2026年全国卷新高考化学完形填空卷（含解析）

2026年全国卷新高考化学完形填空卷（含解析）考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______注意事项：1.阅读下列短文，掌握其大意。2.阅读后面提示，根据短文内容在空白处填入一个最恰当的词。Thediscoveryofpenicillinin1928byAlexanderFlemingwasperhapsthemostsignificantmedicalbreakthroughofthe20thcentury.Atthattime,bacterialinfectionswereamajorcauseofdeath,anddoctorshadlimitedeffectivetreatments.Fleming,aScottishscientistworkingatSt.Mary'sHospitalinLondon,accidentallyobservedthatamold,lateridentifiedas*Penicilliumnotatum*,hadcontaminatedaPetridishofStaphylococcusbacteriaandpreventedtheirgrowth.Henotedthisinterestingphenomenonbutdidnotimmediatelyrecognizeitsfullpotential.Flemingpublishedhisfindingsin1929,namingthesubstance"penicillin."However,theamountofpenicillinproducedbythemoldwasextremelysmall,andisolatingandpurifyingitinausableformprovedtobeincrediblydifficult.Foryears,thesubstanceremainedlargelytheoretical,asitsconcentrationwastoolowtobepracticalfortreatinginfections.Manyscientiststriedtoimprovetheyieldbutfacedsignificantchallenges.TherealbreakthroughcameduringWorldWarIIwhentheneedforeffectiveantibioticsbecameurgentduetothehighratesofinfectionamongsoldiers.Thisurgencyspurredrenewedinterestandfundingforpenicillinresearch.Intheearly1940s,twogroupsofscientistsmadecrucialadvances.Onegroup,ledbyHowardFloreyandErnstBorisChainattheUniversityofOxford,developedmethodstoextractandconcentratepenicillinonalargerscale.Theytreatedmicewiththeextractedpenicillinandsuccessfullycuredbacterialinfections,provingitseffectiveness.Anothergroup,ledbyNormanHeatley,inventedequipmentandtechniquesthatgreatlyincreasedtheefficiencyofpenicillinproduction,makingitpossibletoproduceenoughofthedrugtotreatpatientsonamassscale.ThesuccessfulmassproductionandclinicaluseofpenicillinduringandafterWorldWarIIrevolutionizedmedicine.Itprovidedapowerfulweaponagainstbacterialinfections,savingcountlesslivesandtransformingthetreatmentofnumerousdiseases.Fleming,Florey,andChainwereawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1945fortheirwork.Penicillin'sdiscoverymarkedthebeginningoftheantibioticera,fundamentallychangingthecourseofmodernmedicineandsettingthestageforthedevelopmentofmanyotherlife-savingdrugs.Despiteitsimmensebenefits,thewidespreaduseofpenicillinandsubsequentantibioticseventuallyledtotheproblemofantibioticresistance.Bacteriacanevolvemechanismstowithstandtheeffectsofthesedrugs,renderingthemlesseffectiveovertime.Thisgrowingthreatunderscorestheimportanceofusingantibioticswiselyandcontinuestobeamajorglobalhealthconcern.However,thestoryofpenicillinremainsatestamenttothepowerofscientificobservation,persistence,andcollaborationinaddressinghumanity'smostpressingchallenges.1.WhenFlemingfirstobservedthemold'seffect,itwasonadishcontaining__________bacteria.2.Theword"breakthrough"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto__________.3.BeforeWorldWarII,penicillinwasconsideredlargely__________becauseitsconcentrationwastoolow.4.Thedevelopmentofmethodstoextractandconcentratepenicillinonalargerscalewasprimarilyassociatedwith__________and__________.5.Whatwasthesignificantimpactofpenicillin'smassproductionduringWorldWarII?6.Accordingtothepassage,whathasbeenamajorconsequenceofthewidespreaduseofantibiotics?7.Thephrase"settingthestage"inthelastparagraphmeans__________.8.ThepassagesuggeststhatthediscoveryofpenicillinwasaccidentalbecauseFleming__________.9.Whichscientist'scontributionwasfocusedoninventingequipmentandtechniquestoimprovepenicillinproductionefficiency?10.Whatdoesthepassageprimarilydiscuss?11.Thepassagementionsthatdoctorshadlimitedeffectivetreatmentsforbacterialinfectionsbeforepenicillinwasdiscovered.Whatdoesthisindicateabouttheimportanceofpenicillin?12.Howdidtheproblemofantibioticresistancecontributetothecontinuationofresearchinantibiotics?13.Whereinthepassagecanyoufindinformationsupportingtheideathatpenicillinchangedthecourseofmodernmedicine?14.Theword"spurred"inthefourthparagraphisclosestinmeaningto__________.15.WhatcharacteristicofFleming'sobservationishighlightedasimportantforscientificdiscovery?Thefollowingpassageisabouttheperiodictable,oneofthemostimportanttoolsinchemistry.Fillineachblankwiththemostappropriatewordbasedonthecontext.Theperiodictableisatabulararrangementofallknownchemicalelements,organizedbytheiratomicnumber,electronconfiguration,andrecurringchemicalproperties.TheconceptwasdevelopedindependentlybyDmitriMendeleevandLotharMeyerinthe1860s.Mendeleev'sversionwasparticularlysignificantbecauseheleftgapsforelementsthathadnotyetbeendiscovered,predictingtheirpropertiesbasedonthepatternsheobserved.Hisarrangementwasnotperfect;itsometimesplacedelementswithsimilarpropertiestogetherbasedonatomicmassratherthanatomicnumber,butitwasremarkablysuccessfulinexplainingtherelationshipsbetweenelements.Themodernperiodictableisbasedonatomicnumber,whichisthenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.Thisarrangementreflectstheperiodiclaw,whichstatesthatthepropertiesoftheelementsareaperiodicfunctionoftheiratomicnumbers.Thetableisdividedintoperiods(horizontalrows)andgroups(verticalcolumns).Elementswithinthesamegroupgenerallyhavesimilarchemicalandphysicalpropertiesbecausetheyhavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.Forexample,thealkalimetals(Group1)arehighlyreactivemetalsthatreadilyloseoneelectrontoforma+1ion,whilethehalogens(Group17)arehighlyreactivenonmetalsthatreadilygainoneelectrontoforma-1ion.Theperiodictableprovidesaframeworkforunderstandingchemicalbehavior.Itallowschemiststopredictthepropertiesofelementsandtheircompounds.Forinstance,bylookingatanelement'spositioninthetable,onecaninferitslikelyreactivity,electronegativity,ionizationenergy,andothercharacteristics.Thediscoveryofnewelementsoftenfollowsthepatternspredictedbytheperiodictable,fillinginthegapsleftbyMendeleevandconfirmingtheunderlyingprinciplesofatomicstructure.Theperiodictableisnotjustalistofelements;itisamapofchemicalrelationships.Itshowshowelementsareconnectedandinteractwitheachother.Thisorganizationhasenabledthedevelopmentofvastamountsofchemicalknowledgeandhasbeencrucialforadvancementsinmaterialsscience,medicine,andmanyotherfields.Understandingtheperiodictableisfundamentaltostudyingchemistryandprovidesinsightintothebuildingblocksofmatterandtheforcesthatgoverntheirinteractions.16.Theperiodictablearrangeselementsprimarilybasedontheir__________.17.Mendeleev'ssignificantcontributiontotheperiodictablewasleavinggapsforelementsthatwere__________.18.Accordingtothepassage,whywasMendeleev'sarrangementsometimesnotperfect?19.Whatdeterminesthegroupofanelementinthemodernperiodictable?20.Theword"reactivity"inthefifthparagraphreferstoanelement'stendencyto__________.21.Thepassagesuggeststhattheperiodictablehelpschemistspredictthepropertiesofelementsbasedontheir__________.22.Whatdoesthepassageimplyaboutthediscoveryofnewelements?23.Thephrase"fundamentaltostudyingchemistry"inthelastparagraphindicatesthatunderstandingtheperiodictableis__________.24.Howdoestheperiodictablecontributetotheadvancementofscienceandtechnology?25.Theorganizationofelementsintheperiodictableisbasedon__________.试卷答案1.Staphylococcus2.Significantadvancement/Majordiscovery3.Theoretical/Impractical/Untenable4.Florey,Chain5.Itprovidedapowerfulweaponagainstbacterialinfections,savingcountlesslivesandtransformingthetreatmentofnumerousdiseases.6.Antibioticresistance7.Preparingtheway/Creatingtheconditionsforfuturedevelopments8.Heaccidentallyobservedsomethinginterestingphenomenonbutdidnotimmediatelyrecognizeitsfullpotential.9.Heatley10.Theimportanceofpenicillin/Howpenicillinwasdiscoveredanditsimpact11.Itindicatesthatpenicillinwasacrucialsolutiontoamajorproblemfacedbydoctorsatthattime.12.Ithighlightedtheneedforcontinuedresearchtoovercometheproblem.13.Thesentence"Itprovidedapowerfulweaponagainstbacteriali