbulb],yettheselectionofanylightsourceremainsinseparablefromtheluminaire(照明装置）thathousesit,alongwiththespaceinwhichbothareinstalled,andlightingrequirementsthatneedtobesatisfied.Thelamp,thefixture,andtheroom,allthreemustworkinconcertforthetruebenefitsofend-users.IftheCFLshouldbeusedforlightingaparticularspace,oranobjectwithinthatspace,thefixturemustbedesignedtoworkwiththatlamp,andthatfixturewiththeroom.Itisasymbiotic(共生的）relationship.ACFLcannotbesimplyinstalledinanincandescentfixtureandthenexpectedtoproduceavisualappearancethatismorethanwashedout,foggy,anddim.Thewholefixturemustbereplaced—lightsourceandluminaire—andthisisneveraninexpensiveproposition.AndBrandstonknowsathingortwoaboutlighting,beingthemanwhoilluminatedtheStatueofLiberty.Anothertypeofmomentumwehavetothinkaboutwhenplanningforchangesinourenergysystemsislabor-poolmomentum.Itisonethingtosaythatwearegoingtoshift30percentofourelectricitysupplyfrom,say,coaltonuclearpowerin20years.Butitisanotherthingtohaveasupplyoftrainedtalentthatcouldletyoucarryoutthispromise.Thatisbecausetheengineers,designers,regulators,operators,andalloftheotherskilledpeopleneededforthenewenergyindustryarespecialistswhohavetobetrainedfirst(orretrained,iftheyaretheonesbeinglaidoffinsomerelatedindustry),andeducation,likeanyothercomplicatedendeavor,takestime.Andnotonlydoourprospectivenewenergyworkershavetobetrained,theyhavetobetrainedintherightsequence.Oneneedsthedesigners,andperhapstheregulators,beforethebuildersandoperators,andeachgroupofworkersintraininghastoknowthereisworkwaitingbeyondgraduation.Insomecases,collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheirtrainingprograms,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty.Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoplaywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproduction,refining,electricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespans.Theyhavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.Wheninvestorsputupmoneytobuild,say,anuclearpowerplant,theyexpecttoearnthatmoneybackovertheplannedlifeoftheplant,whichistypicallybetween40and60years.SomecoalpowerplantsintheUnitedStateshaveoperatedformorethan70years!Theoldestcontinuouslyoperatedcommercialhydro-electricplantintheUnitedStatesisonNewYork’sHudsonRiver,anditwentintocommercialservicein1898.AsVaclavSmilpointsout,“Alltheforecasts,plans,andanticipationscitedabovehavefailedsomiserablybecausetheirauthorsandpromotersthoughtthetransitionstheyhopedtoimplementwouldproceedunlikeallpreviousenergytransitions,andthattheirprogresscouldbeacceleratedinanunprecedentedmanner.”Whenyouhearpeoplespeakingofmakingarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergy,whetheritisaswitchfromcoaltonuclearpower,oraswitchfromgasoline-poweredcarstoelectriccars,orevenaswitchfromanincandescenttoafluorescentlight,understandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentumcanhelpyoudecidewhethertheirplansarefeasible.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Notonlymovingobjectsandpeoplebutallsystemshavemomentum.Changingthecurrentenergysystemrequiresthesystematictrainingofprofessionalsandskilledlabor.Changingalightbulbiseasierthanchangingthefixturehousingit.Effortstoacceleratethecurrentenergytransitionsdidn’tsucceedasexpected,Tochangethelightsourceiscostlybecauseyouhavetochangethewholefixture.Energysystems,likeanaircraftcarriersetinmotion,havehugemomentum.Theproblemwithlighting,ifitarises,oftendoesn’tlieinlightsourcesbutintheirapplications.Thebiggestobstacletoenergytransitionisthatthepresentenergysystemistooexpensivetoreplace.Theapplicationofatechnologycanimpactareasbeyonditself.Physicalcharacteristicsofmovingobjectshelpexplainthedynamicsofenergysystems.SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Onehundredyearsago,“Colored”wasthetypicalwayofreferringtoAmericansofAfricandescent.Twentyyearslater,itwaspurposefullydroppedtomakewayfor“Negro.”Bythelate1960s,thattermwasovertakenby“Black.”Andthen,atapressconferenceinChicagoin1988,JesseJacksondeclaredthat“AfricanAmerican”wasthetermtoembrace.Thisonewaschosenbecauseitechoedthelabelsofgroups,suchas“ItalianAmericans”and“IrishAmericans,”thathadalreadybeenfreedofwidespreaddiscrimination.Acentury’sworthofcalculatednamechangespointtothefactthatnaminganygroupisapoliticallyfreightedexercise.A2001studycatalogedallthewaysinwhichtheterm“Black”carriedconnotations(涵义）thatweremorenegativethanthoseof“AfricanAmerican.”Butifitwasknownthat“Black”peoplewerevieweddifferentlyfrom“AfricanAmericans,”researchers,untilnow,hadn’tidentifiedwhatthatgapinperceptionwasderivedfrom.Arecentstudy,conductedbyEmoryUniversity’sErikaHall,foundthat“Black”peopleareviewedmorenegativelythan“AfricanAmericans”becauseofaperceiveddifferenceinsocioeconomicstatus.Asaresult,“Thestudy’smoststrikingfindingsshedlightontheracialbiasespermeatingtheprofessionalworld.Evenseeminglyharmlessdetailsonaresume,itappears,cantapintorecruiters’biases.Ajobapplicationmightmentionaffiliationswithgroupssuchasthe“WisconsinAssociationofAfrican-AmericanLawyers”orthe“NationalBlackEmployeesAssociation,”thenamesofwhichapparentlyhaveconsequences,andarealsobeyondtheirmembers’control.Inoneofthestudy’sexperiments,subjectsweregivenabriefdescriptionofamanfromChicagowiththelastnameWilliams.Toonegroup,hewasidentifiedas“African-American,”andanotherwastoldhewas“Black.”Withlittleelsetogoon,theywereaskedtoestimateMr.Williams’ssalary,professionalstanding,andeducationalbackground.The“African-American”groupestimatedthatheearnedabout$37000ayearandhadatwo-yearcollegedegree.The“Black”group,ontheotherhand,puthissalaryatabout$29000,andguessedthathehadonly“some”collegeexperience.Nearlythree-quartersofthefirstgroupguessedthatMr.Williamsworkedatamanageriallevel,whileonly38.5percentofthesecondgroupthoughtso.Hall’sfindingssuggestthere’sanargumenttobemadeforelectingtouse“AfricanAmerican,”thoughonecan’thelpbutgetthesensethatit’sadecisionthatpapersovertheurgencyofcontinuedprogress.Perhapsanewphraseisneeded,onethatcanbringeveryoneonebigstepclosertorealizingDuBois’soriginal,idealistichope:“It’snotthename—it’stheThingthatcounts.’’注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。WhydidJesseJacksonembracetheterm“AfricanAmerican”forpeopleofAfricandescent?Itisfreefromracialbiases. C) ItisintheinterestofcommonAmericans.Itrepresentssocialprogress. D)Itfollowsthestandardnamingpractice.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenamingofanethnicgroup?Itadvanceswiththetimes. C)Itmeritsintensivestudy.Itisbasedonracialroots. D)Itispoliticallysensitive.WhatdoErikaHall’sfindingsindicate? -Racialbiasesarewidespreadintheprofessionalworld.Manyapplicantsdon’tattendtodetailsontheirresumes.Jobseekersshouldallbecarefulabouttheiraffiliations.Mostrecruitersareunabletocontroltheirracialbiases.WhatdoesErikaHallfindinherexperimentaboutamanwiththelastnameWilliams?AfricanAmericansfarebetterthanmanyotherethnicgroups.Blackpeople’ssocioeconomicstatusinAmericaremainslow.People’sconceptionofapersonhasmuchtodowiththewayheorsheislabeled.One’sprofessionalstandingandincomearerelatedtotheireducationalbackground.WhatisDr.DuBois’sideal?AllAmericansenjoyequalrights.Apersonisjudgedbytheirworth.AnewtermiscreatedtoaddressAfricanAmericans.Allethnicgroupssharethenation’scontinuedprogress.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Acrosstheboard,Americancollegesanduniversitiesarenotdoingaverygoodjobofpreparingtheirstudentsfortheworkplaceortheirpost-graduationlives.Thiswasmadeclearbytheworkoftwosociologists,RichardArumandJosipaRoksa.In2011theyreleasedalandmarkstudytitledAcademicallyAdrift,”whichdocumentedthelackofintellectualgrowthexperiencedbymanypeopleenrolledincollege.Inparticular,ArumandRoksafound,collegestudentswerenotdevelopingthecriticalthinking,analyticreasoningandotherhigher-levelskillsthatarenecessarytothriveintoday’sknowledge-basedeconomyandtoleadournationinatimeofcomplexchallengesanddynamicchange.ArumandRoksaplacedtheblameforstudents’lackoflearningonawatered-downcollegecurriculumandloweredundergraduateworkstandards.Althoughgoingtocollegeissupposedtobeafull-timejob,studentsspent,onaverage,only12to14hoursaweekstudyingandmanywereskatingthroughtheirsemesterswithoutdoingasignificantamountofreadingandwriting.Studentswhotakemorechallengingclassesandspendmoretimestudyingdolearnmore.Buttheprioritiesofmanyundergraduatesarewithextracurricularactivities,playingsports,andpartyingandsocializing.LauraHamilton,theauthorofastudyonparentswhopayforcollege,willargueinaforthcomingbookthatcollegeadministrationsareoverlyconcernedwiththesocialandathleticactivitiesoftheirstudents.InPayingfortheParty,Hamiltondescribeswhatshecallsthe“partypathway,”whicheasesmanystudentsthroughcollege,helpedalongbyvariousclubsthatsendstudentsintothepartysceneandahostofeasiermajors.Bysanctioningthiswatered-downversionofcollege,universitiesare“cateringtothesocialandeducationalneedsofwealthystudentsattheexpenseofothers”whowon’tenjoythefinancialbackingorsocialconnectionsofricherstudentsoncetheygraduate.Thesestudentsn