对《黑猫》的两个汉译本进行研究

ListofTablesTable1StatisticsontheNumberofRelevantLiterature……..9Table2StatisticalTableoftheNumberofRelatedLiterature………………10Table3ExamplesofDifferentTranslationsofProperNouns………………19Table4ExamplesofTranslationofSomeVerbs…………….22Table5SampleDataAnalysis……………26Table6TranslationMethodsforSomeVerbs………………..28Table7SampleDataAnalysis……………….30Table8TranslationComparisonofSomeSentences………...32Table9TranslationComparisonofSomeSentences………...33AComparativeStudyofTheBlackCatfromPerspectiveofSkoposTheory1.IntroductionNowadays,asglobalculturalexchangescontinuetoexpandandbecomemorefrequent,thenumberofcommuincationsbetweendifferentcountriesalsoincreases.Howtodealwiththesefrequentexchangesintherightwayisofgreatsignificancetocross-culturalcommunicationandunderstandingamongindividuals.Translation,asameansofbridge,isnolongerjustasimpleword-for-wordwaywithoutanypersonalemotion.Thestudyofthisliteraryworkmayprovidemeaningfulreferencevalueforliterarytranslation.TheliteraryworkTheBlackCatisasuspensenovelwrittenbyAllanPoe.Thebookmainlytellsthestoryofaprotagonistwho,duetohisalcoholism,changedfromakindpersontoaviolentone.HegougedouttheeyesofhisbelovedblackcatPluto,andthecatbegantoavoidhim.Then,hehangedthecatonatreebranch.Thatnight,hishousecaughtfire,burningallhispossessionstotheground,exceptforawhitewallthatremainedstanding.Afterthat,hebroughthomeanotherblackcat,butthiscatchangedthecourseofhisentirelife,turninghimfromagentlemanintoamurderer.Theblackcatisnotonlyanovelaboutthechangeofhumannature,butalsoagreatworkexploringculture,familyandsociety.Therefore,theauthorchoosesthetranslationsofCaoMinglunandJiaoJuyinastheresearchobject,andmakesacomparativeanalysisoftheirtranslations.ThepurposeofthispaperisnottocomparethequalityofCaoMinglun'sandJiaoJuyin'stranslations,buttoanalyzethesetwoChinesetranslationsintermsofdifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,translationstyles,translationstrategies,anddifferentinfluencingfactors,soastoaddresssomeimpactsonthetranslators'translations.AsZhangZhidong,afamousministerinthelateQingDynasty,said,“Cultureisthespiritualhomeofanation.”Beingindifferenthistoricalperiods,thetwotranslatorswereinevitablyinfluencedbydifferenthistoricalfactors,andthusadopteddifferenttranslationmethodsandstrategiesinthetranslationprocess.Thisistheresearchgap.Besides,basedontheSkopostheory,thisstudyexaminestheinfluenceofdifferenthistoricalandculturalfactorsontranslators.Inaddition,theauthorstakeaseriesofmeasuressuchasdatacollection,generalizationandsoonthroughseveraldifferentresearchmethods,andfinallysummarizetheepochalconnectionbetweentheSkopostheoryandtranslators.ThisstudymaynotonlyhelptodeepentheunderstandingofTheBlackCat,butalsoprovidesnewperspectivesfortranslationstudies.Theauthordescribesthebackgroundofthestudyinthenextsection.BackgroundoftheResearchItisknownthat,literatureisoneofthemostimportantmeansofculturalexchangeanddisseminationbyexpressinghumanemotionsandthoughtsthroughwords,sothatreadersmayempathizewiththetasksinthework.Theyarecarriersofculture,andthroughtranslation,literaryworksofdifferentcountriesandnationalitiescanbeintroducedintootherculturestopromotemutualunderstandingandrespectamongcultures.Suchexchangesmayhelpbreakdownculturalbarriersandenhanceinternationalfriendshipandcooperation.Inaddition,theliterarytranslationistheprocessofconvertingawrittenorspokenexpressionfromonesourcelanguageintoanothertargetlanguage,aimingtoconveythemeaning,styleandcontextoftheoriginal.Asaneffectivemeansitnotonlyfacilitateslanguagecommunicationbutalsopromoteslanguagedevelopment.Throughthetranslation,theknowledge,cultureandtechnologyofonelanguagemaybetransferredtoanother,thusenrichingtheexpressionandcontentofthelanguage.Comparisonofliterarytranslationshelpstosummarizeandgeneralizetheprinciples,methodsandtechniquesoftranslation,andprovidesapracticalbasisforthedevelopmentoftranslationtheory.Bycomparingdifferenttranslations,theuseandeffectsofvarioustranslationstrategiesandmethods,suchasdirecttranslation,phonetictranslationandsoon,maybeanalyzedindepth,soastotestandimprovetheexistingtranslationtheories,andtoprovidethebasisandideasfortheinnovationoftranslationtheories.Forexample,whencomparingdifferenttranslationsofthesameliterarywork,itmaybeobservedthatdifferenttranslatorsadoptdifferentstrategiesforcertainspecificexpressions,whichmayhelptosummarizemoreuniversaltranslationprinciples.TheliteraryworkchosenbyauthorisEdgarAllanPoe’sTheBlackCat,andtheresearchwilldoacomparativestudyofitstwoChinesetranslationsfromtheSkopostheorytoexaminetheimpactofdifferenthistoricalcontextsonthevariousaspectsofatranslator'sworkintranslatingthesametext.Thus,bycomparingthetwoversions,theauthorsmayhighlighttheinfluenceofhistoricalandculturalfactorsontranslation.Intheprocessofresearch,thetranslator'spurposefulnessmaybeunderstoodfromdifferentperspectivesextremelyembodied,andthespecificityandcomplexityofliterarytranslationmaybebetterunderstood.Theauthorelaboratesthesignificanceofthestudyinthenextpart.1.2SignificanceoftheResearchTheSkopostheoryplaysanimportantroleinthepresentationoftranslatedworks,especiallyinliterarytranslation.Differenttranslatorsusuallyadoptdifferenttranslationmethods,theoriesthusgivingdifferenttranslationversions.FromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,thispaperstudiesthetwoversionsofCaoMinglunandJiaoJuyin.ThepurposeofthispaperistoanalyzethesetwoChinesetranslationsintermsofdifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,translationstyles,translationstrategies,anddifferentinfluencingfactors,soastoaddresstheimpactofdifferenthistoricalbackgroundsonthetranslators'translations.Inthispaper,theauthoralsointendstorevealthetranslator'suseofthetheoryofSkopostheoryinthetranslationprocess;therefore,readersmayunderstandandanalyzethetranslatedtextmoreexplicitlyinsteadofacceptingitpassively.Inaddition,throughcomparativestudy,readerscanbetterunderstandthedifferencesbetweendifferentsocietiesandcultures.What’smoreimportant,hehopesthatthetranslator'spurposeoftranslationandhispersonalperformanceofcompetencewillbeemphasisedmoreandmore,enablingothertranslatorstocreatemoreworksaccordingtodifferentbackgrounds.Inthefollowingpart,theauthordescribestherelevantresearchmethods,includingitsdefinitionandapplication.1.3MethodsoftheResearchThisstudymainlyadoptstheliteratureresearchmethod,comparativeanalysismethodandcasestudymethodtobetterexploretheresearchproblemofthispaper.Thispaperanalyzesthetwoselectedtranslationsthroughthemethodofliteratureanalysis.Throughreviewingthedataandcollectingrelevantliterature,therelevantcontentsofthetextsaredeeplyunderstoodandanalyzed.Secondly,Skopostheoryandothertheoriesoftranslator'seraarethenlinkedthroughthecomparativeresearchmethod,whilethetranslationstyleandtranslationmethodareanalyzedatthesametime.Finally,thecasestudymethodofdatageneralizationisadoptedthroughthestudyoftranslationstrategiesandtranslationmethods,soastosolvetheproblemstobestudied.1.3.1LiteratureResearchMethodThismethodisthebasicmethodofteleologyresearch.Itisalsoanimportantmethodforthecomparativestudyofthetwoselectedversions.DifferentBackgroundByreviewingtheliteratureinrelatedfields,suchastranslationtheorybooks,journalpapers,dissertations,etc.,theresearchermaygainanin-depthunderstandingofthetheoreticalframework,developmenthistory,coreviewpoints,andapplicationofSkopostheoryinactualtranslation.ThishelpstheresearchertoformacomprehensiveunderstandingofSkopostheoryandprovidesatheoreticalfoundationandreferencebasisforsubsequentresearch.DifferentBackgroundDifferenttranslationstratigesTheProgressofLiteratureResearchMethodDifferenttranslationstratigesTheProgressofLiteratureResearchMethodThroughtheliteratureresearchmethod,twotranslationsarefirststudied,alongwithabasicstatementandenumerationofthedevelopmentoftheSkopostheory.Intheprocessofstudyingthetwotranslations,differentinfluencingfactorsanddifferenttheoriesoftranslationpurposewereemphasizedanddataweredrawnfromthem.Throughthedataanalysisandlisting,itisconcludedthattheinfluencingfactorsincludethedifferenttimebackgroundsofthetranslatorsaswellasthebigdifferencesinthetranslationstrategiesandtranslationmethodsadoptedbythetwotranslations.Forexample,whenstudyingthedifferenttranslationstrategiesoftranslators,theauthorofthispaperselectsthesamewordsandsentencesfromthesamepagesanddrawsconclusionsbyanalyzingthedifferenttranslationstrategiesandmethodsadoptedbythetranslators.1.3.2ComparativeStudyMethodThemethodofcomparativestudy,alsoknownasthecomparativestudymethod,involvesarrangingagroupofobjectsorobjectsofdifferentnatureswithcertainsimilarfactorsandcomparingthemagainsteachother.Bycomprehensivelycomparingtheirdifferencesinconstruction,aswellastheirdifferencesinnature,itispossibletoconcludewhatandwhichfactorsareresponsibleforacertainnatureofsuchobjects.Inthispaper,theauthorchoosestwodifferenttranslationsofthesamework,andbycomparingthetranslationsofCaoMinglunandJiaoJuyin,heanalyzesthedifferenttranslationtechniques,strategiesaswellasmethodsusedbythetwotranslatorsunderdifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,andatthesametime,withthesamevariablesselected.Finally,theconnectionbetweenskopostheoryandthetranslator'speriodizationisclarified.TheProgressofComparativeSrudyMethodTheProgressofComparativeSrudyMethodThroughthecomparativeresearchmethod,thedifferencesintranslationstrategiesandtranslationmethodsadoptedbythetwotranslatorswerestudiedseparately,aswellastheconnectionbetweentheSkopostheoryandthetranslator'speriodbackgroundcouldbeanalyzedeventually1.3.3CaseStudyMethodThemethodisacommonlyusedinthestudy.Theresearchermaychooserepresentativetranslationcases,suchasliteraryworks,newsreports,advertisingcampaigns,etc.,andthroughin-depthanalysisofthesecases,exploretheapplicationandeffectofskopostheoryinactualtranslation.Thecasestudymethodmayrevealspecificproblemsinthetranslationprocess,suchasthechoiceoftranslationstrategiesandtheassessmentoftranslationquality,soastoprovideusefulguidancefortranslationresearch.Inthispaper,theauthorchoosesthetranslationsoftwotranslators,CaoMinglunandJiaoJuyin,forthestudy,analyzesthedifferencesintranslationstrategiesandtranslationmethodsadoptedbythetwotranslatorsindifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,andconductsin-depthanalysesandultimatelyarrivesatthedatabymeansofcasestudies.Inthenextpart,theauthorexpoundssometheoriesandresearchstatusmentionedintheresearch.DatacollectionandChartDatacollectionandChartListingTheProgressofCaseSrudyMethodTheProgressofCaseSrudyMethod2.LiteratureReviewThisstudymainlyadoptstheskopostheorytoverifysomeinfluencesontranslatorsintheprocessoftranslationundertheinfluenceofdifferentperiodicalbackgrounds,aswellastostudyhowtranslatedworksreflecttheirperiodicality.Theauthorfirstintroducesthebasicinformationaboutskopostheoryanditsthreebasicprinciples.Inaddition,theauthorcollectssomedataandanalyzestheresearchstatusoftheskopostheoryaswellastheresearchstatusoftheselectedworkTheBlackCat.Inthenextpart,theauthorelaboratesthebasicinformationabouttheSkopostheory.2.1IntroductiontoSkoposTheorySkoposTheoryisarepresentativetheoryoffunctionalisttranslationtheory,whichemergedinGermanyinthe1970s.Itsdevelopmenthasgonethroughthefollowingstages:Firstofall,KatharinaRicefirstintroducedthecategoryoffunctionintotranslationcriticism,andshedevelopedamodeloftranslationcriticismbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandthetranslatedtext,presentingtheprototypeofthetheoreticalideaoffunctionalism.AccordingtoRice,theidealtranslationshouldbeacomprehensivecommunicativetranslation,i.e.,itshouldbeequivalenttotheoriginaltextintermsofconceptualcontent,linguisticformandcommunicativefunction,butwhatshouldbeprioritizedinpracticeisthefunctionalfeaturesofthetranslatedtext.Secondly,HansVermeerputforwardtheSkopostheorytofreetranslationstudiesfromtheshacklesoforiginal-centeredness.Thetheoryconsiderstranslationasapurposefulandconsequentialactbasedontheoriginaltext,anactthatmustbeaccomplishedthroughnegotiation.Translationmustbegovernedbyaseriesoflaws,ofwhichthelawofpurposetakesprecedence,thatis,thetranslationdependsonthepurposeofthetranslation.Further,JastaHotzMantaridrewoncommunicativeandbehavioraltheoriestoproposethebehavioraltheoryoftranslation,whichfurtherdevelopedthefunctionalisttheoryoftranslation.Thetheoryviewstranslationasahumaninteractiondrivenbypurposeandorientedtothetranslationoutcome.Finally,ChristinaNordcomprehensivelysummarizesandrefinesthefunctionalisttheory.ForthefirsttimeinEnglish,shesystematicallydescribestheinternalandexternalfactorstobeconsideredintextanalysisintranslationandhowtodeveloptranslationstrategiesthatareappropriatetothepurposeoftranslationonthebasisofthefunctionoftheoriginaltext.1970s1970sKatharinaRiceintroducedfunctionalcategoriesintotranslationcriticismforthefirsttimeKatharinaRiceintroducedfunctionalcategoriesintotranslationcriticismforthefirsttimeHansVermeerproposedtheSkopostheoryHansVermeerproposedtheSkopostheoryJastaHotzMantanriproposedthebehavioraltheoryoftranslationJastaHotzMantanriproposedthebehavioraltheoryoftranslationTheDevelopmentoftheSkoposTheoryTheDevelopmentoftheSkoposTheoryHowever,translationactivitiesmayhavemorethanonepurpose,whicharefurtherdividedintothreecategories:thebasicpurposeofthetranslator;thecommunicativepurposeofthetranslatedtext;andthepurposetobeachievedbyusingacertainspecialmeansoftranslation.Inshort,thesethreeprinciplesconstitutethebasicprinciplesofthetheoryofthepurposeoftranslation,buttheprinciplesofcoherenceandfaithfulnessmustbesubordinatetotheprincipleofpurpose,whichisthefirstprincipleoftheSkopostheory.Asforthestandardoftranslation,theSkopostheoryusesadequacyratherthanequivalenceasthestandardforevaluatingtranslations.UndertheframeworkoftheSkopostheory,adequacymeansthatthetranslationshouldmeettherequirementsofthetranslationpurpose,andthesymbolstorealizethetranslationpurposeshouldbeselectedonthebasisofthetargetinthetranslationprocess.Differentfromthetraditionalviewofequivalence,theGermanfunctionalpurposetheoryfocusesnotonwhetherthetranslationisequivalenttotheoriginaltext,butemphasizesthatthetranslatortakestheexpectedfunctionofthetranslationasthestartingpointintheprocessoftranslation,andchoosesthebesttreatmentmethodaccordingtovariouscontextualfactors.Next,theauthorintroducesthecurrentresearchstatusoftheSkopostheory.2.2CurrentStatusofResearchonSkoposTheoryThecurrentstatusofdomesticresearchonskopostheoryisregardedasamajorbreakthroughinWesterntranslationtheoryresearch,injectingfreshbloodintoChinesetranslationtheoryresearch.SincetheintroductionofskopostheoryintoChina,thetheoryhasattractedwideattentioninthedomestictranslationacademiccircles,andtheresearchscopecoversavarietyoffieldssuchastranslationcriticism,translationtheory,translationstrategyandtranslationteaching.Throughalargenumberofempiricalstudies,domesticscholarshavenotonlyverifiedtheeffectivenessofskopostheoryinguidingtranslationpractice,butalsoenrichedanddevelopedthetheorybytakingintoaccountthecharacteristicsofChinesetranslationpractice.Forexample,somescholarshaveexploredtheapplicationofskopostheoryinliterarytranslationbycombiningitwithChineseliterarytranslationpracticeandputforwardtranslationstrategieswithChinesecharacteristics.Inaddition,someotherscholarshaveexpandedthehorizonoftranslationresearchbycombiningtheskopostheorywithlinguistics,culture,sociologyandotherdisciplinesfromaninterdisciplinaryperspective.Overseas,theskopostheorywasfoundedbyHansVermeeronthebasisof“behavioraltheory”,whichisthecoreoffunctionaltranslationtheory.Sinceitsbirth,thistheoryhasattractedextensiveattentionandin-depthresearch,andhasnotonlybecomeoneofthehotspotsoftranslationresearch,butalsoexertedfar-reachinginfluenceonotherrelatedfields.Theresearchofforeignscholarsonskopostheorycoversanumberofschoolsandviewpoints,formingarelativelyperfecttheoreticalsystem.Meanwhile,withtheaccelerationofglobalizationandtheincreasingfrequencyofinternationalexchanges,theapplicationofskopostheoryininternationaltranslationpracticehasbecomemoreandmoreextensive.2.3OverviewofTranslationStudiesofTheBlackCatAccordingtotheauthor'sresearchstatistics,thenumberofacademicpapersaswellasacademicjournalsabouttheworkTheBlackCatislow.Inaddition,thereareabout620dissertationsonthetheoryofskopospurposethatcanbesearchedfor,mostofwhicharereportsonthetranslationpracticeofaparticulardocument,followedbystudiesonculturallyspecificloadedwordsorsubtitles.Ingeneral,thenumberofresearchpapersonthetranslationofliteraryworksusingtheskopostheoryissmall.Therefore,studyingliteraryworksfromtheperspectiveoftranslationskopostheoryisbothadirectionthatdoesnottendtobepopularizedandopenupanewroadforthetranslationstudyofliteraryworks.2.3.1DomesticResearchStatusTable1:StatisticsontheNumberofRelevantLiteratureThematicAcademicJournalAcademicDissertationNewspapersBooksSessionsSkoposThoery127515641041TheBlackCat932004Total136815661045Basedonthedatainthetableabove,thefollowinganalysiscanbemade.XiangYuting(2021)studiedandcomparativelyanalyzedtwotranslationsofTheBlackCatfromtheperspectivesofnaturalizationandalienation,andalsolisteddifferenttranslationstrategiesusedforthesamesentencesforcomparativestudy.Shearguesthatbothdomesticandforeigntranslatorshavebeguntobemoreinclinedtoretainculturaldifferencesintheirchoiceofnaturalizationandalienation.ChenQing(2016),saidtheauthorcanshowadifferentnewworldtothereadersinanytranslationprocessonlywhenthetranslator,asthesubject,givesfullplaytotheuseofhisorherpersonalsubjectiveinitiative.Thispapercomparesandanalyzesthetwotranslationsobjectivelybybeingguidedbythetheoryofthefourstepsoftranslation.ZhangMinghan(2020),ontheotherhand,elaboratesonthefouruniversalpatternsofmetaphoricaltranslationfromconceptualmetaphortheoryandsuggestsspecificstrategiesformetaphoricaltranslation,arguingtherationalityandsignificanceofconceptualmetaphortheoryfortranslation.Onthewhole,mostresearchersandscholarshaveonlycarriedoutpreliminarystudiesandtranslationsoftheliterarytextTheBlackCatfromdifferentperspectives,andmostofthestudiesareonlyonthetextitself,withveryfewcombiningthetextandtheauthorstogether.Fewofthestudiesstartingfromthedirectionoftranslationhavementionedtheconnectionandinfluencebetweenthetranslatedtextandthetranslator,andfewerstudieshaveanalyzedthevariousinfluencesonthetranslator'suseofdifferenttranslationstrategies.Inthispaper,fromtheperspectiveofskopostheory,theauthorstudieswhatkindofinfluencedifferenthistoricalbackgroundshaveontranslatorswhentheytranslatethesametext.2.3.2ForeignResearchStatusTable2:StatisticalTableoftheNumberofRelatedLiteratureThematicAcademicJournalAcademicDissertationNewspapersBooksSessionsTheBlackCat190000SkoposTheory20700636Total22600636Basedonthedatainthetableabove,thefollowinganalysiscanbemade.AsLouisAnsu(2022)putsit,theheroisamanofmanypersonalitiesrangingfromkindtoirascible,andhischaractertransformationhintsathisend.SonnefeldBethanie(2020)arguesthatmostpeoplefocusonlyonthebodyofthetextandthecharacterizationofthecharacters,andonlyafewareanalyzingthereasonsforthisoutcome.Fromthecurrentstateofresearch,itisobviousthatmostresearcherstendtostudythecontentofthenovels,analyzetheircharactersandfocusonthethemesthattheauthorswanttoexpress.Asmallerpartofthemstartfromtheperspectiveoftranslationtheory.Inaddition,therearealsopeoplewhostudyfromthenaturalizationandalienationaswellasTheSkoposTheory,butmostofthemusetheworld'sfamousnovelsforcomparativeanalysis,whilethereareveryfewstudiesonthetranslationofTheBlackCat.ThispaperchoosesthetranslationsofJiaoJuyinandCaoMinglun,thetwotranslatorshavedifferenthistoricalandculturalbackgrounds,andthetranslationstrategiesandtranslationmethodsadoptedwillbedifferent,combinedwiththedifferenthistoricalandculturalbackgroundsofthetwotranslators,soastofurtheranalyzeandcomparethetranslationsundertheSkoposTheory.Ontheonehand,itcanrevealfactorsotherthanthoseaffectingthetranslatedtext,promptingreaderstostudyandviewtheissueobjectivelyandcomprehensively.Ontheotherhand,itcanhelpreaderstorecognizeandreadculturalworksinanewperspectivebyunderstandingthedifferenttranslationswrittenbytranslatorsindifferenthistoricalcontexts.3.TranslationPurposeofTranslatedTextsTranslationtheoryprovidestranslatorswithbasicdirectionsandguidelineswhendealingwithtranslatedtexts.Differenttranslationtheoriescanalsoderivedifferenttranslationstrategiesandmethods.Masteringtranslationtheorieshelpstranslatorstoimprovethequalityandprofessionalismoftranslatedtexts.Thisstudymainlyadoptstheskopostheorytoverifysomeinfluencesontranslatorsintheprocessoftranslationundertheinfluenceofdifferentperiodicalbackgrounds,aswellastostudyhowtranslatedworksreflecttheirperiodicality.Theauthorfirstintroducesthebasicinformationaboutskopostheoryanditsthreebasicprinciples.Inaddition,theauthorcollectssomedataandanalyzestheresearchstatusofskopostheoryaswellastheresearchstatusoftheselectedworkTheBlackCat.Inthenextpart,theauthorelaboratesthebasicinformationaboutskopostheory.Inthisstudy,theauthorselectedtheChinesetranslationsofJiaoJuyin'sandCaoMinglun'sTheBlackCat,whichwerepublishedinthe1940sandthe1990s,respectively,withalongtimespanandmanytextualdifferences,andstudiedtheinfluenceofdifferenttimesonthetranslators'translationsofthetextthroughtextualclosereadingandvariousresearchmethods.TheauthorthenintroducesJiaoJuyin'stranslationpurpose.3.1TranslationPurposeofJiaoJuyinHiscontributionstotranslationtheoryweremainlyconcentratedintwoarticlesintheearly1950s:ontranslationcriticismanddirecttranslation.Duetothelimitationsofthetimes,histranslationthoughtdidnotbreakthroughthetraditionalChinesetranslationtheory,butmadeagreatbreakthroughcomparedwiththefragmentedandunsystematictraditionaltranslationtheory.JiaoJuyin'snoveltranslationthoughtcanbesummarizedas“hetakesalienatedtranslationasthemainconceptandconveystheoriginalauthor'slinguisticcharacteristicsandstylethroughdirecttranslation”,andhisopinionshasthreemainaspects.AfterthefoundingofNewChina,culturaldevelopmententeredanewstage.in1950,JiaoJuyinpublishedanarticle.Onlybydaringtocriticizetranslationcantheleveloftranslationbeimproved,butwithoutasetoftranslationstandards,translationcriticismisdifficulttodevelop.Hearguedthatthistranslationstandardisnotobjective,butisbasedonthetranslator'stranslationexperience.Inaddition,heputsforwardthe“relativevalue”inOnDirectTranslation.JiaoJuyinadvocatesthe“relativevalue”ofwordsandphrases,thatis,althoughwordshavetheirown“absolutevalue”,theymustbeassociatedwithothersymbolstoform“relativevalue”,whichisactuallytheideaofcontextinwordcomprehensionandtranslation.InOnDirectTranslation,JiaoJuyinadvocatedthe“relativevalue”ofwordsandphrases,i.e.Althoughwordshavetheirown“absolutevalue”,theymustbeassociatedwithothersymbolstoforma“relativevalue”,whichisinfactthecontextualideainwordcomprehensionandtranslation.Hethenputforwardtheconceptof“associationofideas”,thatis,“thevalueofwordsisrelativebecauseitservesthesentence,andtheassociationofthesentenceservestheoverallthoughtsandfeelings”.Ifyoudon'ttakethethoughtsandfeelingsoftheoriginaltextasawholeasthecentertothinkinageneralway,toseekadeeperconceptandunderstanding,andthenturnitintoyourownbloodandflesh,tobecomeyourthoughtsandfeelings,andthendealwiththerelationshipbetweenthewordgroupsandtherelativevalueofindividualwordsineachsentence,youwilltranslatetheoriginaltextintopiecesa