《我们赖以生存的隐喻》中对概念隐喻论的研究

ContentTOC\o"1-3"\h\u15371摘要 .ResearchTheoryandCurrentResearchStatusatHomeandAbroadConceptualmetaphorshavebeenthefocusofcognitivelinguisticssincethepublicationofMetaphorsWeLiveBy,whichmarkedthebirthofconceptualmetaphors.Aftertherapiddevelopmentinthe1980sand1990s,itisnowoneofthemaincurrentsofemerginglinguistics,provingtheimportantroleofmetaphorsintheprocessofhumanthinkingandunderstandingoftheworld,andatthesametimepromotingthedevelopmentoflanguageandtheprogressofscience.“East”and“West”arenounsoflocalityindailylife,aswellassocialandculturalphenomena,howdotheymaptooursocialandculturallife?Therefore,thispaperappliestherelevanttheoriesofmetaphorstolookattwodifferentculturesinChineseandEnglish.CognitivelinguisticsisboominginChina,andtheresearchonmetaphorsisespeciallyremarkable,andthefollowingisalookatdomesticandforeignresearchinthisarea.1.1ConceptualMetaphorsConceptualMetaphor,afoundationaltheoryincognitivelinguisticsintroducedbyGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnsonintheirseminalwork

MetaphorsWeLiveBy

(1980),revealshowhumanssystematicallyemployconcreteexperientialdomains(sourcedomains)toconceptualizeabstractconcepts(targetdomains).Thisframeworkfundamentallyredefinesmetaphornotmerelyasalinguisticdevice,butasanessentialcognitivemechanismthatstructureshumanthoughtandcommunication.REF_Ref17074\r\h[4]Leungetal.alsoarguethatmetaphorsareawayofthinkingandspeaking,andthatcultureinfluencesone’sexperienceofthisway.Theconnectionbetweenmindandbodyisnotarbitrary,butisbasedontheculturalcontextinwhichpeoplelive,includingculturalcompulsion,valuesandhabits.REF_Ref17401\r\h[5]Metaphoricalmapping

constitutesthecoreofconceptualmetaphortheory.Peopleunderstandandconstructtheirperceptionsoftheworldthroughsystematiccorrespondencesbetweensourceandtargetdomains.“The

TIMEISMONEY”exemplifiesthismechanism:bymappingmonetaryconcepts(sourcedomain)totemporalexperience(targetdomain),wecognitivelyreconfiguretimeasaquantifiableresource-enablingconceptualizationsoftimeassomethingthatcanbe“spent”,“invested”,and“squandered”.Thiscross-domainprojectionextendsbeyondlinguisticpatternstofundamentallyreorganizecognitiveframeworksandbehavioralpatterns.Conceptualmetaphorsarewidelyfoundineverydaylanguage,culturalpracticesandsocialcognition.Theuseofmetaphorsmayvaryfromculturetoculture,buttheunderlyingcognitivemechanismsareuniversal.Therefore,thestudyofconceptualmetaphorsnotonlyhelpstounderstandthemetaphoricalcharacteristicsoflanguage,butalsorevealsthedeepstructureofhumanthinkinganditsculturalvariability.Startingfromhumanphysicalorpsychologicalexperience,Lakoffproposedthreemajortypesofconceptualmetaphors:spatialmetaphors,ontologicalmetaphors,andstructuralmetaphors.Spatialconceptisthecoreofhumanthinking,andthespatialconceptsystemistheearliestandlongestappliedsystemforhumanbeingstoknowandunderstandtheworld,therefore,metaphoristhecognitivefoundationofthethreemetaphors.Peopleusetheirbodiestoperceivetheworldanditsorientation,andafterformingspatialconcepts,theythenaddressnon-spatialabstractconceptstoformamorecompleteconceptualsystem.Thespecificperformanceisasfollows:mappingtheconcretespatialorientationconceptssuchasupanddown,frontandback,insideandoutside,etc.totheabstractconceptssuchassocialhierarchy,economyandculture,interpersonalrelationship,emotionsandfeelings,etc.,inwhich“upanddown”isthemostbasicspatialconceptexpression,suchasthemetaphoricalconcept“highstatusisup”,“angerisdown”,and“angerisdown”,andsoon.Likespatialmetaphors,ontologicalmetaphorsareprevalentinhumanthoughtbutareoftenoverlookedbecausetheyarecommonplace.Itistheviewofabstractandintangibleontologies,suchasthoughts,emotions,andevents,astangibleandconcretematerialentities.However,ontologicalmetaphorshaveamuchhighernumberofapplicationsthanorientationmetaphorsbecausetheconceptofspaceisfinite,whereastangiblematerialentitiesareinfinite.Therefore,ontologicalmetaphorsaresubdividedintosolidmattermetaphors,containermetaphorsandanthropomorphicmetaphors.“Anthropomorphicmetaphorsareontologicalmetaphorsinwhich“thingsareseenasdistinctlyhuman”.REF_Ref17613\r\h[14]Finally,structuralmetaphoristheuseofoneconceptualstructuretoconstructanotherconceptualstructureinadifferentcognitivedomain.Itisthemostfrequentlyusedconceptualmetaphorandisthebasicformoflinguisticexpression,suchas“argumentiswar”,andsoon.Actually,thesethreetypesofconceptualmetaphorsarenotindependentofeachother.Thatistosay,ametaphoricalconceptmayinvolvemultiplemetaphortypes.Inotherwords,thethreetypesofconceptualmetaphorsproposedbyLakoffhavethelimitationsofbeingvaguelydefinedandeasytoconfuse,especiallyontologicalandstructuralmetaphors,forexample,moneyandstrings.Takingthemetaphors“money”and“string”asanexample,moneycanrepresentawholecognitivedomain,butisitnotatangibleobject?Astringcanbeatangiblemachine,buthowcanitnotrepresentthecognitivedomainofamachine?Thus,themetaphoricalconceptofmoneyandstringassourcedomainscanbejudgedtoinvolvebothontologicalandstructuralmetaphors.Consideringthelimitationsofthethreetypesofconceptualmetaphors,thispaperthenbuildsonthemtoanalysetheconceptualmetaphorsystemfromthetargetdomain.1.2ConceptualMetaphorDevelopmentHistory.Earlymetaphoricalstudies(earlytwentiethcenturyto1950s)Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,philosophersandlinguistsengagedinpreliminarydiscussionsofmetaphor,butmostlyfocusedontherhetoricalaspectsoflanguage.Earlystudiesofmetaphorusuallyregardedmetaphorasarhetoricaltoolinlanguage,usedtoenhanceexpressionortobeautifylanguage.AristotlefirstsystematicallyexploredtherhetoricalfunctionofmetaphorinRhetoric,arguingthatmetaphorisameansofexpressingtherelationshipofthingsthroughalternativewords,aimingtomakelanguagemorevivid.REF_Ref17878\r\h[12]However,thisstageofresearchdidnotaddresshowmetaphorsrelatetohumanthinkingandcognitivestructures.Metaphorisstillseenasanexternaldecorationoflanguage..TheRiseofCognitiveLinguisticsandtheCognitiveTurninMetaphor(1980s)Inthe1980s,theriseofcognitivelinguisticsrevolutionizedthestudyofmetaphor.IntheirseminalworkMetaphorsWeLiveBy,GeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnsonarguedthatmetaphorsarenotmerelyrhetoricaldevicesinlanguage,butfundamentalstructuresofhumanthoughtandcognition.LakoffandJohnson’stheorybreaksawayfromthetraditionallinguisticframeworkbystatingthatmetaphorsprofoundlyinfluencehowhumansunderstandtheworldandorganizetheirexperiences.Theformulationofthistheorysignaledashiftinthestudyofmetaphorfromarhetoricaltoacognitiveperspective,andlaidthegroundworkforsubsequentstudiesofmetaphor..MetaphorUniversalsandtheRiseofCross-CulturalStudies(1990s)In1990s,thestudyofconceptualmetaphorswasfurtherextendedtocross-culturalandcross-linguisticareas.Scholarsbegantofocusonthecommonalitiesanddifferencesofmetaphorsindifferentcultures.Forexample,themetaphorof“timeisspace”isfoundinmanylanguages,suchas“runningoutoftime”inEnglishand“quedarsintiempo”inSpanish.Thissuggeststhatdespitelinguisticdifferencesbetweencultures,manymetaphorsareuniversalatthelevelofthinking.However,cross-culturalstudieshavealsorevealedculturaldifferencesinmetaphors.Theremaybesignificantdifferencesinthewaycertainconceptsareunderstoodandexpressedbydifferentcultures.Forexample,“West”inWesterncultureisoftenassociatedwith“doom”or“death”while“East”isassociatedwith“revelation”or“newlife”.Differenthistoricalbackgrounds,religiousbeliefsandphilosophiesinfluencethestructureofmetaphorsineachculture..TheRelationshipbetweenMetaphorandSocietyandCulture(Early21stCentury)Withthedevelopmentofthestudyofmetaphor,scholarsgraduallybegantopayattentiontotherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandsociety,culture,andideology.Metaphorsarenolongerregardedonlyasproductsofcognitivestructure,butalsocarrysocialandculturalmeanings.Forexample,themetaphor“poweriscontrol”reflectstheunderstandingofpowerinWesternsocieties,emphasizingthedominationofresourcesandbehaviors,whileinothercultures,powermaybemorerelatedto“cooperation”or“harmony”.Scholarshavealsofoundthatmetaphorsplayanimportantroleinshapingpeople'ssocialperceptions,ideologies,andpoliticalpositions.Forexample,metaphorsareoftenusedinpoliticalspeechestoreinforcecertainpoliticalviewsortoshapepublicunderstandingofsocialissues.Thestudyofmetaphorsnotonlyhelpstounderstandlanguageuse,butalsorevealsthesocialstructuresandvaluesbehindculture..NeurolinguisticsandInterdisciplinaryResearch(RecentYears)Asweenterthe21stcentury,withthedevelopmentofneuroscienceandcognitivescience,thestudyofmetaphorgraduallyinvolvestheareasofbrainmechanismsandneurolinguistics.Neurolinguistsbegantoexploretheprocessingofmetaphorsinthebrain,andstudieshaveshownthatmetaphorsaremorethanjustrhetoricaltoolsoflanguage,andthattheymayinvolvetheactivitiesofmultiplebrainregions,especiallythoserelatedtoperception,movement,andemotion.Inaddition,metaphorresearchisgraduallyexpandingintointerdisciplinaryfields,includingacombinationofdisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,andphilosophy.Metaphorisconsideredanimportanttoolforhumanthinking,emotion,andsocialbehavior,anditsapplicationindailylifegoesfarbeyondthelinguisticleveltohowhumansperceivethemselves,others,andsocialreality.1.3CurrentstatusofdomesticandinternationalresearchThecomparativestudyofconceptualmetaphorsbelongstothecross-linguisticcomparativestudyofconceptualmetaphors.“East”and“west”aretwobasiclocativewordsinChinese,whicharepartofthespatialconcept.Spatialconceptisafundamentalontologicalcategoryinhumanlanguage,andhasanimportantstatusthatmostothercognitivedomainsdonothave.REF_Ref20320\r\h[23]Asfarastheconceptualmetaphorof“directionword”isconcerned,searchingrelevantliteraturedatabasesabroad,wefoundthatthenumberofforeignstudiesontheconceptualmetaphorof“orientationword”isrelativelysmallandmostofthemfocusontheimpactofdirectionwordonhumanpsychologyanditsapplicationinlife,ratherthantheconceptualmetaphor.Forexample,BrianP.Meier,ArlenC.Molleretal.(2011)believethatspatialmetaphorsarerelatedtorealestate,anddiscusstheinfluenceofnorthandsouthdirectionsonhousingpreferences.REF_Ref20575\r\h[6]LucaCianinVerticalityandConceptualMetaphors:aSystematicReviewexamineshowverticaldimensionsaremetaphoricallylinkedtokeyconstructssuchaspower,potency,concreteness,orientation,andrationality/emotion,therebyhavingasignificantimpactonconsumerexperienceandresponse.REF_Ref20680\r\h[1]SudiptaMukherjeeinVerticalvs.horizontalpresentationformatsresultindifferentconsumptionchoicesduetoconstrualprimingexploreshowverticalandhorizontalpresentationofchoicesaffectsdecisionmakingdifferently.REF_Ref20751\r\h[8]Moreover,foreignresearchonorientationwordsmainlyfocusesonverticalspatialmetaphorssuchas“North”,“South”,“Up”and“Down”,butlackssystematicresearchonhorizontalspatialmetaphorssuchas“East”and“West”.Besides,foreignstudiesonthemetaphorsofdirectionwordsarelessfromthecross-linguisticpointofview,especiallythecomparativestudieswiththecorrespondingwordsinChinese.Atpresent,domesticacademicsarekeenonexploringthecomparisonbetweenconceptualmetaphorsandcross-linguisticnewstexts,especiallyintheapplicationofpoliticalandeconomicnews,comparedwithfewerstudiesonorientationwords.Mostoftheresearchonlocutionfocusesonlanguageartsandtranslationstrategies,whiletheresearchonconceptualmetaphorisrelativelylimited.Althoughsomescholarshavestudiedorientationwordsfromtheperspectiveofmetaphor,theymainlyfocuson“verticalmetaphor”representedby“up”and“down”,“front”and“back”,and“back”and“front”and“back”.(ChunLan;DanXu;YumingLi;YongqiangCai;QianGu).However,DaiLingliang(2016)utilizedtheChinesedictionarycorpustocomprehensivelyanalyzetheconceptualmetaphorsbehindthelexicalevolutionof“west”inChineseovertime.DaiandWu(2016)alsointerpretedtheconceptualmetaphoroforientation“east”inChinesefromacognitiveperspective.LiXinhao(2017)cognitivelyinterpretedthegroupoforientationwords“left”and“right”.Moreover,alargenumberofscholarshaveinterpreted“east”and“west”fromtheperspectiveofculturalconnotation.Thesearticlesonorientationwordsbringgreatinsightsforthestudyofthispaper.1.4SummeryTosummarize,thischapterfirstlyelaboratestheconceptualmetaphortheoryfromtheconceptualmetaphordefinitionandclassification.Amongthem,itisknownthroughtheconceptualmetaphordefinitionthatconceptualmetaphorisessentiallyamappingacrossconceptualdomains.Conceptualmetaphorcanbesimplifiedintoaformula:XisY,whereXisisthetargetdomainandYisthesourcedomain.BystudyingLakoff’sclassificationofconceptualmetaphors,wefindthatthesethreeconceptualmetaphorsarenotcompleteindependentofeachother,andthethreeconceptualmetaphorsareeasytoconfuse.Sointhispaper,wewillanalyzetheconceptualmetaphorsystemfromthetargetdomain.Andthischapterstudiesthedevelopmenthistoryoftheresearchofconceptualmetaphor,wefindthattheresearchofconceptualmetaphorismoreandmoresystematicanddetailed.Itcanbeseenthattheimportanceofconceptualmetaphortoourlife.ThischapterinquiresabouttheresearchontheconceptualmetaphoroflocativewordsinbothChineseandEnglishlanguages,andlearnsthatthereislessresearchontheconceptualmetaphoroflocativewordsinforeigncountries,andthereisalackofcross-culturalperspectivesontheresearchofconceptualmetaphors.Comparedwiththepreviousstudies,therearemorestudiesonconceptualmetaphorsinChina,buttherearefewerstudiesonorientation,andthestudiesonorientationmainlyfocuson“up”and“down”.However,thereisnolackofresearcheson“east”and“west”orientationwords,andtheirresearcheslayasolidfoundationforthispaper.2.EtymologyandOriginalMeaningsofthe“East”and“West”Throughoutthelonghistoryofhumancivilization,EastandWesthavebeenanintegralpartofsociety.Tobetterunderstand“east”and“west”,weneedtofigureouttheoriginandoriginalmeaningofthesetwowords.Inthischapter,wewilllookattheoriginandoriginalmeaningofthesewords.2.1EtymologyandOriginalMeaningof“East”inChineseandEnglish2.1.1TheEtymologyandOriginalMeaningof“east”inChineseTheetymologyandoriginalmeaningof“east”inChinesehavealonghistory,involvingthegeographic,culturalandphilosophicalbackgroundoftheancientChineselanguage.TheShuowenJiezi(说文解字)reads:Dong,alsoknownasmovingFromwood.(东，动也。从木。).GuanPusaidthatthesunisinthewood.(从日在木中。).REF_Ref20951\r\h[15]“Dong”isanideogrammiccompoundsthat“east”isacombinationofsunandwood,indicatingthatthesunrisesfromthetrees.InancientChinese,“Dong”originallymeant“thedirectionoftherisingsun”.Thisdirectionwasconsideredasymboloflight,lifeandnewbeginningsinancienttimes.Therefore,theoriginalmeaningoftheword“Dong”doesnotonlyrefertoageographicallocation,butalsoimpliesanimportantphenomenoninnature-therisingofthesunandthebeginningoftheday.2.1.2TheEtymologyandOriginalMeaningof“east”inEnglishTheChinesedirectionalterm“Dong”correspondsto“East”inEnglish,awordwhoseetymologyandsemanticrootstracebacktooldEnglishandearlierGermaniclanguages.TheEnglish“East”derivesfromtheoldEnglishforms“ēast”

or

“ēastan”,whichsharecognatesacrossGermaniclanguages.Forinstance,oldHighGermanfeatures“ost”andoldDutch

“oost”,bothdenotingtheeasterndirection.ThislinguisticlineageextendsfurthertotheProto-Germanicroot“aus-”,meaningtowardtherisingsun.Semantically,“East”fundamentallysignifies“thedirectionofsunrise”or“theorient”maintainingdirectcontinuitywithitsProto-Germanicroot“aus-”,whichiscloselyrelatedtothedirectionof“sunrise”.Inancienttimes,theeastwasregardedastheplacewherethesunrose.Consequently,“east”initsearlyusealsohadthesymbolicmeaningof“theplacewherethesunrises”.2.2EtymologyandOriginalMeaningof“West”inChineseandEnglish2.2.1TheEtymologyandOriginalMeaningof“west”inChineseRegardingtheoriginofthecharacter“Xi”(west),XuShenexplainedinShuowenJiezi(说文解字),asfollows:，Birdonnest,aPictogram.Thesunisinthewestandthebirdisperchedonit,soitisthewestoftheeastandthewestofthewest.(象形。日在西方而鸟栖,故因以为东西之西。).likesabirdrestinginitsownnest.Inaddition,intheancienttimes,peoplebelievethatthesunisalsoakindoflivingbird,andthereforecalledthesunWu,Jinwu,Yangwuandsoon.Whenthesunsets,birdsreturntotheirnests,sothisscenerepresentsthewestwherethesunislocatedatthattime.Mr.LuoChangpeiinthebook“languageandculture”(语言与文化)wrote:“intheseethniclanguages,theconceptofdirectionisnotclear,buttheyoftentakethesun’sappearanceasastandard.Therefore,fortheEast,LuopeoplelivinginKunmingcalled“sunriseland”,andSupeopleinFugongcalled“sunrisehole”.FortheWest,Luopeoplecalled“sunsetplace”,whileSupeoplecalled“sunsethole”.REF_Ref21039\r\h[13]GuoweialsopointedoutinGuantangjilin（观堂集林）thattheoraclebone“Xi”islikeabird’snest.Theoriginalmeaningoftheword“west”isthedirectioninwhichthesunsetsorthewest.InancientChinese,westwasconsideredtobeasymbolofsunsetandnight,andwasoftenassociatedwithconceptssuchas“darkness”,“end”and“death”.Therefore,theword“west”doesnotonlyrefertoageographicallocation,butalsocarriesthesymboloffading,darknessandend.2.2.2TheEtymologyandOriginalMeaningof“west”inEnglishTheword“West”isderivedfromtheoldEnglishword“wæst”or“westen”,whichissimilartootherlanguagesoftheGermanicgroup.Forexample,oldHighlandGermanhas“westen”andoldDutchhas“westen”,bothofwhichrefertothedirection“west”.AnearlieretymologycanbetracedbacktotheProto-Germanic“westr-”(meaning“wherethesunsets”).ThisrootiscloselyrelatedtotheLatinword“vesper”(meaning“evening”)andtheGreekword“hesperos”(meaning,afterglow),bothassociatedwiththephenomenonofsunset,suggestingthat“west”waspresentinearlycultures.Theoriginalmeaningof“West”was“thedirectioninwhichthesunsets”,i.e.“west”.Inmostcultures,theWestisseenastheplacewherethesunsets,andisthereforeassociatedwithdusk,nightandtheend.Westisalsoasymbolassociatedwith“decline”and“end”inmanytraditionalcultures,signifyingtheendofthedayortheaginganddeathoflife.2.3SemanticEntriesof“East”and“West”inChineseandEnglishDictionariesAfterunderstandingtheetymologyandoriginalmeaningof“east”and“west”inEnglishandChineserespectively,let'stakealookattherelevantdictionaryentriesforamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthemeaningsof“east”and“west”inordertohaveamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthemeaningsof“East”and“West”.2.3.1SemanticEntriesof“East”Table1:Summaryofthebasicmeaningsof“East”inChineseandEnglishlanguages《汉语词典》《辞海》《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》《朗文高阶英汉双解词典》地理方位√√√√时间√√//春季、生命√√//地名√√√√指代特定事物√√√√方向性/√√√自然现象√√√√政治象征√√√√姓氏√√√√2.3.2SemanticEntriesof“West”Table2:Summaryofthebasicmeaningsof“West”inChineseandEnglishlanguages《汉语词典》《辞海》《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》《朗文高阶英汉双解词典》地理方位√√√√时间√√//姓氏√√√√指向性√√√√指代特定事物√√√√神话宗教√√√√政治象征√√√√自然现象√√√√Ascanbeseenfromthetwotables,themeaningsof“east”and“west”intheChineseandEnglishlanguageshavedifferentdistributionsinthemajordictionaries.However,mostoftheitemsarebasicallythesameinbothlanguages,indicatinggeographicallocationisofprimaryimportanceinbothlanguages.However,therearealsosomeitemsthatonlyexistintherespectivelanguages,forexample,“East”inChinesehasthemeaningofspringlife.“East”and“West”inChinesecanalsorefertothepassageoftime.2.4SummaryThischapterexplorestheetymologyof“East”and“West”inChineseandEnglish,andfindsthattheyarecloselyrelatedtothemovementofthesun,fromwhichmanyitemsofmeaningarederived.Thischaptersummarizesthebasicmeaningsof“East”and“West”,andfindsthatintermsofbasicmeanings,thesetwowordsareroughlythesameinbothChineseandEnglishlanguages,withonlyminordifferences,whichreflectstheuniversalityofhumanunderstandingoftheworld.3.CommonConceptualMetaphorsof“East”and“West”inChineseandEnglishLanguagesSinceLackoffandJohnsonmadetherevolutionaryassertionthatwerelyonmetaphors,spatialorientation,astheoriginalcoordinatesofhumancognitionoftheworld,hascontinuedtoproviderichobservationsamplesforcross-culturalmetaphorresearch.Inthecontextofglobalization,theseeminglyopposinggeographicalconceptsof“East”and“West”havedemonstratedanamazingcognitiveisomorphismintheChineseandEnglishsystems-theyalsocarrytheflowingimprintoftheriveroftime,reflectthetrajectoryofcivilization'sevolution,andbuildupacommonparadigmofthinkingforhumanbeingstounderstandtheabstractcategories.Inthischapter,thecommonconceptualmetaphorsof“EastandWest”inChineseandEnglishlanguageswillbedelineatedfromthetargetdomainsoftime,spaceandsociety.3.1SpatialDomainSummarizingthemeaningsof“East”and“West”inChineseandEnglishlanguages,itcanbefoundthatthesewordshavesomethingincommonintermsofspace:bothofthemcanrefertocertainplaces.IntheChinese-Englishlanguage,“East”and“West”areusedasgeographicalandculturalreferencesforeachother.Therefore,theconceptualmetaphorssharedby“East”and“West”inChineseandEnglishwillbeanalyzedinthespatialdomain.Thespatialmetaphorsof“East”inChineseandEnglish:(1)中东(2)远东(3)Themiddleeast(4)ThefareastBoth“Dong”(东)and“east”refertogeographicalspace.Thespatialmetaphorsof“west”inChineseandEnglish:(1)西域(2)西部大开发(3)Thewildwest(4)WestcoastBoth“Xi”(西)and“west”inthiscontextalsorefertogeographicspace.ChinaandtheEnglishspeakingcountriesareindifferentgeographicallocationsandhavedifferentreferencestoeastandwest,buttheybothusethesetwodirectionalwordstorefertospatiallocationinthesameway.3.2TemporalDomainThelocationofthesunrise,“east”,replacestheevent“sunrise”,andthetimeofsunriseismorning,thebeginningoftheday.Italsosymbolizesthebeginningoftheday,renewalandvitality.ChineseandEnglishmetaphorsfor“east”intime:(1)东序(2)旭日东升(3)Thedawningoftheeast(4)EastrepresentsthebirthoflightChineseandEnglishmetaphorsfor“west”intime:(1)但以刘日薄西山，气息奄奄，人命危浅，朝不虑夕。（《陈情表》）(2)日月相追周旋，万里倏忽几年，人皆冉冉西迁。（《董桃行》）(3)PoorJohnwereoneofthosewhogowestintheexplosionThesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,andwestiswherethesunsets.Asthesunsetsinthewest,thetemperaturegraduallybecomescoolerandtheskydarkens,signalingthedisappearanceofwarmthandlight.Basedonthesetactileandvisualchanges,peopleextendtheirownperceptionstotheintellectualrealmanduse“west”tosymbolizethedesolationanddarknessofdeath.3.3SocialDomainCognitionchangesfundamentallydependingonthecontextofthetimes.IntheChineseorientationconceptof“fivedirections”,eastandwestarelocatedintwooppositeextremes,andmetaphoricalmappingcanemphasizethetwocorrespondingaspectsofvariousthingsorthetwosidesthatcorrespondtoeachother.Theconceptualchangeof“East”and“West”firstappearedinthe1950swhenthesocialistcampandthecapitalistcampfacedeachother.Atthattime,manycountriesinAsiaandEasternEuropewereinthesocialistcamp,whileWesternEuropeancountriesandNorthAmericawereinthecapitalistcamp,andthetwocampswerebasicallylocatedinthewesternpartofChina.Geographically,thetwocampswerebasicallydividedbetweentheWesternHemisphereandtheEasternHemisphere,hencethetermsEastandWest.AsMaoZedongsaidinhisAddresstotheMoscowConferenceofCommunistandWorkers'Parties:“Ifeelthattheinternationalsituationhasreachedanewturningpoint.Therearenowtwowindsintheworld:theeastwindandthewestwind.ThereisaChineseidiom:eithertheeastwindoverwhelmsthewestwindorthewestwindoverwhelmstheeastwind.Ithinkthepresentsituationischaracterizedbytheeastwindoverpoweringthewestwind”.(我感觉到国际形势到了一个新的转折点。世界上现在有两股风：东风、西风。中国有句成语：不是东风压倒西风，就是西风压倒东风。我认为目前形势的特点是东风压倒西风，也就是说，社会主义的力量对于帝国主义的力量占了压倒的优势。)REF_Ref21169\r\h[16]Thatistosay,theforcesofsocialismareoverwhelminglysuperiortothoseofimperialism.Italsomeansthatthe“eastwind”wasborrowedfromthe“socialistforces”,which,fromtheperspectiveoftheChinesepeopleinaspecialhistoricalperiod,werethenewrevolutionaryforcesofthetime.Atthattime,the“socialistforce”wasanewrevolutionaryforcethatambitiouslychallengedthecorruptandbackward“capitalistforce”.ThereisalsoanexpressioninEnglish:TheideologicaldividebetweenEastandWestshapedglobalpoliticsfordecades.East:usuallyreferstothesocialist/communistcampledbytheSovietUnion(EasternBloc),includingEasternEuropeancount