教学材料《计算机》-1-7 Artificial Intelligence(AI)

1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Introduction:WhatisArtificialIntelligence(AI)exactly?Asabeginningweofferthefollowingdefinition:AIisabranchofcomputerscienceconcernedwiththestudyandcreationofcomput­ersystemsthatexhibitsomeformofintelligence:导读：人工智能（AI）确切地说是什么？作为开始，我们提供下列定义：AI是计算机科学的一个分支，它涉及研究和创建显示某种形式智能的计算机系统：Keywords:ArtificialIntelligencen.人工智能abranchofn.分支exhibit[ɪgˈzɪbɪt]vt.呈现;陈列，展览;证明1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)systemsthatlearnnewconceptsandtasks,systemsthatcanreasonanddrawusefulconclusionsabouttheworldaroundus,systemsthatcanunderstandanaturallanguageorperceiveandcomprehendavisualscene,andsystemsthatperformothertypesoffeatsthatrequirehumantypesofintelli­gence.学习新概念和新任务的系统、能对我们周围的世界进行推理和得出有用结论的系统、能理解自然语言或理解和领会视觉场景的系统，以及执行需要人的各类智能的其他种类活动的系统。Keywords:conclusion[kənˈklu:ʒn]n.结论perceive[pəˈsi:v]v.理解;意识到;察觉comprehend[ˌkɒmprɪˈhend]vt.理解，领会;包含Expandedvocabulary:feats[fi:t]n.技能1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Dictionariesdefineintelligenceastheabilitytoacquire,understandandapplyknowledge,ortheabilitytoexercisethoughtandreason.Ofcourse,intelligenceismorethanthis.字典把智能定义为获得、理解和应用知识的能力，或者是实行思维和推理的能力。当然，智能不只是这点。1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Itembodiesalloftheknowledgeandfeats,bothconsciousandunconscious,whichwehaveacquiredthroughstudyandexperience:highlyrefinedsightandsoundperception;thought;imagination;theabilitytoconverse,read,write,driveacar,memo­rizeandrecallfacts,expressandfeelemotions;andmuchmore.它具体体现了有意识地和无意识地通过学习和经验获得的所有知识和技艺：高度精确的视觉和听觉感知；思维；想象；交谈、读、写、驾车、记忆和回忆事实、表达和感受情感的能力，以及更多。Expandedvocabulary:embody[ɪmˈbɒdi]vt.表现conscious[ˈkɒnʃəs]adj.有意识的refine[rɪˈfaɪn]vt.提炼;改善1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Canweeverexpecttobuildsystemswhichexhibitthesecharacteristics?Thean­swertothisquestionisyes!Systemshavealreadybeendevelopedtoperformmanytypesofintelligenttasks,andexpectationsarehighforneartermdevelopmentofevenmoreimpressivesystems.Wenowhavesystemswhichcanlearnfromexamples,frombeingtold,frompastrelatedexperiences,andthroughreasoning.我们会一直期望建造显示这些特征的系统吗？此问题的答案是yes!一些系统早已被开发来执行很多种类的智能任务，并且对近期开发给人印象更为深刻的系统寄予了很高的期望。现在有一些系统能从例子、从被告知的、从过去相关的经验和通过推理进行学习。1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Wehavesystemswhichcansolvecomplexproblemsinmathematics,inschedulingmanydiversetasks,infindingoptimalsystemconfigurations,inplanningcomplexstrategiesforthemilitaryandforbusiness,indiagnosingmedicaldiseasesandothercomplexsystems,tonameafew.有一些系统能解决数学方面的、调度多种多样任务方面的、寻找最佳系统配置方面的、计划军事和商业的复杂策略方面的、诊断医学疾病方面的复杂问题，还有其他一些复杂系统，这里仅举几个例子。Keywords:diverse[daɪˈvɜ:s]adj.不同的，多种多样的strategy[ˈstrætədʒi]n.策略，战略diagnose[ˈdaɪəgnəʊz]vt.诊断;判断Expandedvocabulary:schedule[ˈʃedju:l]vt.安排1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Wehavesystemswhichcan"understand"largepartsofnaturallanguages.Welavesystemswhichcanseewellenoughto"recognize"objectsfromphotographs,videocamerasandothersensors.Wehavesystemswhichcanreasonwithincompleteanduncertainfacts.Clearly,withthesedevelopments,muchhasbeenaccomplishedsincetheadventofthedigitalcomputer.有些系统能“理解”一些自然语言的大部分，有些系统的视觉好得足以“识别”照片上、摄像机和其他传感器拍摄的图像上的物体。有些系统能够以不完备的和不确定的事实进行推理。显然，关于这些开发，自数字计算机问世以来，很多已完成了。Keywords:advent[ˈædvent]n.出现1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Inspiteoftheseimpressiveachievements,westillhavenotbeenabletoproduceco­ordinated,autonomoussystemswhichpossesssomeofthebasicabilitiesofathree-year-oldchild.Theseincludetheabilitytorecognizeandremembernumerousdiverseobjectsfromascene,tolearnnewsoundsandassociatethemwithobjectsandconcepts,andtoadapttomanydiversenewsituations.尽管有这些印象深刻的成就，我们仍然不能生产具有三岁小孩有的某些基本能力的协调而自主的系统，这些包括识别和记忆一个景象中众多的各种各样的对象、学习新的声言和把它们同对象与概念相关联，以及欣然适应多种多样的新情况的能力。Expandedvocabulary:autonomous[ɔ:ˈtɒnəməs]adj.自治的;有自主权的Inspiteof虽然，尽管1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Thesearethechallengesnowfacingre­searchersinAI.Andtheyarenoteasyones.Theywillrequireimportantbreakthroughsbeforewecanexpecttoequaltheperformanceofourthree-yearold.InAIthegoalistodevelopworkingcomputersystemsthataretrulycapableofperformingtasksthatrequirehighlevelsofintelligence.Theprogramsarenotnecessarilymeanttoimitatehumansensesandthoughtprocesses.这些都是AI研究人员现在面临的挑战，并且它们都不是容易解决的问题。在我们能期望比得上三岁小孩的性能之前，它们将需要一些重要的突破。就AI而论，目标是开发一些运转的计算机系统，它们真正能执行一些需要高级智能的任务。程序未必打算模仿人的感觉和思维过程。1-7ArtificialIntelligence(AI)Indeed,inper­formingsometasksdifferently,theymayactuallyexceedhumanabilities.Theimportantpointisthatthesystemsallarecapableofperformingintelligenttaskseffectivelyandef­ficiently.确实，在不同地执行某些任务中它们会实际上超过人的一些能力。重要的一点是这些系统都能有效而高效率地执行智能任务。Keywords:exceed[ɪkˈsi:d]vt.超过;超越;胜过Oralpractice1.Likeotherdefinitionsofcomplextopics,anunderstandingofAIrequiresanunder­standingofrelatedtermssuchasintelligence.knowledge,reasoning,thought,cognition,learning.andanumberofcomputer-relatedterms.Whilewelackprecisescientificdefi­nitionsformanyoftheseterms,wecangivegeneraldefinitionsofthem.And,ofcourse,oneoftheobjectivesofthistextistoimpartspecialmeaningtoallofthetermsrelatedtoAI,includingtheiroperationalmeanings.2.TogainabetterunderstandingofAI,itisalsousefultoknowwhatAIisnot.AIisnotthestudyandcreationofconventionalcomputersystems.Eventhoughonecanar­guethatallprogramsexhibitsomedegreeofintelligence,anAIprogramwillgobeyondthisindemonstratingahighlevelofintelligencetoadegreethatequalsorexceedstheintelligencerequiredofahumaninperformingsometask.Oralpractice3.AIisnotthestudyofthemind,norofthebody,noroflanguages,ascustomarilyfoundinthefieldsofpsychology,physiology,cognitivescience,orlinguistics.Tobesure,thereissomeoverlapbetweenthesefieldsandAI.Allseekabetterunderstandingofthehuman'sintelligenceandprocesses.Exercisesquestionsandanswers：1．WhatisAI?2.PleaselistexamplesoftheAIinourlife?3.WhytheAIisnotnecessarilymeanttoimitatehumansensesandthoughtprocesses?4.WhatisthegoaloftheAI?5.WhatkindofAIdoyouwant?ExercisesTransl