法律英语之侵权的相关内容

Definitionoftort侵权的定义Categoriesoftort侵权行为的分类Intentionaltorts故意侵权Meaningofintent意向书的含义Themainintentionaltorts主要的故意侵权Defensestointentionaltorts故意侵权的抗辩Casesforin-classdiscussionNegligenttort*过失侵权*Meaningofnegligence疏忽的含义Componentsofanegligenttort:Dutyofcare疏忽侵权的组件：注意义务Defensestonegligenttorts过失侵权行为的抗辩Casesforin-classdiscussionStrictliability*严格责任*Meaningofstrictliability严格责任的含义Themaintortswherestrictliabilityapplies主要侵权，严格责任的适用范围Limitationsonstrictliability严格法律责任的限制Casesforin-classdiscussionGeneralIntroductionThedefinitionoftort侵权的定义Acivilwrongwhereinoneperson'sconductcausesacompensableinjurytotheperson,property,orarecognizedinterestofanother,inviolationofadutyimposedbylaw.一个人的行为引起了一种损害他人的人身，财产，公共利益，或违反法律所规定的义务的可赔偿的民事错误。Thereisnoreallyusefuldefinitionofa"tort"whichwillallowalltortiousconducttobedistinguishedfromallnon-tortiousconduct.没有真正用"侵权"的定义，这将允许所有侵权的行为区别于非侵权的行为。Notcontractual不具法律效力everymemberofsocietywillbeliableintortifhebehavesincertainways,whetherornothehasconsentedtosuchliabilityornot每一个社会成员将承担侵权责任，如果他实施了某些方面的行为，无论他是否同意负责。Compensation赔偿theoverallpurposeoftortlawistocompensateplaintiffsfrounreasonableharmwhichtheyhavesustained.侵权法的总体目的是补偿原告来本不应受到承受但是承受了的损害。Shiftingofburden转移负担Apartfromtortlaw'sinterestinpromotingeconomicefficiency,thisbranchoflawalsohasaninterestinimposingthecostofaccidentonthosewhocanaffordthem.除了侵权法在促进经济效率方便的法益，这个法律分支也有征收能够支付他们的事故花费的法益。Conflict冲突Thecourtsstandingchangeconfrontedwiththeconflictingpurposesoftortlaw.站在变化的法院面临的冲突与侵权法的目的。Tortandbreachofcontract侵权和违约Breachofalegalduty;breachofacontractualduty.违反了法律责任，违反合同义务。Thesameactmaybebothatortandabreachofcontract.同样的行为可能是侵权和违约。Tortandcrime侵权和犯罪Againstthespecificperson;againstthepublic.对特定的人，针对公众CompensationV.penalty赔偿五，罚则Thesameactmaybebothatortandacrime.同样的行为可能是侵权和犯罪。GeneralIntroductionCategoriesoftorts侵权行为的分类Therearethreebroadcategoriesoftorts,andthereareindividualnamedtortswithineachcategory.-有三个大类侵权行为，并有不同名字命名的每个类别中的侵权行为。1.Intentionaltorts(蓄意侵权行为)battery;assault;falseimprisonment;inflictionofmentaldistress;trespass.1.暴行，殴打，非法监禁;造成精神痛苦;妨害。2.Negligenttorts(negligence)(过失侵权行为)3.Strictliability(严格责任)animals;abnormallydangerousactivities;productliability动物异常危险活动;产品责任-Miscellaneoustorts:e.g.invasionofprivacy混合侵权行为，例如侵犯隐私IntentionalTorts故意侵权MeaningofintentOnepersondesirestobringaboutsomesortofphysicalormentaleffectuponanotherperson.一个人期望对另一人造成一些身体或心理上的影响。DoyouthinkthereisanintentionaltortcommittedbyAinthefollowingtwocases?你认为这是在以下两种情况下，哪一个是故意侵权？(1)AintendstotapBlightlyonthechintoannoyhim.IfBhasa"glassjaw"whichisbrokenbythelightblow.（1）打算轻轻敲B的下巴去骚扰他。如果B有"玻璃下巴"，轻轻敲也敲断了。(2)AintendedtoshootatBwithawatergun,butaccidentallyhitsC.(2)打算用水枪射击B，却意外地击中了C*Distinguishintentfromconsequences.区别于后果的意图。TheMainintentionalTortsagainsttheperson主要对人的故意侵权行为Battery(暴行)istheintentionalinflictionofaharmfuloroffensivebodilycontact.(attackandhitting).暴行是故意发生有害的或者进攻性身体接触的行为Theintentmustbeatleasttobringaboutsomesortofphysicalormentaleffectuponanotherperson.这样做的目的至少对另一个人产生了一些身体或心理影响。e.g.AintentionallypunchesBinthenose.Ahascommittedbattery.例如故意一拳打在B的鼻子上。这就是一种暴行。Assault(恐吓)isthethreateningtoinflictharmfuloroffensivebodilycontact.恐吓是一种威胁并使遭受伤害或令人反感的身体接触。e.g.D,abillcollector,threatenstopunchFinthefaceifFdoesnotpayabillimmediately.例如D，一个账单冲突，威胁F如果F不立刻支付账单就打F的脸。FalseImprisonment(非法拘禁)istheintentionalconfinement.非法拘禁是一种故意的监禁InflictionofMentalDistressistheintentionalinflictionofsevereemotionalormentaldistressbyextremeandoutrageousconduct.造成精神痛苦是通过极端和蛮横的行为故意造成严重的情绪或精神痛苦。Libelandslanderprotectaperson'sinterestinhisreputation.诽谤和流言侵犯了一个人的名誉权。Commonlawstrictliability普通法的严格法律责任RecentSupremeCourtDecisionshaveeliminatedcourt'srighttoimposestrictliability.最高法院最近决定取消法院施加严格法律责任的权利。Publicfigure:arequireentofactualmalice统一条件：要求实际恶意Privatefigures:mustprovedefendantatleastnegligent-amediadefendant.个体条件：必须至少证明被告有过失-媒体被告。Mainintentionaltortsagainstproperty主要针对财产的故意侵权行为Trespasstoland(非法侵入)intentionalenteringaperson'slandorintentionallyinterferencewithaperson'suseorpossessionofachattel.有意进入一个人的领地或故意干扰一个人的使用或占有其动产。Trespasstochattels(动产侵害)Theownerofchattelsmayhaveseveralpossibletortactionsagainstonewhointerfereswithhisuseofpossessionofthatchattel.(negligence;trespasstochattelsorconversion)动产的所有者可能有几个可能的侵权理由诉讼一个干扰他占有该动产的使用的人。（疏忽;侵犯动产或侵占）e.g.DtakesP'scarfora5minute"joyride",andreturnswithadentinit.Dhascommittedtrespasstochattels.例如D用P的汽车"兜风"5分钟，并归还的时候上面有划痕。D已侵犯动产。Conversion(侵占)deprivinganownerofpossessionoftangibleproperty剥夺财产所有者的所有权Thedividinglinebetweentrespasstochattelsandconversionisthedegreeoftheinterference.Conversionoccurswhenthedefendantsosubstantiallyinterferedwiththeplaintiff'spossessionofownershipthatitisfairtorequirethedefendanttopaytheproperty'sfullvalue.侵犯动产和侵占之间的分界线是干扰的程度。当被告实质占有了原告的所有物即发生了侵占，这时要求被告赔偿其侵占全部所有物的价值显得理所当然。Nuisance妨害useofdefendant'slandinsuchawaythatitinterfereswiththeplaintiff'suseofhisland被告使用了自己土地的方法干扰了原告对其土地的使用。nuisancecouldbeintentional;theplaintiffcouldalsoproceedunderthetheoriesofnegligenceorstrictliability妨害可能是故意的;疏忽或严格责任的理论下，原告也可以进行DefensestoIntentionalTorts对故意侵权的抗辩Consent(ofthevictim)同意（受害者）Acase:Anneentersthehospitaltohavehersinusesdrained.Whilesheisanesthetized,herdoctor,Ryno,removeshereleventhfinger(whichdoesn'tfunctionanyway),aswell.HasRynocommittedatort?一个案例：安妮进入医院，因为她的疾病昏倒。当她在麻醉的时候，她的医生，Ryno，消除了她的第十一个手指（没有任何作用的）。Ryno是否侵权？Self-defenseApersonmayusereasonableforcetopreventanythreatenedbatteryandfalseimprisonment.自卫一个人可使用合理武力，以阻止任何受到威胁的暴行和非法监禁。Negligenttorts过失侵权行为TheMeaningofNegligence疏忽的意义Ingeneralusageitmeans"carelessness".Inlegalusage-apersonfailstodowhatareasonableandprudentmanwoulddoorwouldnotdointhesimilarcircumstances.在一般用法中，它的意思是"不小心"。在法律用语中，在相同的情况下一个人未能做或做了一个理性和谨慎的人做或不做的事情。Componentsofanegligenttort过失侵权的组成部分1.Defendant'sactfailstoconformtothedutyofcare;2.TheactofnegligencecausesthePlaintiff'sharm.(proximatecause)3.ActualdamagesufferedbythePlaintiff1.被告的行为不符合注意义务2.疏忽大意行为导致原告的伤害。（相类似的原因）3.原告所遭受的实际损失。Dutyofcare:Apersonshouldactasareasonableandprudentman.谨慎责任：一个人应该充当一个理性和谨慎的人。Objectivestandard:Woulda"reasonablepersonofordinaryprudence"inDefendant'sposition,doastheDefendantdid?客观标准：在被告的立场一个"普通谨慎的合理的人"，能否作为被告？Subjectivestandard:Ifdefendanthasahighdegreeofknowledge,skillorexperiencethanthe"reasonableperson",Thedefendantmustusethathigherlevel.主观标准：如果被告拥有的知识，技能或经验比"理性的人"程度较高，被告也必须使用较高的水平。Professionalsincludingdoctors,lawyers,engineersetcmustactwiththelevelofskillandknowledgecommonlypossessedbymembersoftheprofession.专业人士包括医生，律师，工程师等，他们必须用较高的专业技术水平扮演专业成员。DefensesinNegligentTorts过失侵权的抗辩ContributoryNegligenceThedoctrineprovidesthataplaintiffwhoisnegligent,andwhosenegligencecontributestohisinjuries,istotallybarredfromrecovery.共同过失该学说规定，原告有过失，另一个过失导致原告受伤的人，一般不需要赔偿。e.g.P,whilecrossingthestreet,failstopayattention.D,travelingatahighspeedwhiledrunk,hitsP.例如P，过马路时，没有注意。D，在高速醉驾并撞到了P。Atcommonlaw,thedoctrineappliestoonlynegligenttorts.普通法中，该原则只适用于过失侵权行为。ComparativeNegligence比较过失Itrejectstheall-or-nothingapproachofcontributorynegligence.它拒绝所有或全无的方式共同过失。ItattemptstodivideliabilitybetweenPandDinproportiontotheirrelativedegreeoffault.他试图用他们责任相当的比例来划分他们的错误程度。Pisnotprohibitedfromrecoverybyhiscontributorynegligence,buthisrecoveryisreducedbyaproportionequaltotheratiobetweenhisownnegligenceandthetotalnegligencecontributingtotheaccident.P并不应为他的过失而无法追偿，但他的追偿是由他自己的过失和总的导致事故的过失之间的比例相应减少。Joint-and-severalliabilityandseveralliability连带责任和个体责任CasesACaseforin-classDiscussionP'saccidentiscausedbythenegligenceofDandX.ThejuryfindsthatPwas20%responsible;D,30%responsible;andX,50%responsible.P'sdamagestotal$1million.P的事故原因是由D和X疏忽。陪审团认为，P为20％负责，D30％负责;X50％负责。P的赔偿总额100万美元。1.Accordingtothedoctrineofcomparativenegligence,howmuchwouldPcollect?2.IfPsuesD,butcannotfindorsueX.,HowmuchwouldPcollectfromD?1.根据比较过失原则，P应该得到多少？2.如果P起诉D，但无法找到或起诉X，他能从D得到多少？Assumptionofrisk承担风险Theplaintiffhasvoluntarilyconsentedtotakeherchancesthatharmwilloccur.Whensuchassumptionisshown,theplaintiffiscompletelybarredfromrecovery.(exampleonthenextpage)原告已自愿承担可能会发生的危害。当这样的假设发生时，原告是完全不能要求赔偿。Publicpolicyagainstassumptionofrisk对承担风险的公共政策bargainingpowerandhealthcare议价能力和卫生保健AnExampleforAssumptionofRisk承担风险的范例Downsabaseballteam.Dpostsbigsignsatthegateswarningofthedangeroffoulballs.Phasattendedmanygames,andineachgamebuysaseatrightbehindhomeplate,aplacewheresheandallotherfansknowmanyfoulballsarehit.IfPishitbyafoulball,shewillnotbeabletorecoveragainstD.D拥有一支棒球队。D已经对于犯规球的危险张贴了明显的警告。P已经参加了很多比赛，并在每场比赛的本垒后面买了一项保险，一个她和其他所有的球迷都知道，很多犯规球会击中的位置。如果P被一个界外球击中，她将无法向D追偿。StrictLiability严格法律责任Meaning:thedefendantisheldliableeventhroughhedidnotintendtobringabouttheundesirableresult,andeventhoughhebehavedwithutmostcarefulness.含义：被告承担责任即使他并没有带来不良后果的意图，即使他有极为细致的表现。TheMainTortsUnderStrictLiability严格责任的主要侵权Animals1.动物Theowneroflivestockorotheranimalsisliableforthedamagedonebythem.牲畜或其他动物的所有者为他们的动物所造成的损害承担责任。Wildanimals:thepersonwhokeepsawildanimalisstrictlyliableforalldamagedonebyit.野生动物:驯养野生动物的人对它所做的一切损害负有严格的赔偿责任。Domesticanimals:injuriescausebyadomesticanimaldonotgiverisetostrictliabilityunlesstheownerknowsorhasreasontoknowoftheanimal'sdangerouscharacteristics.家畜：由家畜造成的伤害不能上升到严格的赔偿责任，除非雇主知道或有理由知道动物的危险特性。2.AbnormallyDangerousActivities(异常危险活动)theactivityisonewhichcannotbecarriedoutsafely,evenwiththeexerciseofreasonablecare.2.异常危险活动（异常危险活动）:不能安全实施，甚至在行使合理照顾的情况下也不能实施的活动。Examplesofultra-hazardousactivities:Nuclearreactor,fireworks,storageofoilandexplosi