【《钠离子电池研究国内外文献综述》9700字】

钠离子电池研究国内外文献综述1.1钠离子电池的工作原理钠离子电池的工作原理如图1-2所示。充放电过程中，钠离子通过电解液在正极和负极之间穿梭，从而实现能量的储存和释放。在充电过程中，钠离子从高电压的正极（相对钠而言，工作电压不小于3.0V）脱出,然后在低电压的负极（理想工作电压相对于钠不大于1.0V）嵌入。此时，正极处于贫钠状态，负极处于富钠状态，为了维持电极的电荷平衡，电子通过外部电路从正极流向负极。而放电过程则相反，钠离子从低电压的负极移动到高电压的正极，而电子从负极通过外电路流到正极。图1-3钠离子电池的工作原理ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lee</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>187</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>187</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618402799">187</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lee,JangMee</author><author>Singh,Gurwinder</author><author>Cha,Wangsoo</author><author>Kim,Sungho</author><author>Yi,Jiabao</author><author>Hwang,Seong-Ju</author><author>Vinu,Ajayan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RecentAdvancesinDevelopingHybridMaterialsforSodium-IonBatteryAnodes</title><secondary-title>ACSEnergyLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSEnergyLetters</full-title></periodical><pages>1939-1966</pages><volume>5</volume><number>6</number><section>1939</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2380-8195 2380-8195</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00973</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]Fig.1-3TheworkingprinciplesofNa-ionbatteryADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lee</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>187</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>187</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618402799">187</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lee,JangMee</author><author>Singh,Gurwinder</author><author>Cha,Wangsoo</author><author>Kim,Sungho</author><author>Yi,Jiabao</author><author>Hwang,Seong-Ju</author><author>Vinu,Ajayan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RecentAdvancesinDevelopingHybridMaterialsforSodium-IonBatteryAnodes</title><secondary-title>ACSEnergyLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ACSEnergyLetters</full-title></periodical><pages>1939-1966</pages><volume>5</volume><number>6</number><section>1939</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2380-8195 2380-8195</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00973</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]1.2钠离子电池的负极材料在锂离子电池商业化非常成功的石墨负极，在钠离子电池上表现不佳。因为钠离子较大的离子半径很难在石墨片层中进行嵌入和脱出。所以，研究出理想的适合钠离子电池的负极材料迫在眉睫。对于负极材料而言，库仑效率，工作电势，循环稳定性和倍率能力是决定能否应用的最重要的几个特征ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[14,15]，迄今为止，用于钠离子电池负极材料的最新研究主要集中在碳基材料，合金化材料，过渡金属氧（硫、磷、硒）化物等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>270</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>270</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618580572">270</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Wanlin</author><author>Li,Weijie</author><author>Wang,Shun</author><author>Miao,Zongcheng</author><author>Liu,HuaKun</author><author>Chou,Shulei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Structuraldesignofanodematerialsforsodium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>6183-6205</pages><volume>6</volume><number>15</number><section>6183</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c7ta10823k</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。图1-4用于SIB的负极材料的电化学性能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Perveen</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>188</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>188</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618402805">188</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Perveen,Tahira</author><author>Siddiq,Muhammad</author><author>Shahzad,Nadia</author><author>Ihsan,Rida</author><author>Ahmad,Abrar</author><author>Shahzad,MuhammadImran</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prospectsinanodematerialsforsodiumionbatteries-Areview</title><secondary-title>RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews</full-title></periodical><volume>119</volume><section>109549</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13640321</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.rser.2019.109549</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]Fig.1-4ElectrochemicalpropertiesofanodematerialsstudiedforSIBsADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Perveen</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>188</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>188</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618402805">188</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Perveen,Tahira</author><author>Siddiq,Muhammad</author><author>Shahzad,Nadia</author><author>Ihsan,Rida</author><author>Ahmad,Abrar</author><author>Shahzad,MuhammadImran</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prospectsinanodematerialsforsodiumionbatteries-Areview</title><secondary-title>RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews</full-title></periodical><volume>119</volume><section>109549</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13640321</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.rser.2019.109549</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]1.2.1碳基材料碳基材料因为各种含碳物质在地球上分布广泛和丰度、以及前驱体的化学结构多样性部仅在锂离子电池中得到广泛应用，一直以来也是钠离子电池负极材料的研究热点ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>274</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>274</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618580888">274</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Ting</author><author>Li,Xifei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Biomass-derivednanostructuredporouscarbonsforsodiumionbatteries:areview</title><secondary-title>MaterialsTechnology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MaterialsTechnology</full-title></periodical><pages>232-245</pages><volume>34</volume><number>4</number><section>232</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1066-7857 1753-5557</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/10667857.2018.1545392</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]。其主要分类有石墨类材料、软碳、硬碳等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kim</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>272</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>272</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618580749">272</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim,Ji-Hyun</author><author>Jung,Min-Jung</author><author>Kim,Min-Ji</author><author>Lee,Young-Seak</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Electrochemicalperformancesoflithiumandsodiumionbatteriesbasedoncarbonmaterials</title><secondary-title>JournalofIndustrialandEngineeringChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofIndustrialandEngineeringChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>368-380</pages><volume>61</volume><section>368</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1226086X</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jiec.2017.12.036</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]。石墨类负极虽然在锂离子电池上已经取得了商业化使用，但石墨在钠离子电池上的表现却一直不尽人意。主要原因在于石墨的层间距0.334nm，虽然锂离子可以通过插层反应在0.1V（vsLi+/Li）的电势下储存大量的锂离子，形成LiC6石墨层间化合物，可以达到372mAh/g的理论容量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yao</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>271</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>271</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618580682">271</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yao,Y.X.</author><author>Yan,C.</author><author>Zhang,Q.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>BeijingKeyLaboratoryofGreenChemicalReactionEngineeringandTechnology,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China.zhang-qiang@.</auth-address><titles><title>Emerginginterfacialchemistryofgraphiteanodesinlithium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>ChemCommun(Camb)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemCommun(Camb)</full-title></periodical><pages>14570-14584</pages><volume>56</volume><number>93</number><edition>2020/10/31</edition><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>Dec4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1364-548X(Electronic) 1359-7345(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>33124638</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/33124638</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0cc05084a</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]。但是较大半径的钠离子很难与石墨形成插层化合物，形成的NaC64也只能提供35mAh/g的容量，无法使用。据报道，要使得钠离子能顺利插入到碳层中间，其最小的碳层间距为0.37nm。HuADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hu</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>232</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>232</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618403075">232</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hu,Mingxiang</author><author>Zhou,Hongjiang</author><author>Gan,Xin</author><author>Yang,Le</author><author>Huang,Zheng-Hong</author><author>Wang,Da-Wei</author><author>Kang,Feiyu</author><author>Lv,Ruitao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ultrahighratesodiumionstoragewithnitrogen-dopedexpandedgraphiteoxideinether-basedelectrolyte</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>1582-1589</pages><volume>6</volume><number>4</number><section>1582</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c7ta09631c</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]等人先将石墨进行氧化膨胀，在利用氨气进行还原和氮掺杂，形成的氮掺杂膨胀石墨的层间距达到了0.375nm，适宜的氧含量和氮掺杂不仅增加了其电导性，还促进了赝电容反应，该掺氮膨胀石墨在钠离子电池中表现了出色的倍率性能和循环稳定性，在醚基电解液下10A/g电流密度下循环5000次后容量仍超过120mAh/g。图1-5膨胀石墨的电化学性能和扫描图ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hu</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>232</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>232</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618403075">232</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hu,Mingxiang</author><author>Zhou,Hongjiang</author><author>Gan,Xin</author><author>Yang,Le</author><author>Huang,Zheng-Hong</author><author>Wang,Da-Wei</author><author>Kang,Feiyu</author><author>Lv,Ruitao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ultrahighratesodiumionstoragewithnitrogen-dopedexpandedgraphiteoxideinether-basedelectrolyte</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>1582-1589</pages><volume>6</volume><number>4</number><section>1582</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c7ta09631c</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]Fig.1-5ElectrochemicalpropertiesandscanningstructureofexpandedgraphiteADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hu</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>232</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>232</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618403075">232</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hu,Mingxiang</author><author>Zhou,Hongjiang</author><author>Gan,Xin</author><author>Yang,Le</author><author>Huang,Zheng-Hong</author><author>Wang,Da-Wei</author><author>Kang,Feiyu</author><author>Lv,Ruitao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ultrahighratesodiumionstoragewithnitrogen-dopedexpandedgraphiteoxideinether-basedelectrolyte</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>1582-1589</pages><volume>6</volume><number>4</number><section>1582</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c7ta09631c</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]自2004年问世以来，石墨烯这种由sp2杂化碳组成的2D六边形蜂窝状材料就被进行了广泛的研究ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[22,23]，它的强大的机械强度、出色的导热性、大的比表面积和非凡的电子传输能力使得它在电化学领域产生了深远的影响ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[24,25]。近年来，也有越来越多的关于石墨烯在钠离子电池上的报道。QuanADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[26]等人以二甲基亚砜为硫源，用溶剂热的方法制备出硫掺杂石墨烯，它具有高度无序的结构，大的层间距和大量的活性位点，用作钠离子电池负极在100mA/g电流密度下经过300次循环可以保持380mAh/g的容量，即使在大电流2A/g循环一千次仍保有270mAh/g左右的容量。尽管改性石墨烯电极表现出不错的电化学性能，但与石墨烯基复合电极相比，纯石墨烯阳极仍具有较低的初始库仑效率，相对较低的容量和较差的体积能量密度。因此，石墨烯片更多是被用作导电基体或涂层以与其它活性物质结合，可实现比裸石墨烯的显着更高的存储容量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>273</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[27]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>273</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618580824">273</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Lei</author><author>Wei,Zengxi</author><author>Mao,Minglei</author><author>Wang,Hongxia</author><author>Li,Yutao</author><author>Ma,Jianmin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Metaloxide/graphenecompositeanodematerialsforsodium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>EnergyStorageMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnergyStorageMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>434-454</pages><volume>16</volume><section>434</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>24058297</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.ensm.2018.06.027</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]。ChongADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[28]等人用简单的水热法氧化还原石墨烯上垂直固定了MoSe2纳米片，石墨烯不仅充当基质以抑制MoSe2纳米片的团聚，还增加了导电性，促进电化学动力学过程，并提供了一个可承受较大应变的缓冲区，使得其在作为钠离子电池负极时在100mA/g有458.3mAh/g的可逆比容量。PanADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pan</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>144</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>144</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1587646909">144</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pan,Erzhuang</author><author>Jin,Yuhong</author><author>Zhao,Chenchen</author><author>Jia,Miao</author><author>Chang,Qianqian</author><author>Zhang,Rupeng</author><author>Jia,Mengqiu</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>MesoporousSn4P3-grapheneaerogelcompositeasahigh-performanceanodeinsodiumionbatteries</title><secondary-title>AppliedSurfaceScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedSurfaceScience</full-title></periodical><pages>12-19</pages><volume>475</volume><section>12</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>01694332</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.259</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]等人采用溶胶凝胶法将平均粒径为8nm的Sn4P3\o"从ScienceDirect的AI生成的主题页面中了解有关纳米粒子的更多信息"纳米颗粒均匀且紧密地嵌入石墨烯气凝胶中独特的网络结构以及石墨烯纳米片与Sn4P3纳米颗粒之间的协同效应将使所制备的Sn4P3-GA复合材料具有良好的电化学钠存储性能，在100mA/g的电流密度下经过100次充放电仍具有657mAh/g的容量，在1和2A/g的电流密度下分别表现出462和403mAh/g的高倍率容量。硬碳材料硬碳，又称不可石墨化碳材料，即使在2500℃以上的高温也不能将其石墨化，主要来源有机聚合物和生物质，因为其来源广泛再加上硬碳一般具有高度的无序性和较大的层间距ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[30,31]，一般都大于最小储钠层间距0.37nmADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[32]，所以硬碳材料作为钠离子电池负极被广泛地研究。但硬碳的钠储存机制仍然存在争议，硬碳的充放电曲线分为小于0.1V的平台区和大于0.1V的斜坡区域。早在2000年，Stevens等首先提出了“插入-填充”机制，倾斜区域被指定为嵌入石墨层中的钠离子，平台区域被钠离子填充到纳米空隙中。CaoADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[33,34]等又提出了“吸附-插入”机理。而后XuADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sun</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>140</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[35]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>140</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1585795336">140</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sun,Ning</author><author>Guan,Zhaoruxin</author><author>Liu,Yuwen</author><author>Cao,Yuliang</author><author>Zhu,Qizhen</author><author>Liu,Huan</author><author>Wang,Zhaoxiang</author><author>Zhang,Peng</author><author>Xu,Bin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Extended“Adsorption–Insertion”Model:ANewInsightintotheSodiumStorageMechanismofHardCarbons</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><volume>9</volume><number>32</number><section>1901351</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>1614-6832 1614-6840</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.201901351</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[35]课题组研究了一系列温度下的硬碳，改善了“吸附-插入”理论，当层间距大于0.4nm时，钠离子可以自由进入其中，表现出钠存储的“准吸附”行为，这反映在充放电曲线上的倾斜区域。层间距在0.36到0.40nm之间，适合于钠离子的插入，这是“夹层插入物”钠存储机制，反映在充放电曲线的平台区域中。当层间距小于0.36nm时，由于层间距太小，难以进行钠的储存。SunADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sun</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>83</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[36]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>83</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1579523114">83</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sun,Ning</author><author>Liu,Huan</author><author>Xu,Bin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Facilesynthesisofhighperformancehardcarbonanodematerialsforsodiumionbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>20560-20566</pages><volume>3</volume><number>41</number><section>20560</section><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5ta05118e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[36]等利用废弃的柚子皮一步热解制备的生物质硬碳做钠电负极显示出了高达430.5mAh/g的可逆容量，在50mA/g的电流密度下循环200次仍具有360.9mAh/g的容量，容量损失仅2.5%。硬碳材料通常首次库伦效率极低ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>244</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[37]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>244</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618403153">244</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,Xin</author><author>Sun,Xiaohong</author><author>Hu,Xudong</author><author>Fan,Fengru</author><author>Cai,Shu</author><author>Zheng,Chunming</author><author>Stucky,GalenD.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ReviewoncomprehendingandenhancingtheinitialCoulombicefficiencyofanodematerialsinlithium-ion/sodium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>NanoEnergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoEnergy</full-title></periodical><volume>77</volume><section>105143</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>22112855</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105143</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[37]，在之前往往归因于碳材料较大的比表面积导致形成过多的SEI膜ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>242</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[38]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>242</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1618403134">242</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu,Zheng‐Long</author><author>Park,Jooha</author><author>Yoon,Gabin</author><author>Kim,Haegyeom</author><author>Kang,Kisuk</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>GraphiticCarbonMaterialsforAdvancedSodium‐IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>SmallMethods</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SmallMethods</full-title></periodical><volume>3</volume><number>4</number><section>1800227</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2366-9608 2366-9608</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/smtd.201800227</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[38]（固体电解质界面），但ElmiraADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>MemarzadehLotfabad</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>92</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[39]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>92</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1579523170">92</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MemarzadehLotfabad,Elmira</author><author>Kalisvaart,Peter</author><author>Kohandehghan,Alireza</author><author>Karpuzov,Dimitre</author><author>Mitlin,David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Originofnon-SEIrelatedcoulombicefficiencylossincarbonstestedagainstNaandLi</title><secondary-title>J.Mater.Chem.A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J.Mater.Chem.A</full-title></periodical><pages>19685-19695</pages><volume>2</volume><number>46</number><section>19685</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c4ta04995k</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[39]等人利用香蕉皮做前驱体热解得到低表面积（14.5m2/g）的生物质硬碳，使得SEI膜的形成对首次库伦效率产生不了实质性的作用，得出钠离子在最初的几次循环中会被不可逆的碳缺陷中。ZhaoADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhao</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[40]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1579522716">18</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhao,Xun</author><author>Ding,Yuan</author><author>Xu,Qi</author><author>Yu,Xiao</author><author>Liu,Yong</author><author>Shen,Hui</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Low-TemperatureGrowthofHardCarbonwithGraphiteCrystalforSodium-IonStoragewithHighInitialCoulombicEfficiency:AGeneralMethod</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><volume>9</volume><number>10</number><section>1803648</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>16146832</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.201803648</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[40]等人在硬碳热解过程中利用石墨晶体来促进硬碳有序化，首次库伦效率由56%提升到了89%，可逆容量也从245mAh/g提升到了301mAh/g，在20mA/g的电流密度下250次循环后容量保持率为99%，证明了硬碳缺陷的减少可提高首次库伦效率。XiaoADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xiao</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[41]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1584166435">95</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xiao,Lifen</author><author>Lu,Haiyan</author><author>Fang,Yongjin</author><author>Sushko,MariaL.</author><author>Cao,Yuliang</author><author>Ai,Xinping</author><author>Yang,Hanxi</author><author>Liu,Jun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Low-DefectandLow-PorosityHardCarbonwithHighCoulombicEfficiencyandHighCapacityforPracticalSodiumIonBatteryAnode</title><secondary-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedEnergyMaterials</full-title></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>20</number><section>1703238</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>16146832</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/aenm.201703238</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[41]等人热解速度来控制硬碳的缺陷浓度和孔隙率，结果表明随着加热速率的降低，缺陷浓度和孔隙率降低，首次库伦效率从78.9%提升到了86.1%，并提出了以下结论：在碳层中存在缺陷的情况下，钠离子的分布稀疏，许多位置平均空缺。缺陷与钠离子的强大相互作用具有两个方面：一方面，离子被捕获在缺陷位置，并被排除在总离子通量之外；另一方面，这些捕获的离子为其他离子产生排斥电场，从而降低了石墨层之间的钠离子浓度。图1-6恒定电位条件下石墨电极中的稳态钠离子分布和石墨层之间的钠离子存储示意图。（a）在无空缺缺陷的电极中的钠离子分布，（b）在石墨层中存在空缺缺陷的情况下的钠分布ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xiao</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[41]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vvf2tf20ipar2dew22qxvdffspdts925xrsf"timestamp="1584166435">95</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xiao,Lifen</author><author>Lu,Haiyan</author><author>Fang,Yongjin</author><author>Sushko,MariaL.</author><author>Cao,Yuliang</author><author>Ai,Xinping</author><author>Yang,Hanxi</author><author>Liu,Jun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Low-DefectandLow-PorosityHardCarbonwithHighCoulombicEfficiencyandHighCapacityforPracticalSodiumIonBatteryAnode</title><seconda